基于无线传感网络的火灾预报警系统研究与设计
摘要
针对市场上普遍采用有线电路连接方式的火灾报警装置,其在实际环境中存在布线困难,线路易老化,在复杂的火场下易受环境影响,成本也相对较高等缺点,并且这些报警设备由针对火灾发生后的某一产物所选的传感器构成,这些单一传感器型的报警装备存在着较高的误报率,因此本文采用多传感器电路进行数据采集,采用无线网络进行数据传输并用模糊聚类算法对数据进行处理后分级预警,可有效降低误报问题。
本文首先在第一章中介绍了课题研究的来源,目的意义、研究思路以及国内外火灾报警的发展趋势。紧接着在第二章中,介绍了ZigBee协议栈以及模糊算法的基本概念,为后期系统设计提供理论支持。在文章的第三章中详细得介绍了系统的设计,首先在以美国德州仪器生产的CC2430作为基础上设计硬件电路,对于检测节点设计包括数据采集模块设计、电源模块设计、声光报警模块设计,而网关节点包括LCD模块设计、按键电路设计、串口通信模块设计、电源模块设计。其次在ZigBee协议栈的基础上进行软件设计,本节开头简单介绍了Z-STACK协议栈,详细剖析了协议栈的基本初始化以及系统初始化,并在系统初始化中首次提出用户自定义处理函数。在整个系统全部初始化完毕后开始启动系统。接下来文章详细介绍了节点在Z-STACK中建立(加入)网络的流程,以及各不同类型节点的一些基本配置,并根据系统需求设计完整的通信格式,其中通信格式大小应满足能够容纳包括命令类型、地址以及所有传感器数据值总和,并根据需要设计了四种命令类型,包括上传/下发数据命令、更改上传周期命令、更改传感器阈值命令、打开电磁阀命令。然后对于网关节点和检测节点的需求设计对应程序流程图,根据流程图再实现各类型节点软件具体设计。对于检测节点主要实现数据采集、声光报警、无线收发等软件设计。对于网关节点必须完成对串口通信、按键、LCD显示、无线收发、等级判定几个方面设计。本文第四章主要对火灾预警机制中模糊算法研究,详细介绍了模糊C均值算法以及采用该算法对火灾分级预警机制进行仿真研究,并在此基础上提出采用梯形模糊聚类算法研究火灾预警机制。最后在第五章中,在完成了系统整体设计后进行测试,实验室中模拟火灾现场对检测节点进行各个功能测试,主要包括正常通信、拓扑结构、报警设计、命令操作测试,并运用C#设计上位机软件最终完成整机测试。
实验测试在实验室中完成,各个节点分布满足覆盖整个实验室空间的要求。通过实验模拟测试,该火灾预报警系统基本满足设计要求,经过进一步改进,应具有广阔的实际应用前景。
In the market there are many wired circuit connection mode of fire alarm devices which is difficult wiring, circuit ageing, easily influenced by the environment in a actual and complex environment. And its cost is higher. And the alarm devices is composed of a sensor selection for a product after the fire alarm equipment composition. These signal sensor has a high false alarm rate. Therefore, this paper uses multiple sensor circuit for data acquisition and uses wireless network to transmit the data and uses algorithm to process it for classification which can effectively reduce the false alarm problem.
In the first chapter, it introduces the origin of this research, the development trend of purpose and significance research ideas and methods at home and abroad as well as the fire alarm. Then in the second chapter, it introduces the ZigBee protocol stack and the concept of the fuzzy algorithm. It provides the later system design with the theory supporting. In the third chapter, it mainly produces the details of the system design. Firstly, the system is built in the base of CC2430. For the detection node, it contains data acquisition module design, power module design, sound and light module design. The gateway node design contains LCD design, key module design, power module design. Secondly, the software design is based on ZigBee. This section begins with the brief introduction of the nodes in the Z-STACK and then it introduces the basic initialization protocol stack and system initialization. It is the first that it gives the processing user which is defined at the system initialization. After the whole initialization, it starts the system.Then the paper mainly introduce the flow of which setting the network or joining the network and some basic configurations of different nodes.Then it design the communication format according to the requirements of the system. The communicatin format size must meet to accommodate the whole bytes which contains command type,upload/send the data command, change upload cycle aommand,change the sensor four threshold command,open the electromagnetic valve command. Then it complete the flow of node according to the need of gateway node and detection node and complete the specific soft design of the node. The detection node mainly complete the data acquisition, alarm, wireless transceiver design. The gateway node must complete design of serial communication, keyboard, LCD display, wireless transceiver and grade evaluation aspects. The fourth chapter mainly do the research about fuzzy algorithm of early warning mechanism. This chapter introduces the fuzzy C means algorithm and use the algorithm for simulation about classification for the fire warning mechanism. Then on the basis, it gives the trapezoidal algorithm and uses this algorithm to do the research about fire early warning mechanism. In the fifth chapter, the system start the test after completing the whole design. We simulate the fire scene for the system test to complete some functions which contains communication, topology, alarm, command operation test. Finally, I use C#to complete software for whole test.
Experimental tests are done in the laboratory. The nodes distribution must convert the entire laboratory space. Through the test, the fire alarm system basically meet design requirements. If it has a further improvement, it should have a broad application prospects.
本文首先在第一章中介绍了课题研究的来源,目的意义、研究思路以及国内外火灾报警的发展趋势。紧接着在第二章中,介绍了ZigBee协议栈以及模糊算法的基本概念,为后期系统设计提供理论支持。在文章的第三章中详细得介绍了系统的设计,首先在以美国德州仪器生产的CC2430作为基础上设计硬件电路,对于检测节点设计包括数据采集模块设计、电源模块设计、声光报警模块设计,而网关节点包括LCD模块设计、按键电路设计、串口通信模块设计、电源模块设计。其次在ZigBee协议栈的基础上进行软件设计,本节开头简单介绍了Z-STACK协议栈,详细剖析了协议栈的基本初始化以及系统初始化,并在系统初始化中首次提出用户自定义处理函数。在整个系统全部初始化完毕后开始启动系统。接下来文章详细介绍了节点在Z-STACK中建立(加入)网络的流程,以及各不同类型节点的一些基本配置,并根据系统需求设计完整的通信格式,其中通信格式大小应满足能够容纳包括命令类型、地址以及所有传感器数据值总和,并根据需要设计了四种命令类型,包括上传/下发数据命令、更改上传周期命令、更改传感器阈值命令、打开电磁阀命令。然后对于网关节点和检测节点的需求设计对应程序流程图,根据流程图再实现各类型节点软件具体设计。对于检测节点主要实现数据采集、声光报警、无线收发等软件设计。对于网关节点必须完成对串口通信、按键、LCD显示、无线收发、等级判定几个方面设计。本文第四章主要对火灾预警机制中模糊算法研究,详细介绍了模糊C均值算法以及采用该算法对火灾分级预警机制进行仿真研究,并在此基础上提出采用梯形模糊聚类算法研究火灾预警机制。最后在第五章中,在完成了系统整体设计后进行测试,实验室中模拟火灾现场对检测节点进行各个功能测试,主要包括正常通信、拓扑结构、报警设计、命令操作测试,并运用C#设计上位机软件最终完成整机测试。
实验测试在实验室中完成,各个节点分布满足覆盖整个实验室空间的要求。通过实验模拟测试,该火灾预报警系统基本满足设计要求,经过进一步改进,应具有广阔的实际应用前景。
In the market there are many wired circuit connection mode of fire alarm devices which is difficult wiring, circuit ageing, easily influenced by the environment in a actual and complex environment. And its cost is higher. And the alarm devices is composed of a sensor selection for a product after the fire alarm equipment composition. These signal sensor has a high false alarm rate. Therefore, this paper uses multiple sensor circuit for data acquisition and uses wireless network to transmit the data and uses algorithm to process it for classification which can effectively reduce the false alarm problem.
In the first chapter, it introduces the origin of this research, the development trend of purpose and significance research ideas and methods at home and abroad as well as the fire alarm. Then in the second chapter, it introduces the ZigBee protocol stack and the concept of the fuzzy algorithm. It provides the later system design with the theory supporting. In the third chapter, it mainly produces the details of the system design. Firstly, the system is built in the base of CC2430. For the detection node, it contains data acquisition module design, power module design, sound and light module design. The gateway node design contains LCD design, key module design, power module design. Secondly, the software design is based on ZigBee. This section begins with the brief introduction of the nodes in the Z-STACK and then it introduces the basic initialization protocol stack and system initialization. It is the first that it gives the processing user which is defined at the system initialization. After the whole initialization, it starts the system.Then the paper mainly introduce the flow of which setting the network or joining the network and some basic configurations of different nodes.Then it design the communication format according to the requirements of the system. The communicatin format size must meet to accommodate the whole bytes which contains command type,upload/send the data command, change upload cycle aommand,change the sensor four threshold command,open the electromagnetic valve command. Then it complete the flow of node according to the need of gateway node and detection node and complete the specific soft design of the node. The detection node mainly complete the data acquisition, alarm, wireless transceiver design. The gateway node must complete design of serial communication, keyboard, LCD display, wireless transceiver and grade evaluation aspects. The fourth chapter mainly do the research about fuzzy algorithm of early warning mechanism. This chapter introduces the fuzzy C means algorithm and use the algorithm for simulation about classification for the fire warning mechanism. Then on the basis, it gives the trapezoidal algorithm and uses this algorithm to do the research about fire early warning mechanism. In the fifth chapter, the system start the test after completing the whole design. We simulate the fire scene for the system test to complete some functions which contains communication, topology, alarm, command operation test. Finally, I use C#to complete software for whole test.
Experimental tests are done in the laboratory. The nodes distribution must convert the entire laboratory space. Through the test, the fire alarm system basically meet design requirements. If it has a further improvement, it should have a broad application prospects.
引文
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[2]Elson J,Estrin D.Sensor NetWorks:A Bridge of the Physical World[M].Norwell:kluwer Academic publishers,2004:3-20.
[3]窦甜华.基于多信息融合的电气火灾智能检测技术的研究[D].济南.山东建筑大学,2011.
[4]张韩飞,陈明,池涛等.多传感器信息融合在温湿度检测中的应用[J].传感器与微系统,2011.30(6)：129-130.
[5]梁俊山,王慧琴,胡燕等.基于模糊聚类的图像型火灾检测[J].计算机工程,2012,,38(4)：196-198.
[6]王文光.基于无线传感器网络的新型火灾探测节点研究[D].合肥.合肥工业大学,2010.
[7]孔庆彦.ZigBee无线监控系统的性能及应用研究[D].广州.华南理工大学,2011.
[8]陶冶.基于ZigBee的森林火灾预警系统的设计与实现[D].兰州.兰州大学,2011.
[9]彭忠全.基于ZigBee的无线测控系统的设计与实现[D].南昌.江西理工大学,2011.
[10]闫黎明.基于ZigBee技术的无线温度检测系统的研究[D].济南.济南大学,2011.
[11]黄湘莹,张认成.CO气体传感器在火灾探测中的应用[J].2006(6)：6-11.[12]姚佳飞,李北海.基于模糊神经网络的中庭火灾探测系统[J].技术探讨.2007(11)：36-38.
[13]张琛琛.基于ZigBee无线传感网络的煤矿瓦斯检测系统的分析与设计[D].北京.中国地质大学,2012.
[14]尉志武.基于ZigBee的家庭火灾报警系统的设计[D].太原.太原理工大学,2012.
[15]蔡文晶.基于ZigBee技术的无线数据采集系统.杭州.杭州电子科技大学,2011.
[16]屈明佑,雷航,郭文生.基于ZigBee技术无线传输网络的设计与实现[J].电讯技术,2008,48(4)：34-38.
[17]敖俊宇.基于ZigBee的水质监测无线传感器网络的研究[D].南昌.南昌大学,2012.
[18]刘晓钦.基于ZigBee的老年健康监护系统的研究[D].淮南.安徽理工大学,2012.
[19]TexasInstruments.2.4HzIEEE802.15.4/zigbee-ready RF Transceivwe,v3.1.USA,2005.
[20]ZigBee Alliance.ZigBee alliance finalizes specification.http://www.zigbee.org.2004.
[21]Patrick Kinney.ZigBee Technology.Wireless Control that Simply Works[C]. Communications Design Conference,2003.
[22]ZigBee Alliance NetWork Specification,Version 1.00 ZigBee Document 02/3or10[EB/OL].http://www.zigbee.org.2004.
[23]姚玉坤,李鹏翔,任智,顾缘.适用于ZigBee网络的借地址分配算法.计算机应用[J].2011,31(8)：2044-2047.
[24]宋蛰存,陈宁,李迪飞.ZigBee无线传感技术在森林火灾检测中的应用[J].自动化仪表.2011,32(4)：50-52.
[25]聂春雷,谢巍.基于ZigBee的火灾报警系统的研究[J].硅谷.2011(11)：48.
[26]颜学义,叶湘滨.基于ZigBee技术的火灾报警传感器节点设计[J].岳阳纸业技术学院.2007,22(6)：69-72.
[27]霍柳行,董爱华.一种使用ZigBee通信的火灾监测与报警系统设计[J].仪器仪表用户.2011,18(2)：16-19.
[28]汪洋文杰,王楠,司轶芳.基于ZigBee技术的火灾自动报警系统[J].硅谷.2009(18)：30-31.
[29]张晓龙.基于ZigBee的农业温室大棚监控系统的设计与实现[D].北京.北京邮电大学,2010.
[30]8051.IAR Emb edded Workbench Help[OL].http://www.iar.com.
[31]朱丽.基于ZigBee技术的农用环境监测系统的设计与实现[D].成都.电子科技大学,2011.
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