渗透铺装蒸发强度的动态变化规律及影响因素分析
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摘要
设计并搭建一种典型透水混凝土铺装蒸发模拟实验平台,在深圳市的气象条件下,连续观测铺装含水量、蒸发量、吸湿量和表面温度等的变化过程,分析透水混凝土铺装蒸发强度的动态变化规律及影响因素。结果表明,在雨季,降雨可显著地增加透水混凝土铺装的蒸发强度,但影响的持续时间有限,8小时内这种增强效应会逐渐减弱至较低水平;随着昼夜及降雨条件的变化,各影响因素在不同时期影响程度不同。昼间,透水混凝土铺装的蒸发强度与太阳辐射及铺装含水量正相关,且当前期有降雨时,相关性会明显提高。夜间,前期无降雨时蒸发强度接近零,仅随风速变化有较小的波动;当前期有降雨时,气温越高,风速越大,铺装含水量及表面温度越高,蒸发强度也越大,大气相对湿度增加会导致铺装蒸发强度减小。在旱季,透水混凝土铺装作为一种多孔介质,其表面在适当天气条件下发生的吸湿现象将持续补充铺装含水量,促进蒸发,是影响蒸发强度的重要因素。
A typical evaporation simulation platform for permeable concrete pavement is designed and built. The variation process of moisture content, evaporation, moisture absorption, surface temperature and the weather conditions in Shenzhen city are continuously monitored and recorded under the natural environment conditions, which are carried out to analyze the variations in the evaporation intensity of the pavement, and to explore the main influencing factors. The results show that, in the rainy season, the rainfall can significantly increase the evaporation intensity of permeable concrete pavement, but its influence is limited, and this enhancement effect will gradually weaken to a lower level in eight hours. With the variation of time and rainfall conditions, the influence degree of many factors is different in different periods. During the daytime, the evaporation intensity of permeable concrete pavement is positively correlated with the solar radiation and moisture content. During the nighttime, the evaporation intensity is close to zero when there is no rain in the early stage, which is only correlated with the change of wind speed. While after the rainfall, the higher air temperature, greater wind speed, higher moisture content and surface temperature of the pavement will increase the evaporation intensity, however the increase of the relative humidity will lead to the decrease of the evaporation. In the dry season, permeable concrete pavement, as a porous medium, can increase moisture content and promote evaporation intensity by the moisture absorption on the surface of the pavement, which is an important factor affecting the dynamic variations of the evaporation intensity.
A typical evaporation simulation platform for permeable concrete pavement is designed and built. The variation process of moisture content, evaporation, moisture absorption, surface temperature and the weather conditions in Shenzhen city are continuously monitored and recorded under the natural environment conditions, which are carried out to analyze the variations in the evaporation intensity of the pavement, and to explore the main influencing factors. The results show that, in the rainy season, the rainfall can significantly increase the evaporation intensity of permeable concrete pavement, but its influence is limited, and this enhancement effect will gradually weaken to a lower level in eight hours. With the variation of time and rainfall conditions, the influence degree of many factors is different in different periods. During the daytime, the evaporation intensity of permeable concrete pavement is positively correlated with the solar radiation and moisture content. During the nighttime, the evaporation intensity is close to zero when there is no rain in the early stage, which is only correlated with the change of wind speed. While after the rainfall, the higher air temperature, greater wind speed, higher moisture content and surface temperature of the pavement will increase the evaporation intensity, however the increase of the relative humidity will lead to the decrease of the evaporation. In the dry season, permeable concrete pavement, as a porous medium, can increase moisture content and promote evaporation intensity by the moisture absorption on the surface of the pavement, which is an important factor affecting the dynamic variations of the evaporation intensity.
引文
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[16]于航,王小林.混凝土多孔介质等温吸湿过程的数值模拟.电力与能源, 2007, 28(3):171–174
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[20] Agam N, Berliner P R. Diurnal water content changes in the bare soil of a coastal desert. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2009, 5(5):922–93
[2] Nakayama T, Fujita T. Cooling effect of water-holding pavements made of new materials on water and heat budgets in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2010, 96(2):57–67
[3]王琳,徐涵秋.城市蒸发散量与相关生态要素的定量关系.同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 44(2):255–261
[4] Scholz M, Grabowiecki P. Review of permeable pavement systems. Building&Environment, 2007,42(11):3830–3836
[5] Asaeda T, Ca V T. Characteristics of permeable pavement during hot summer weather and impact on the thermal environment. Building and Environment,2000, 35(4):363–375
[6] Brown R A, Borst M. Quantifying evaporation in a permeable pavement system. Hydrological Processes,2015, 29(9):2100–2111
[7]韩理亚.城市道路透水铺装透水功能设计计算与应用研究[D].青岛:青岛理工大学, 2014
[8]李美玲,刘京,李彪,等.透水性铺装系统与大气间热水分传输过程实验方法及初期实验研究.建筑科学, 2013, 29(6):73–78
[9]汪俊松,张玉,孟庆林,等.透水路面蒸发降温效应研究综述.建筑科学, 2017, 33(4):142–149
[10] Starke P, G?bel P, Coldewey W G. Urban evaporation rates for water-permeable pavements. Water Science&Technology, 2010, 62(5):1161–1169
[11] Yamagata H, Nasu M, Yoshizawa M, et al. Heat island mitigation using water retentive pavement sprinkled with reclaimed wastewater. Water Science&Technology, 2008, 57(5):763–772
[12] Li H, Harvey J, Ge Z. Experimental investigation on evaporation rate for enhancing evaporative cooling effect of permeable pavement materials. Construction&Building Materials, 2014, 65(9):367–375
[13] Syrrakou C, Pinder G F. Experimentally determined evaporation rates in pervious concrete systems.Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering, 2014,140(1):04013003
[14] Nemirovsky E M, Welker A L, Lee R. Quantifying evaporation from pervious concrete systems:methodology and hydrologic perspective. Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering, 2013, 139(4):271–277
[15] Qin Y, Hiller J E. Water availability near the surface dominates the evaporation of pervious concrete.Construction&Building Materials, 2016, 111:77–84
[16]于航,王小林.混凝土多孔介质等温吸湿过程的数值模拟.电力与能源, 2007, 28(3):171–174
[17]韩双平,荆继红,荆磊,等.温度场与凝结水的观测研究.地球学报, 2007, 28(5):482–487
[18]郭占荣,刘建辉.中国干旱半干旱地区土壤凝结水研究综述.干旱区研究, 2005, 22(4):576–580
[19]冯金朝,刘成敏.沙坡头地区土壤水分吸湿凝结的动态观测与理论计算.中国沙漠, 1998, 18(1):11–15
[20] Agam N, Berliner P R. Diurnal water content changes in the bare soil of a coastal desert. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2009, 5(5):922–93