WSAC居住建筑热响应特性的研究
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摘要
长期以来,在进行采暖热负荷计算时,大多不考虑建筑物的热响应特性,室外计算温度采用当地采暖期不保证5天的日平均温度,常常使设备系统容量与实际需求存在较大误差；此外,对于太阳能空气采暖建筑或自然运行建筑,建筑物热响应特性对于全天能量平衡、抑制室温波动起着至关重要的作用。因此,对于太阳能空气采暖建筑热响应特性的研究显得十分重要。
对于太阳能空气采暖建筑,影响其热响应特性的因素除内扰、外扰、建筑本身热物性外,还应考虑太阳能空气采暖系统的影响。首先,通过实验分析了太阳能空气采暖建筑冬季热响应特性,并着重研究了太阳能空气采暖系统、直接受益窗、夜间移动式保温等因素对于太阳能空气采暖建筑冬季热响应特性的影响,得到相对连续运行工况,间歇运行工况总供热量提高14.9%,室温达到峰值的时间提前40min；对于建筑面积为9m2SAHS(Solar Air Heating System)作用下的住宅建筑,SAHS供热质量流率在一定范围内增加对于夜间室温衰减速度影响不大；适当加大窗墙比能有效提高室温；采取夜间移动式保温后,室温提高了5℃左右。并且对于室外温度、建筑物壁面温度、建筑物整体得热量等影响建筑热性能的因素进行权重分析,得到了建筑内部动态室温预测公式。
其次,建立了太阳能空气采暖建筑动态室温预测模型,通过Simulink编写了相应的模拟程序,并且通过实验验证了该模型的准确性。在该模型的基础上,论述了建筑热容量、屋顶蓄热层、内墙等因素对太阳能空气采暖建筑冬季热响应特性的影响,得出在室外温度在-6～0℃范围,日照时间约10h,总太阳辐照度约为16300kJ的气侯条件下,单位热质面积热容量每增加100kJ/m2.K,室内日较差降低0.71℃；实验房有无蓄热模块的工况下,室温相差1.1～2.5℃；屋顶保温对于室温的贡献更大。在该模型基础上,通过对建筑内部室温控制,建立了调控附加供热的PID程序。同时,选取了12个典型城市,比较分析了太阳能采暖建筑的区域适应性,得出在太阳热保证率较大的城市,如拉萨、银川、北京、大连、乌鲁木齐,太阳能空气采暖建筑具有一定的工程通用性。
最后,针对夏季建筑过热和降温问题进行了实验研究,比较分析闷晒和日间单侧交叉通风等减少日间过热的措施,及自然单侧通风、强制单侧通风、单侧交叉通风、自然双侧交叉通风、强制双侧交叉通风等夜间通风措施,得出在风向允许时,日间室内单侧通风,夜间单侧交叉通风或自然双侧交叉通风有利于太阳能空气采暖系统夏季降温。
For a long time, when calculating building thermal load, building thermal responsive characteristic always is ignored, and outdoor calculating temperature adopted the mean temperature not guaranteeing five days in location, resulting in big error between equipment capacity with real demand. In addition, for free-running building and solar air heating building, building thermal responsive characteristic plays an important role on energy balance and rejecting indoor temperature fluctuation. So, solar air heating building thermal responsive characteristic research is very important.
For solar air heating building, its thermal responsive characteristic is effect by internal disturbance, external disturbance, building thermophysical property, and solar air heating system. Firstly, this study experimentally analyzed thermal performance of solar air heating building in winter. It emphasized on analyzing effects of solar air heating system, direct-gain window and movable insulation on thermal responsive characteristic of solar air heating building, getting:compared to continuous heating, under the intermittent heating, the time of the indoor temperature amounting to peak advance 40min, and indoor temperature is fluctuated with heat supply, and the range is±3℃; for the building integrated SAHS, whose area is 9m2, the increase of air flow rate plays a little role on indoor temperature decay within a limit range; The unit area total heat supply adds 1000kJ, and the indoor temperature adds 0.2～0.6℃; enlarging area ratio of window to wall properly under the well insulation can increase indoor temperature; when adopting movable thermal insulation, the indoor temperature can increase about 5℃. And then analyzed weight of influence factors, such as outdoor temperature, wall temperature, and building heat gain, getting predictor formula of dynamic indoor temperature.
Secondly, dynamic indoor temperature prediction model suited for solar air building was built. It compiled related simulation procedure, and verified it by experimental result. Based on numerical model, it discussed effects of building thermal capacitance, roof heat storage module, and internal walls on building thermal responsive characteristic, getting that the greater thermal capacitance, the more steady the indoor temperature. When the ambient temperature between-6℃and 0℃, sunshine duration is 10h, and the total solar irradiance is 16300kJ, the unit thermal mass area capacitance adds 100kJ/m2.K, the indoor daily range drops 0.71℃; indoor temperature of the building with heat storage module is higher 1.1-2.5℃than the building without; compared to internal wall, reinforcing the insulation of roof is more effective for increasing indoor temperature. For further improving building thermal comfort, it built PID control program based on presented model by controlling indoor temperature and regulating addition supply heating. At the same time, it selected 12 cities in china, and comparability analyzed regional adaptabilities of solar air heating building, getting this type of building has engineering universality in cities with high solar reliability, such as Lasa, Yinchuan, Beijing, Dalian, Urumqi.
Finally, This study also aimed at problems of the building overheating and cooling, and comparatively analyzed two measures reducing overheating (stuffy sun and one-sided cross-ventilation), and five night ventilation measures (natural one-sided ventilation, forced one-sided ventilation, one-sided cross-ventilation, natural two-sided cross-ventilation, forced two-sided cross-ventilation), obtaining one-sided cross ventilation in daytime, one-sided cross ventilation or two-sided natural cross ventilation in nighttime were suitable for solar air heating building.
对于太阳能空气采暖建筑,影响其热响应特性的因素除内扰、外扰、建筑本身热物性外,还应考虑太阳能空气采暖系统的影响。首先,通过实验分析了太阳能空气采暖建筑冬季热响应特性,并着重研究了太阳能空气采暖系统、直接受益窗、夜间移动式保温等因素对于太阳能空气采暖建筑冬季热响应特性的影响,得到相对连续运行工况,间歇运行工况总供热量提高14.9%,室温达到峰值的时间提前40min；对于建筑面积为9m2SAHS(Solar Air Heating System)作用下的住宅建筑,SAHS供热质量流率在一定范围内增加对于夜间室温衰减速度影响不大；适当加大窗墙比能有效提高室温；采取夜间移动式保温后,室温提高了5℃左右。并且对于室外温度、建筑物壁面温度、建筑物整体得热量等影响建筑热性能的因素进行权重分析,得到了建筑内部动态室温预测公式。
其次,建立了太阳能空气采暖建筑动态室温预测模型,通过Simulink编写了相应的模拟程序,并且通过实验验证了该模型的准确性。在该模型的基础上,论述了建筑热容量、屋顶蓄热层、内墙等因素对太阳能空气采暖建筑冬季热响应特性的影响,得出在室外温度在-6～0℃范围,日照时间约10h,总太阳辐照度约为16300kJ的气侯条件下,单位热质面积热容量每增加100kJ/m2.K,室内日较差降低0.71℃；实验房有无蓄热模块的工况下,室温相差1.1～2.5℃；屋顶保温对于室温的贡献更大。在该模型基础上,通过对建筑内部室温控制,建立了调控附加供热的PID程序。同时,选取了12个典型城市,比较分析了太阳能采暖建筑的区域适应性,得出在太阳热保证率较大的城市,如拉萨、银川、北京、大连、乌鲁木齐,太阳能空气采暖建筑具有一定的工程通用性。
最后,针对夏季建筑过热和降温问题进行了实验研究,比较分析闷晒和日间单侧交叉通风等减少日间过热的措施,及自然单侧通风、强制单侧通风、单侧交叉通风、自然双侧交叉通风、强制双侧交叉通风等夜间通风措施,得出在风向允许时,日间室内单侧通风,夜间单侧交叉通风或自然双侧交叉通风有利于太阳能空气采暖系统夏季降温。
For a long time, when calculating building thermal load, building thermal responsive characteristic always is ignored, and outdoor calculating temperature adopted the mean temperature not guaranteeing five days in location, resulting in big error between equipment capacity with real demand. In addition, for free-running building and solar air heating building, building thermal responsive characteristic plays an important role on energy balance and rejecting indoor temperature fluctuation. So, solar air heating building thermal responsive characteristic research is very important.
For solar air heating building, its thermal responsive characteristic is effect by internal disturbance, external disturbance, building thermophysical property, and solar air heating system. Firstly, this study experimentally analyzed thermal performance of solar air heating building in winter. It emphasized on analyzing effects of solar air heating system, direct-gain window and movable insulation on thermal responsive characteristic of solar air heating building, getting:compared to continuous heating, under the intermittent heating, the time of the indoor temperature amounting to peak advance 40min, and indoor temperature is fluctuated with heat supply, and the range is±3℃; for the building integrated SAHS, whose area is 9m2, the increase of air flow rate plays a little role on indoor temperature decay within a limit range; The unit area total heat supply adds 1000kJ, and the indoor temperature adds 0.2～0.6℃; enlarging area ratio of window to wall properly under the well insulation can increase indoor temperature; when adopting movable thermal insulation, the indoor temperature can increase about 5℃. And then analyzed weight of influence factors, such as outdoor temperature, wall temperature, and building heat gain, getting predictor formula of dynamic indoor temperature.
Secondly, dynamic indoor temperature prediction model suited for solar air building was built. It compiled related simulation procedure, and verified it by experimental result. Based on numerical model, it discussed effects of building thermal capacitance, roof heat storage module, and internal walls on building thermal responsive characteristic, getting that the greater thermal capacitance, the more steady the indoor temperature. When the ambient temperature between-6℃and 0℃, sunshine duration is 10h, and the total solar irradiance is 16300kJ, the unit thermal mass area capacitance adds 100kJ/m2.K, the indoor daily range drops 0.71℃; indoor temperature of the building with heat storage module is higher 1.1-2.5℃than the building without; compared to internal wall, reinforcing the insulation of roof is more effective for increasing indoor temperature. For further improving building thermal comfort, it built PID control program based on presented model by controlling indoor temperature and regulating addition supply heating. At the same time, it selected 12 cities in china, and comparability analyzed regional adaptabilities of solar air heating building, getting this type of building has engineering universality in cities with high solar reliability, such as Lasa, Yinchuan, Beijing, Dalian, Urumqi.
Finally, This study also aimed at problems of the building overheating and cooling, and comparatively analyzed two measures reducing overheating (stuffy sun and one-sided cross-ventilation), and five night ventilation measures (natural one-sided ventilation, forced one-sided ventilation, one-sided cross-ventilation, natural two-sided cross-ventilation, forced two-sided cross-ventilation), obtaining one-sided cross ventilation in daytime, one-sided cross ventilation or two-sided natural cross ventilation in nighttime were suitable for solar air heating building.
引文
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