微塑料对小麦种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响
|
摘要
为探究微塑料对农作物种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响,选取农业生态系统中普遍存在的3种微塑料[乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)、线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)]和小麦种子为实验对象进行种子发芽实验。结果表明:在试验微塑料浓度内,三种微塑料均在低中浓度(<500 mg·L~(-1))对小麦种子发芽率有抑制作用,抑制率范围为2.86%～20%,而相较于对照组,在高浓度(1000 mg·L~(-1))时对种子发芽率具有一定的促进。微塑料对小麦种子活力指数抑制作用由强到弱依次为LLDPE>EVA>PMMA,EVA和LLDPE在低浓度时对种子平均发芽时间促进高于高浓度,且PMMA对小麦种子生长特征无显著影响。微塑料对小麦苗长、根长和干质量均没有显著影响,仅有LLDPE在10 mg·L~(-1)时明显抑制小麦芽长。
To explore the effects of microplastics on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), three widely detected microplastics in agroecosystems Ethylene-vinyl acetate compolymer(EVA), Linear low-density polyethylene(LLDPE)and Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)were investigated by seed germination experiments.The results showed that all microplastics inhibited wheat seed germination at low and medium concentrations(<500 mg·L~(-1))with inhibition rates ranging from 2.86% to 20%. At high concentrations(1000 mg·L~(-1)), the microplastics substantially promoted germination compared with that of the control group.In particular, the inhibitory effect of microplastics on wheat seed vigor index decreased in the following order:LLDPE>EVA>PMMA. The mean germination time of wheat seeds exposed to EVA and LLDPE at low and medium concentrations was higher than that at high concentration, and PMMA had no significant effect on wheat seed growth aspects. Overall, microplastics had no significant effect on wheat seedling length, root length and dry weight, but LLDPE significantly inhibited wheat bud length at 10 mg·L~(-1) concentration.
To explore the effects of microplastics on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), three widely detected microplastics in agroecosystems Ethylene-vinyl acetate compolymer(EVA), Linear low-density polyethylene(LLDPE)and Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)were investigated by seed germination experiments.The results showed that all microplastics inhibited wheat seed germination at low and medium concentrations(<500 mg·L~(-1))with inhibition rates ranging from 2.86% to 20%. At high concentrations(1000 mg·L~(-1)), the microplastics substantially promoted germination compared with that of the control group.In particular, the inhibitory effect of microplastics on wheat seed vigor index decreased in the following order:LLDPE>EVA>PMMA. The mean germination time of wheat seeds exposed to EVA and LLDPE at low and medium concentrations was higher than that at high concentration, and PMMA had no significant effect on wheat seed growth aspects. Overall, microplastics had no significant effect on wheat seedling length, root length and dry weight, but LLDPE significantly inhibited wheat bud length at 10 mg·L~(-1) concentration.
引文
[1]任欣伟,唐景春,于宸,等.土壤微塑料污染及生态效应研究进展[J].农业环境科学学报, 2018, 37(6):1045-1058.REN Xin-wei, TANG Jing-chun, YU Chen, et al. Advances in research on the ecological effects of microplastic pollution on soil ecosystems[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018, 37(6):1045-1058.
[2] Machado A A, Kloas W, Zarfl C, et al. Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems[J]. Global Change Biology, 2018, 24(4):1405-1416.
[3] Thompson R C, Olsen Y, Mitchell R P, et al. Lost at sea:Where is all the plastic?[J]. Science, 2004, 304(5672):838.
[4] Law K L, Thompson R C. Oceans. Microplastics in the seas[J]. Science,2014, 345(6193):144-145.
[5] Isobe A, Uchiyama-Matsumoto K, Uchida K, et al. Microplastics in the Southern Ocean[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 114(1):623-626.
[6] Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, et al. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment:A review[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011, 62(12):2588-2597.
[7] Fendall L S, Sewell M A. Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face:Microplastics in facial cleansers[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58(8):1225-1228.
[8] Gregory M R. Plastic‘scrubbers’in hand cleansers:A further(and minor)source for marine pollution identified[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1996, 32(12):867-871.
[9] Andrady A L. Microplastics in the marine environment[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011, 62(8):1596-1605.
[10] Barnes D K A, Galgani F, Thompson R C, et al. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments[J]. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences, 2009, 364(1526):1985-1998.
[11] Prata J C. Airborne microplastics:Consequences to human health?[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018, 234:115-126.
[12] Peng G, Xu P, Zhu B, et al. Microplastics in freshwater river sediments in Shanghai, China:A case study of risk assessment in megacities[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 234:448-456.
[13] Zhang W, Zhang S, Wang J, et al. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,231:541-548.
[14] Wang W, Ndungu A W, Li Z, et al. Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China:A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 575:1369-1374.
[15] Alimi O S, Farner Budarz J, Hernandez L M, et al. Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments:Aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2018, 52(4):1704-1724.
[16] Ng E-L, Huerta Lwanga E, Eldridge S M, et al. An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 627:1377-1388.
[17] Zhang G S, Liu Y F. The distribution of microplastics in soil aggregate fractions in southwestern China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018, 642:12-20.
[18] Horton A A, Walton A, Spurgeon D J, et al. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments:Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 586:127-141.
[19] Zhu B K, Fang Y M, Zhu D, et al. Exposure to nanoplastics disturbs the gut microbiome in the soil oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018, 239:408-415.
[20] Murphy F, Quinn B. The effects of microplastic on freshwater Hydra attenuata feeding, morphology&reproduction[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 234:487-494.
[21] Zhang K, Shi H, Peng J, et al. Microplastic pollution in China′s inland water systems:A review of findings, methods, characteristics, effects, and management[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,630:1641-1653.
[22] Tang G, Liu M, Zhou Q, et al. Microplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Xiamen coastal areas:Implications for anthropogenic impacts[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 634:811-820.
[23] Yu Y, Zhou D, Li Z, et al. Advancement and challenges of microplastic pollution in the aquatic environment:A review[J]. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution, 2018, 229(5):140.
[24] Barrows A P W, Cathey S E, Petersen C W. Marine environment microfiber contamination:Global patterns and the diversity of microparticle origins[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 237:275-284.
[25] Li H X, Ma L S, Lin L, et al. Microplastics in oysters Saccostrea cucullata along the Pearl River Estuary, China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018, 236:619-625.
[26] Canniff P M, Hoang T C. Microplastic ingestion by Daphnia magna and its enhancement on algal growth[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 633:500-507.
[27] Santana M F M, Moreira F T, Pereira C D S, et al. Continuous exposure to microplastics does not cause physiological effects in the cultivated mussel Perna perna[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018, 74(4):594-604.
[28] Ferreira G V B, Barletta M, Lima A R A, et al. High intake rates of microplastics in a Western Atlantic predatory fish, and insights of a direct fishery effect[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 236:706-717.
[29] Weber A, Scherer C, Brennholt N, et al. PET microplastics do not negatively affect the survival, development, metabolism and feeding activity of the freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 234:181-189.
[30] Anbumani S, Kakkar P. Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on biota:A review[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018, 25(15):14373-14396.
[31] Weithmann N, M?ller J N, L?der M G J, et al. Organic fertilizer as a vehicle for the entry of microplastic into the environment[J]. Science Advances, 2018, 4(4):1-7.
[32] Rillig M C. Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil?[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2012, 46(12):6453-6454.
[33] Schymanski D, Goldbeck C, Humpf H U, et al. Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy:Release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water[J]. Water Research,2018, 129:154-162.
[34] Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson R C, et al. Microplastics in the marine environment:A review of the methods used for identification and quantification[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2012, 46(6):3060-3075.
[35] Ziajahromi S, Kumar A, Neale P A, et al. Environmentally relevant concentrations of polyethylene microplastics negatively impact the survival, growth and emergence of sediment-dwelling invertebrates[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 236:425-431.
[36] Kal?íkováG,?gajnar Gotvajn A, Kladnik A, et al. Impact of polyethylene microbeads on the floating freshwater plant duckweed Lemna minor[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 230:1108-1115.
[37] Kedzierski M, D′Almeida M, Magueresse A, et al. Threat of plastic ageing in marine environment. Adsorption/desorption of micropollutants[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2018, 127:684-694.
[38] Cai L, Hu L, Shi H, et al. Effects of inorganic ions and natural organic matter on the aggregation of nanoplastics[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 197:142-151.
[39] León V M, García I, González E, et al. Potential transfer of organic pollutants from littoral plastics debris to the marine environment[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018, 236:442-453.
[40] Wang J, Luo Y, Teng Y, et al. Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 180:265-273.
[41]徐刚,李发生,汪群慧.模拟酸雨对聚氯乙烯农膜中增塑剂析出的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2006, 25(6):1625-1630.XU Gang, LI Fa-sheng, WANG Qun-hui. Effect of simulated acid on release of plasticizer in PVC film[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2006, 25(6):1625-1630.
[42]刘晓丹,龚一富,李军,等.增塑剂对小麦种子萌发过程中细胞程序性死亡指标的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2013, 2:350-356.LIU Xiao-dan, GONG Yi-fu, LI Jun, et al. Mechanism of programmed cell death triggerd by plasticizers in the germination process of wheat seeds[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2013, 2:350-356.
[43] Pascall M A, Zabik M E, Zabik M J, et al. Uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)from an aqueous medium by polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene films[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005, 53(1):164-169.
[44] Massos A, Turner A. Cadmium, lead and bromine in beached microplastics[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 227:139-145.
[45] Li J, Zhang K, Zhang H. Adsorption of antibiotics on microplastics[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018, 237:460-467.
[2] Machado A A, Kloas W, Zarfl C, et al. Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems[J]. Global Change Biology, 2018, 24(4):1405-1416.
[3] Thompson R C, Olsen Y, Mitchell R P, et al. Lost at sea:Where is all the plastic?[J]. Science, 2004, 304(5672):838.
[4] Law K L, Thompson R C. Oceans. Microplastics in the seas[J]. Science,2014, 345(6193):144-145.
[5] Isobe A, Uchiyama-Matsumoto K, Uchida K, et al. Microplastics in the Southern Ocean[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 114(1):623-626.
[6] Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, et al. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment:A review[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011, 62(12):2588-2597.
[7] Fendall L S, Sewell M A. Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face:Microplastics in facial cleansers[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58(8):1225-1228.
[8] Gregory M R. Plastic‘scrubbers’in hand cleansers:A further(and minor)source for marine pollution identified[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1996, 32(12):867-871.
[9] Andrady A L. Microplastics in the marine environment[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011, 62(8):1596-1605.
[10] Barnes D K A, Galgani F, Thompson R C, et al. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments[J]. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences, 2009, 364(1526):1985-1998.
[11] Prata J C. Airborne microplastics:Consequences to human health?[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018, 234:115-126.
[12] Peng G, Xu P, Zhu B, et al. Microplastics in freshwater river sediments in Shanghai, China:A case study of risk assessment in megacities[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 234:448-456.
[13] Zhang W, Zhang S, Wang J, et al. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,231:541-548.
[14] Wang W, Ndungu A W, Li Z, et al. Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China:A case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 575:1369-1374.
[15] Alimi O S, Farner Budarz J, Hernandez L M, et al. Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments:Aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2018, 52(4):1704-1724.
[16] Ng E-L, Huerta Lwanga E, Eldridge S M, et al. An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 627:1377-1388.
[17] Zhang G S, Liu Y F. The distribution of microplastics in soil aggregate fractions in southwestern China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018, 642:12-20.
[18] Horton A A, Walton A, Spurgeon D J, et al. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments:Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 586:127-141.
[19] Zhu B K, Fang Y M, Zhu D, et al. Exposure to nanoplastics disturbs the gut microbiome in the soil oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018, 239:408-415.
[20] Murphy F, Quinn B. The effects of microplastic on freshwater Hydra attenuata feeding, morphology&reproduction[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 234:487-494.
[21] Zhang K, Shi H, Peng J, et al. Microplastic pollution in China′s inland water systems:A review of findings, methods, characteristics, effects, and management[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,630:1641-1653.
[22] Tang G, Liu M, Zhou Q, et al. Microplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Xiamen coastal areas:Implications for anthropogenic impacts[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 634:811-820.
[23] Yu Y, Zhou D, Li Z, et al. Advancement and challenges of microplastic pollution in the aquatic environment:A review[J]. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution, 2018, 229(5):140.
[24] Barrows A P W, Cathey S E, Petersen C W. Marine environment microfiber contamination:Global patterns and the diversity of microparticle origins[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 237:275-284.
[25] Li H X, Ma L S, Lin L, et al. Microplastics in oysters Saccostrea cucullata along the Pearl River Estuary, China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018, 236:619-625.
[26] Canniff P M, Hoang T C. Microplastic ingestion by Daphnia magna and its enhancement on algal growth[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 633:500-507.
[27] Santana M F M, Moreira F T, Pereira C D S, et al. Continuous exposure to microplastics does not cause physiological effects in the cultivated mussel Perna perna[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018, 74(4):594-604.
[28] Ferreira G V B, Barletta M, Lima A R A, et al. High intake rates of microplastics in a Western Atlantic predatory fish, and insights of a direct fishery effect[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 236:706-717.
[29] Weber A, Scherer C, Brennholt N, et al. PET microplastics do not negatively affect the survival, development, metabolism and feeding activity of the freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 234:181-189.
[30] Anbumani S, Kakkar P. Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on biota:A review[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018, 25(15):14373-14396.
[31] Weithmann N, M?ller J N, L?der M G J, et al. Organic fertilizer as a vehicle for the entry of microplastic into the environment[J]. Science Advances, 2018, 4(4):1-7.
[32] Rillig M C. Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil?[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2012, 46(12):6453-6454.
[33] Schymanski D, Goldbeck C, Humpf H U, et al. Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy:Release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water[J]. Water Research,2018, 129:154-162.
[34] Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson R C, et al. Microplastics in the marine environment:A review of the methods used for identification and quantification[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2012, 46(6):3060-3075.
[35] Ziajahromi S, Kumar A, Neale P A, et al. Environmentally relevant concentrations of polyethylene microplastics negatively impact the survival, growth and emergence of sediment-dwelling invertebrates[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 236:425-431.
[36] Kal?íkováG,?gajnar Gotvajn A, Kladnik A, et al. Impact of polyethylene microbeads on the floating freshwater plant duckweed Lemna minor[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 230:1108-1115.
[37] Kedzierski M, D′Almeida M, Magueresse A, et al. Threat of plastic ageing in marine environment. Adsorption/desorption of micropollutants[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2018, 127:684-694.
[38] Cai L, Hu L, Shi H, et al. Effects of inorganic ions and natural organic matter on the aggregation of nanoplastics[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 197:142-151.
[39] León V M, García I, González E, et al. Potential transfer of organic pollutants from littoral plastics debris to the marine environment[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018, 236:442-453.
[40] Wang J, Luo Y, Teng Y, et al. Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 180:265-273.
[41]徐刚,李发生,汪群慧.模拟酸雨对聚氯乙烯农膜中增塑剂析出的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2006, 25(6):1625-1630.XU Gang, LI Fa-sheng, WANG Qun-hui. Effect of simulated acid on release of plasticizer in PVC film[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2006, 25(6):1625-1630.
[42]刘晓丹,龚一富,李军,等.增塑剂对小麦种子萌发过程中细胞程序性死亡指标的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2013, 2:350-356.LIU Xiao-dan, GONG Yi-fu, LI Jun, et al. Mechanism of programmed cell death triggerd by plasticizers in the germination process of wheat seeds[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2013, 2:350-356.
[43] Pascall M A, Zabik M E, Zabik M J, et al. Uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)from an aqueous medium by polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene films[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005, 53(1):164-169.
[44] Massos A, Turner A. Cadmium, lead and bromine in beached microplastics[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 227:139-145.
[45] Li J, Zhang K, Zhang H. Adsorption of antibiotics on microplastics[J].Environmental Pollution, 2018, 237:460-467.