《英—汉学术外来语简明手册》编纂构想：文体学与词典分类学思考
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摘要
语言间的相互输出和吸收是语言发展的常态,这一点在英语发展过程中表现得尤其突出。作为世界上使用最广的语言之一,英语不仅对其他各民族语言产生了重要影响,同时也不断吸收其它民族语言的语汇。由于历史文化因素,外国语言对英语影响最大的主要是斯堪的纳维亚语、法语和拉丁语。这些语言不仅给英语输入了许多专业用语,而且也提供了大量的基本词汇。这些外来词在英语中数量庞大,它们的存在极大地丰富了英语的词汇宝库,使得英语更具有活力与表现力,但同时也对英语学习者提出了更高的要求。除了一部分与日常生活紧密相连的外来语之外,还有相当数量的外来语属于专业化语汇。英语专业高年级本科生、硕士研究生、博士研究生和专业教师在阅读英语文史哲论著过程中,时遇per se,a priori,ad hoc等外来学术表述性话语,对其发音、意义或文体色彩不甚了了,查阅语文性通用词典(general dictionary),犹如大海捞针。因此,本文主要回答:1)为何文史哲英语文献中使用这些词语?2)如何为使用者提供此类词语的解释?本课题研究将围绕以上两个问题展开,从语言发展史、文体学和词典编纂学角度,为编纂《英-汉学术外来语简明手册》搭建理论框架和积累基本素材。
Language borrowings are the normal phenomena in the development of any language. As one of the languages most widely used in the world, English has exerted a great influence on other languages and in turn has itself assimilated lots of vocabulary from other languages. Due to its historical and cultural tradition, English has stored with it lots of borrowings mostly from Scandinavian, French and Latin. These borrowings are not only manifest in vocabulary for ordinary use but also in specialized or academic terms (per se, a priori and ad hoc, to name only a few at the moment), which occupy an important place in the English language and greatly enriches the treasure-house of the English vocabulary for more vivid expression. University senior undergraduates, postgraduates and teachers of English have now and then met with this latter type of specialized or academic terms of foreign origins in their readings of English academic papers or books, not all clear about their pronunciation, meaning or stylistic features even with the help of a language dictionary for general purposes. Therefore, the present paper takes it upon itself to explore the following two questions: 1) What accounts for the use of such specialized or academic terms of foreign origins by English writers? 2) How to provide adequate explanations of such terms in a convenient way? These two issues will be addressed from the multi-perspectives of language development, stylistics and lexicography, thus laying a theoretical foundation of and collecting data for compiling A Concise Handbook of English Academic Terms of Foreign Origins.
Language borrowings are the normal phenomena in the development of any language. As one of the languages most widely used in the world, English has exerted a great influence on other languages and in turn has itself assimilated lots of vocabulary from other languages. Due to its historical and cultural tradition, English has stored with it lots of borrowings mostly from Scandinavian, French and Latin. These borrowings are not only manifest in vocabulary for ordinary use but also in specialized or academic terms (per se, a priori and ad hoc, to name only a few at the moment), which occupy an important place in the English language and greatly enriches the treasure-house of the English vocabulary for more vivid expression. University senior undergraduates, postgraduates and teachers of English have now and then met with this latter type of specialized or academic terms of foreign origins in their readings of English academic papers or books, not all clear about their pronunciation, meaning or stylistic features even with the help of a language dictionary for general purposes. Therefore, the present paper takes it upon itself to explore the following two questions: 1) What accounts for the use of such specialized or academic terms of foreign origins by English writers? 2) How to provide adequate explanations of such terms in a convenient way? These two issues will be addressed from the multi-perspectives of language development, stylistics and lexicography, thus laying a theoretical foundation of and collecting data for compiling A Concise Handbook of English Academic Terms of Foreign Origins.
引文
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Richards,C.J.et al.,2000,Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Simpson,J.1989.The Oxford English Dictionary Ⅷ.New York:Oxford University Press
Wales,Katie,1989,A Dictionary of Stylistics.London:Longman
Han Zhe[韩哲],1997,《新英语外来语词典》。哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社
Hu Yan[胡言],2006,《胡言词典:关于外来语和流行语的另类解读》。上海:上海文化出版社
Li Huaju[李华驹],2005,《21世纪大英汉词典》。北京:中国人民大学出版社
Lu Gusun[陆谷孙],2007,《英汉大词典》(第2版)。上海:上海译文出版社
Xu Jiajin[许家金],2005,《英语常用外来语双解词典》。合肥:安徽科学技术出版社
Zhu Hezhong[朱和中],2000,《英语外来语大辞典》。北京:外文出版社
Zhu Yuan[朱原]等译,1998,《朗文当代高级英语辞典(最新版本)》。北京:商务印书馆
Baugh,Albert C.& Cable,Thomas.2002.A History of the English Language(the Fifth Edition).London:Routledge.
Bloomfield,L.2002.Language.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Bourdieu,Pierre.1984.Distinction:A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste,translated by Richard Nice.London,Melbourne and Henley:Routledge & Kegan Paul plc
Bronte,Charlotte.2004.Jane Eyre.珠海:珠海出版社
Dobrovol'skij,Dmitrij & Piirainen,Elisabeth.2005.Figurative Language:Cross-Cultural and Cross-Linguistic Perspectives.Amsterdam and Boston:Elsevier
Edwards,James C.1990.The Authority of Language(Heidegger,Wittgenstein,and the Threat of Philosophical Nihilism).Tampa:University of South Florida Press
Fawcett,Robin & Halliday,M.A.K.& Lamb,Sydney M.& Makkai Adam(eds).1984.The Semiotics of Culture and Language(Volume 1):Language as Social Semiotic.London:Frances Pinter (Publishers)
Feyerabend,Paul.1993.Against Method(Third Edition).London and New York:Verso
Fowler,F.J.1983.Survey Research Methods.Beverly Hills,CA:Sage
Fricker,Miranda & Hornsby,Jennifer(eds).2006.The Campanion to Feminism in Philosophy.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店
Giddens,Anthony.1984.The Constitution of Society(Outline of the Theory of Structuration).Cambridge:Polity Press
Gottdiener,Mark & Boklund-Lagopoulou,Karin & Lagopoulos,Alexandros Ph.(eds).2003.Semiotics (Volume Ⅳ).London,Thousand Oaks and New Delhi:Sage Publications
Harvey,David.1990.The Condition of Postmodernity(An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change).Oxford:Basil Blackwell
Honneth,Axel.1995.The Fragmented World of the Social(Essays in Social and Political Philosophy),edited by Charles W.Wright.Albany:State University of New York Press
Johnson,Samuel.1755.Preface to A Dictionary of the English Language(first edition),Retrieved October 25,2008,from http://books.google.com/books?id=QwOTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14&dq=no+dictionary+of+a+livin g+tongue+ever+can+be+perfect+since+while+it+is+hastening+to+publication,+some+words+are +budding,+and+some+falling+away&hl=zh-CN#PPA12,M1
Kay,Maire Weir et al.1976.6,000 Words.Springfield:Merriam-Webster
Landau,Sidney I.1989.The Art and Craft of Lexicography.New York:The Scribner Press
Lewis,M.2000.Teaching Collaboration.London:Commercial Color Press plc
Pietersma,Henry.2000.Phenomenological Epistemology.Oxford:Oxford University Press
Qian Yuan.2006.Stylistics:A Coursebook for Chinese EFL Students.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Ricoeur,Paul.1988.Time and Narrative(Volume 3),translated by Kathleen Blarney and David Pillauer.Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press
Robins,R.H.2000.A Short History of Linguistics(Fourth Edition).Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Sapir,Edward.2002.Language:An Introduction to the Study of Speech.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Serjeantson,Mary S.1962.A History of Foreign Words in English.London:Routldge and Kegan Paul
Shapiro,Michael J.(ed).1984.Language and Politics.New York:New York University Press
Stapleton,Timothy J.(ed).1994.The Question of Hermeneutics(Essays in Honor of Joseph J.Kockelmans).Dordrecht,Boston and London:Kluwer Academic Publishers
Svensen,Bo.1993.Practical Lexicography:Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making.New York:Oxford University Press
Thompson,John B.1990.Ideology and Modern Culture(Critical Social Theory in the Era of Mass Communication).Stanford:Stanford University Press
Trask,R.L.2000.Historical Linguistics.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Weinreich,U.1964.Languages in Contact:Findings and Problems.New York:Mouton de Gruyter
Widdowson,H.G.1975.Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature.London:Longman
Xu,Youzhi.2005.English Stylistics.Beijing:Higher Education Press
Zgusta,L.1971.Manual of Lexicography.Prague:Academia,Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
Cannon,G.,尹敬勋译,1987,《英语史》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司
Chen Binchao[陈炳超],1991,《辞书编纂学概论》。上海:复旦大学出版社
Chen Guofang[陈国芳],200l,英语词汇发展与外来语,《兰州商学院学报》,6:115-117。
Du Mingfu[杜明甫],1999,英语中的汉语外来语探析,《河南财政税务高等专科学校学报》,4:49-51。
Fan Jingchun[范镜春],2004,外来语对英语的影响,《莆田学院学报》,2:34-37。
Foster,Brian,李荫华译,1980,《变化中的英语》。沈阳:辽宁人民出版社
Gao Ying[高瑛],2001,英汉外来词的对比研究,《长春师范学院学报》,4:60-62。
Huang Jianhua[黄建华],1987,《词典论》。上海:上海辞书出版社
Huang Jianhua[黄建华]＆ Chen Chuxiang[陈楚祥],1997,《双语词典学导论》。北京:商务印书馆
Hu Mingyang[胡明扬],1982,《词典学概论》。北京:中国人民大学出版社
Jiang Yongmei[蒋咏梅],2007,浅析英语中外来语的来源、成因及影响,《双语学习》,9:179-180。
Li Funing[李赋宁],1991,《英语史》。北京:商务印书馆
Liang Yanjun[梁艳君],2003,英语中的外来语,《大连民族学院学报》,4:53-55。
Li Changbao[黎昌抱],2000,英汉外来词及其差异研究,《台州师专学报》,1:63-68。
Li Kai[李开],1990,《现代词典学教程》。南京:南京大学出版社
Li Ming[李明]＆ Zhou Jinghua[周敬华],2001,《双语词典编纂》。上海:上海外语教育出版社
Lin Chengzhang[林承璋]＆ Liu Shiming[刘世明],2005,《英语词汇学引论》。武汉:武汉大学出版社
Lin Fumei[林福美],1985,《现代英语词汇学》合肥:安徽教育出版社
LU Lijun[芦力軍],2007,论外来语在语言交际中的文化学含义,《中州学刊》,5:249-251。
Shen Dan[申丹],2000,西方现代文体学百年发展历程,《外语教学与研究(外国语文双月刊)》, 1:22-28。
Su Baorong[苏宝荣],2008,《词汇学与辞书学研究》。北京:商务印书馆
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