旅游地居民相对剥夺感的应对方式理论模型
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摘要
近年来,旅游地发生的诸多社会冲突事件引发学术界广泛关注,旅游地居民产生的相对剥夺感是引发当地社会冲突的原因之一。文章借助多案例研究法,以公平差别阈、归因方式与自我效能感3个概念构建了旅游地居民相对剥夺感及应对方式理论模型。文章认为当旅游地居民与参照群体进行比较后感知到的差异超出公平差别阈时,就会产生相对剥夺感;当感知到相对剥夺,旅游地居民受自我效能感与归因方式的影响会采取冲突抵抗、无奈承受、积极发展、退缩逃避的应对方式。文章依据理论模型从微观角度提出解决旅游地社会冲突的策略。
In recent years, the development of tourism has improved the level of economic development of many tourist destinations, promoting cultural exchange and improvements in infrastructure. However, tourism has also led to rising prices, environmental deterioration, overcommercialization, community conflict, and other negative impacts. Among these, the frequent occurrence of social conflicts in tourist destinations has caused widespread concern among academics.Many scholars have used social exchange theory and social representation theory to conduct in-depth research on the conflict behavior of residents in tourist destinations. Some scholars have proposed that the relative deprivation of residents in places undergoing tourism development can cause local social conflicts. However, relative deprivation can also lead to positive behavior of tourism destination residents, such as seeking cooperation and participating in tourism development. The relationships between the relative deprivation of residents and their behaviors in tourist destinations are currently unclear. The current study was based on the theory of relative deprivation, and used a case study method to collect data from residents in a tourist destination where conflict had occurred. We then coded the data, summarizing and analyzing the reasons for the relative deprivation of residents in tourist destinations and the influential factors involved in different coping styles. Three tourist destinations in which social conflicts have occurred were used for sampling. The results revealed that the equity difference threshold(EDT), attribution style and self-efficacy affected the generation of relative deprivation and the choice of coping style. When tourist destination residents perceived that a difference between themselves and their reference group was not consistent with the EDT, tourist destination residents had a sense of relative deprivation, leading them to adopt four different kinds of coping stylesdue to the effects on self-efficacy and attribution. We propose several possibletheoretical models of reaction mechanism for residents' relative deprivation in tourist destinations:(1) if residents of a tourist destination with high self-efficacy attribute the sense of relative deprivation externally, they will adopt conflict-resistance behavior,(2) if residents of a tourist destination with low self-efficacy attribute the sense of relative deprivation externally, they will adopt toleration behavior;(3) if the residents of tourist destination with high self-efficacy attribute the sense of relative deprivation to themselves, they may take positive actions, and(4) if the residents of a tourist destination with low selfefficacy attribute the sense of relative deprivation to themselves, they may take evasive actions. Based on these theoretical models, we propose that the sustainable development of tourism can be promoted by guiding the residents of tourist destinations to choose particular reference groups, promoting reasonable attribution and improving their sense of self-efficacy.
In recent years, the development of tourism has improved the level of economic development of many tourist destinations, promoting cultural exchange and improvements in infrastructure. However, tourism has also led to rising prices, environmental deterioration, overcommercialization, community conflict, and other negative impacts. Among these, the frequent occurrence of social conflicts in tourist destinations has caused widespread concern among academics.Many scholars have used social exchange theory and social representation theory to conduct in-depth research on the conflict behavior of residents in tourist destinations. Some scholars have proposed that the relative deprivation of residents in places undergoing tourism development can cause local social conflicts. However, relative deprivation can also lead to positive behavior of tourism destination residents, such as seeking cooperation and participating in tourism development. The relationships between the relative deprivation of residents and their behaviors in tourist destinations are currently unclear. The current study was based on the theory of relative deprivation, and used a case study method to collect data from residents in a tourist destination where conflict had occurred. We then coded the data, summarizing and analyzing the reasons for the relative deprivation of residents in tourist destinations and the influential factors involved in different coping styles. Three tourist destinations in which social conflicts have occurred were used for sampling. The results revealed that the equity difference threshold(EDT), attribution style and self-efficacy affected the generation of relative deprivation and the choice of coping style. When tourist destination residents perceived that a difference between themselves and their reference group was not consistent with the EDT, tourist destination residents had a sense of relative deprivation, leading them to adopt four different kinds of coping stylesdue to the effects on self-efficacy and attribution. We propose several possibletheoretical models of reaction mechanism for residents' relative deprivation in tourist destinations:(1) if residents of a tourist destination with high self-efficacy attribute the sense of relative deprivation externally, they will adopt conflict-resistance behavior,(2) if residents of a tourist destination with low self-efficacy attribute the sense of relative deprivation externally, they will adopt toleration behavior;(3) if the residents of tourist destination with high self-efficacy attribute the sense of relative deprivation to themselves, they may take positive actions, and(4) if the residents of a tourist destination with low selfefficacy attribute the sense of relative deprivation to themselves, they may take evasive actions. Based on these theoretical models, we propose that the sustainable development of tourism can be promoted by guiding the residents of tourist destinations to choose particular reference groups, promoting reasonable attribution and improving their sense of self-efficacy.
引文
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[20]DOGAN G,KENDALL K W.Hosting mega events modeling locals.support[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2006,33(3):603-623.
[21]BACHLEITNER R,ZINS A H.Cultural tourism in rural communities:The residents.perspective[J].Journal of Business?4Research,1999,44(3):199-209.
[22]SUN Haifa,ZHU Yingchu.The theory and application of case study method[J].Scientific Management Research,2004,22(1):116-120.[孙海法,朱莹楚.案例研究法的理论与应用[J].科学管理研究,2004,22(1):116-120.]
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