“最严格的保护”是最严格地按照科学来保护——解读“国家公园实行最严格的保护”
|
摘要
"最严格的保护"已经成为生态环境领域的高频词。通过对自然保护地管理中"保护"概念变迁的分析,对美国和中国香港在自然保护地管理经验的总结,针对我国保护地普遍存在的"人、地"约束和多样化的人地关系,提出对自然保护地来说,应当考虑生态系统与原住民生产生活、游客行为之间的关系,将"山水林田湖草人"作为一个生命共同体来统筹安排。根据生态学研究和LAC等理论形成保护地各区域细化的保护需求,制定对原住民、游客、政府、经营企业管理的负面禁止清单和正面引导清单,既满足保护需求又通过配套的制度建设(如保护地役权、绿色品牌特许经营机制等)形成绿色发展方式,使保护的成果首先惠及保护地内及周边,这样才能形成"共抓大保护"的机制,实现合理性与可行性兼顾的最严格的保护,即最严格地按照科学来保护。
"The strictest protection" has become hot words in the field of ecological management in China in the past years. A nature reserves system composed mainly of national parks is developing in China,and the question how will "the strictest protection" be realized in these nature reserves is now being raised. In fact,the word "protection" has changed to "conservation" in the management of protected areas and the latter is the mainstream idea to instruct laws and actions in the majority of countries. In this paper,we summarize the experience of conservation in American and Hong Kong protected areas. As far as the protected areas in China are concerned,based on the constraint of "large in population and complicated in land property" and the diverse relation between humans and biosphere,"mountains,rivers,forests,farmland,lakes,grasslands and human" should be considered as a community of life and requires systematic governance. Based on the scientific itemized conservation requirements of the protected area and LAC theory,a negative and positive behavior list of local residents and government and visitors should be given. Meanwhile, necessary management systems and its innovations(i. e. conservation easement,green brand concession) are also needed for developing an ecofriendly growth models. At last,the achievements of conservation will benefit all people,local habitants as priority,which could promote well-coordinated ecological conservation. "The strictest protection" should be interpreted and executed as "the strictest conservation based on science" in China from now on.
"The strictest protection" has become hot words in the field of ecological management in China in the past years. A nature reserves system composed mainly of national parks is developing in China,and the question how will "the strictest protection" be realized in these nature reserves is now being raised. In fact,the word "protection" has changed to "conservation" in the management of protected areas and the latter is the mainstream idea to instruct laws and actions in the majority of countries. In this paper,we summarize the experience of conservation in American and Hong Kong protected areas. As far as the protected areas in China are concerned,based on the constraint of "large in population and complicated in land property" and the diverse relation between humans and biosphere,"mountains,rivers,forests,farmland,lakes,grasslands and human" should be considered as a community of life and requires systematic governance. Based on the scientific itemized conservation requirements of the protected area and LAC theory,a negative and positive behavior list of local residents and government and visitors should be given. Meanwhile, necessary management systems and its innovations(i. e. conservation easement,green brand concession) are also needed for developing an ecofriendly growth models. At last,the achievements of conservation will benefit all people,local habitants as priority,which could promote well-coordinated ecological conservation. "The strictest protection" should be interpreted and executed as "the strictest conservation based on science" in China from now on.
引文
[1]苏杨.大部制后三说国家公园和既有自然保护地体系的关系---解读《建立国家公园体制总体方案》之五(上)[J].中国发展观察,2018(9):44-47.
[2]苏杨.事权统一、责权相当,中央出钱、指导有方---解读《建立国家公园体制总体方案》之一[J].中国发展观察,2017(Z3):95-102.
[3]生态环境部.生态环境部就侵占破坏自然保护区问题约谈8市(州、区)政府和有关部门[EB/OL].(2018-09-26)[2018-10-09].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/qt/201809/t20180926_629613.htm.
[4]生态环境部.生态环境部9月例行新闻发布会实录[EB/OL].(2018-09-29)[2018-10-09].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/qt/201809/t20180929_632931.htm.
[5]FUTEHALLY Z.Conservation and development[J].India International Centre Quarterly,1982,9(3/4):223-229.
[6]苏杨.为何和如何让“国家公园实行更严格保护”[J].中国发展观察,2017(1):57-61.
[7]KENNETH M I.IUCN-the world conservation union:a history of constraint[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https:∥tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/9921.
[8]Wikipedia.Protection[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection.
[9]Merriam-Webster.Protect[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/protect.
[10]Merriam-Webster.Conserve[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conserve.
[11]National Park Service.Conservation vs preservation and the national park service[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://www.nps.gov/klgo/learn/education/classrooms/conservation-vs-preser vation.htm.
[12]Wikipedia.Conservation(ethic)[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(ethic).
[13]International Union for Conservation of Nature.World conservation strategy[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/wcs-004.pdf.
[14]何思源,苏杨,罗慧男,等.基于细化保护需求的保护地空间管制技术研究---以中国国家公园体制建设为目标[J].环境保护,2017(1):50-57.
[15]崔国发.美国自然保护区考察报告[J].林业工作研究,2006(3):34-43.
[16]苏杨.国家公园不是自然保护区的升级版[J].中国发展观察,2016(16):45-49.
[17]DUDLEY N.IUCN自然保护地管理分类应用指南[M].朱春全,欧阳志云,译.北京:中国林业出版社,2016.
[18]吕咏,陈克林.国内外湿地保护与利用案例分析及其对镜湖国家湿地公园生态旅游的启示[J].湿地科学,2006(4):268-273.
[19]王林.江西桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区梅花鹿栖息地优化对策建议[J].河北林业科技,2018(1):68-70.
[20]生态环境部.生态环境部明确禁止环保“一刀切”行为[EB/OL].(2018-05-28)[2018-10-09].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/qt/201805/t20180528_441554.htm.
[21]生态环境部.京津冀及周边地区2018-2019年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案[EB/OL].(2018-09-27)[2018-10-09].http://www.chinanecc.cn/m/MNews!view.shtml?id=212535.
[22]中国人大网.环保部部长李干杰就“打好污染防治攻坚战”相关问题回答中外记者提问[EB/OL].(2018-03-17)[2018-09-12].http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/zhibo/zzzb41/node_4306.htm.
[23]张玉钧,薛冰洁.国家公园开展生态旅游和游憩活动的适宜性探讨[J].旅游学刊,2018(8):14-16.
[2]苏杨.事权统一、责权相当,中央出钱、指导有方---解读《建立国家公园体制总体方案》之一[J].中国发展观察,2017(Z3):95-102.
[3]生态环境部.生态环境部就侵占破坏自然保护区问题约谈8市(州、区)政府和有关部门[EB/OL].(2018-09-26)[2018-10-09].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/qt/201809/t20180926_629613.htm.
[4]生态环境部.生态环境部9月例行新闻发布会实录[EB/OL].(2018-09-29)[2018-10-09].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/qt/201809/t20180929_632931.htm.
[5]FUTEHALLY Z.Conservation and development[J].India International Centre Quarterly,1982,9(3/4):223-229.
[6]苏杨.为何和如何让“国家公园实行更严格保护”[J].中国发展观察,2017(1):57-61.
[7]KENNETH M I.IUCN-the world conservation union:a history of constraint[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https:∥tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/9921.
[8]Wikipedia.Protection[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection.
[9]Merriam-Webster.Protect[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/protect.
[10]Merriam-Webster.Conserve[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conserve.
[11]National Park Service.Conservation vs preservation and the national park service[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://www.nps.gov/klgo/learn/education/classrooms/conservation-vs-preser vation.htm.
[12]Wikipedia.Conservation(ethic)[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(ethic).
[13]International Union for Conservation of Nature.World conservation strategy[EB/OL].[2018-09-21].https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/wcs-004.pdf.
[14]何思源,苏杨,罗慧男,等.基于细化保护需求的保护地空间管制技术研究---以中国国家公园体制建设为目标[J].环境保护,2017(1):50-57.
[15]崔国发.美国自然保护区考察报告[J].林业工作研究,2006(3):34-43.
[16]苏杨.国家公园不是自然保护区的升级版[J].中国发展观察,2016(16):45-49.
[17]DUDLEY N.IUCN自然保护地管理分类应用指南[M].朱春全,欧阳志云,译.北京:中国林业出版社,2016.
[18]吕咏,陈克林.国内外湿地保护与利用案例分析及其对镜湖国家湿地公园生态旅游的启示[J].湿地科学,2006(4):268-273.
[19]王林.江西桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区梅花鹿栖息地优化对策建议[J].河北林业科技,2018(1):68-70.
[20]生态环境部.生态环境部明确禁止环保“一刀切”行为[EB/OL].(2018-05-28)[2018-10-09].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/qt/201805/t20180528_441554.htm.
[21]生态环境部.京津冀及周边地区2018-2019年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案[EB/OL].(2018-09-27)[2018-10-09].http://www.chinanecc.cn/m/MNews!view.shtml?id=212535.
[22]中国人大网.环保部部长李干杰就“打好污染防治攻坚战”相关问题回答中外记者提问[EB/OL].(2018-03-17)[2018-09-12].http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/zhibo/zzzb41/node_4306.htm.
[23]张玉钧,薛冰洁.国家公园开展生态旅游和游憩活动的适宜性探讨[J].旅游学刊,2018(8):14-16.