施氮量对设施基质栽培番茄品质、产量及养分吸收的影响
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摘要
为了提高设施基质栽培番茄的品质、产量及肥料利用率,以番茄品种‘STP-F318’为供试材料,设置6个氮肥用量(N0～N5分别为:602.55kg/hm~2、572.42kg/hm~2、542.30kg/hm~2、512.17kg/hm~2、482.04kg/hm~2、451.91kg/hm~2),研究了不同氮肥用量对设施基质栽培番茄品质、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:氮肥减施有利于提高番茄叶片的SPAD值与净光合速率,SPAD值在N2处理下最大,为54.98,而净光合速率在N3处理下最大,为18.39μmol/m~2·s,较对照N0处理分别提高13.20%、10.88%。与N0处理相比,各氮肥处理改善了番茄品质,其中N4处理Vc含量最高,为3.32mg/kgFW,番茄红素含量提高了4.72%～9.84%,糖酸比以N2和N3处理表现较佳,分别为8.39、8.72。产量随施氮量减少呈先升后降趋势,N3处理产量最高,为180601.98kg/hm~2,较N0处理增产16.65%,其次N2处理增产14.97%。植株氮、磷、钾的吸收比例为1∶(0.17～0.57)∶(1.28～2.09)。由此可见,当氮肥用量为512.17kg/hm~2时,既能够保持较高的番茄产量和肥料利用率,又具有较优的品质,为基质栽培番茄氮肥优化管理提供了理论依据。
To improve the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of tomato under substrate cultivation, with tomato variety ‘STP-F318'as tested material, six nitrogen fertilizer levels(N0～N5: 602.55 kg/hm~2, 572.42 kg/hm~2, 542.30 kg/hm~2, 512.17 kg/hm~2, 482.04 kg/hm~2, 451.91 kg/hm~2) were designed to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels on quality, yield and nutrient absorption of tomato. The results showed that reduced nitrogen treatments increased SPAD value and photosynthetic rate, the highest SPASD value was in N2 treatment for 54.98, photosynthetic rate under N3 treatment reached the maximum for 18.39μmol/m~2·s, which were increased by 13.20%, 10.88%, respectively. Compared with N0 treatment, nitrogen fertilizer treatments could improve fruit quality, the Vc content was the highest at N4 treatment for 3.32 mg/kg FW, the lycopene content were increased by 4.82% to 9.84%, the sugar-acid ratio under N2 treatment and N3 treatment were 8.39, 8.72, performing better. The fruit yield increased and then decreased with the decrease of nitrogen fertilizer amount, the yield reached the highest under N3 treatment for 180,601.98 kg/hm~2, followed by N2 treatment, increased by 16.65%, 14.97%, respectively. The nutrient absorption ratio of N, P and K was 1:(0.17～0.57):(1.28～2.09). Therefore, the reduced nitrogen treatments could increase yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, improve the fruit quality, nitrogen fertilizer amount of 512.17 kg/hm~2 performed better, which provide a strong theoretical basis for nitrogen optimize management of tomato substrate cultivation.
To improve the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of tomato under substrate cultivation, with tomato variety ‘STP-F318'as tested material, six nitrogen fertilizer levels(N0～N5: 602.55 kg/hm~2, 572.42 kg/hm~2, 542.30 kg/hm~2, 512.17 kg/hm~2, 482.04 kg/hm~2, 451.91 kg/hm~2) were designed to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels on quality, yield and nutrient absorption of tomato. The results showed that reduced nitrogen treatments increased SPAD value and photosynthetic rate, the highest SPASD value was in N2 treatment for 54.98, photosynthetic rate under N3 treatment reached the maximum for 18.39μmol/m~2·s, which were increased by 13.20%, 10.88%, respectively. Compared with N0 treatment, nitrogen fertilizer treatments could improve fruit quality, the Vc content was the highest at N4 treatment for 3.32 mg/kg FW, the lycopene content were increased by 4.82% to 9.84%, the sugar-acid ratio under N2 treatment and N3 treatment were 8.39, 8.72, performing better. The fruit yield increased and then decreased with the decrease of nitrogen fertilizer amount, the yield reached the highest under N3 treatment for 180,601.98 kg/hm~2, followed by N2 treatment, increased by 16.65%, 14.97%, respectively. The nutrient absorption ratio of N, P and K was 1:(0.17～0.57):(1.28～2.09). Therefore, the reduced nitrogen treatments could increase yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, improve the fruit quality, nitrogen fertilizer amount of 512.17 kg/hm~2 performed better, which provide a strong theoretical basis for nitrogen optimize management of tomato substrate cultivation.
引文
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[12] 张芳,薛绪掌,张建丰,等.基于叶片数增长动态的营养液供给对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1374-1383.
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[21] 李志军,李静,张富仓,等.水氮供应对温室滴灌施肥黄瓜产量及品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J].2015,43(12):143-150,159.
[22] 王雪,张阔,孙志梅,等.氮素水平对萝卜干物质累积特征及源库活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(21):4300-4308.
[23] 颉旭,王新右,赵帆,等.栽培基质配方对日光温室番茄生长及果实品质的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报[J].2014,49(4):58-62.
[24] 纪立东,杨建国,雷金银,等.滴灌施肥对加工番茄产量和品质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(9):41-45.
[25] 赵春波,王超楠,宋述尧,等.氮素营养水平对黄瓜氮代谢关键酶活性变化及氮化物的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2017,39(2):139-147.
[26] Cabello M J, Castellanos M T, Romojaro F, et al. Yield and quality of melon grown under different irrigation and nitrogen rates[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2009, 96(5):866-874.
[27] 李振华,姜熙,孟维忠,等.基于温室番茄生长、产量和品质确定适宜滴灌灌水下限与氮肥、钾肥施用量[J].中国农村水利水电,2018(2):15-19.
[28] 刘世全,曹红霞,杨慧,等.水氮供应与番茄产量和生长性状的关联性分析[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(22):4445-4452.
[29] DU Ya-dan, CAO Hong-xia, LIU Shi-quan, et al. Response of yield, quality, water and nitrogen use efficiency of tomato to different levels of water and nitrogen under drip irrigation in Northwestern China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017, 16 (5) :1153-1161.
[30] 李合生.现代植物生理学(第二版[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:88-92.
[2] 邢英英,张富仓,张燕,等.膜下滴灌水肥耦合促进番茄养分吸收及生长[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(21):70-80.
[3] 杨凤军,安子靖,杨薇薇.番茄连作对日光温室土壤微生物及土壤理化性状的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(1):42-46.
[4] Y Lian, X Lin, S Yamada, et al. Soil degradation and prevention in greenhouse production[J]. Springerplus, 2013, 2(1):1-5.
[5] 李萍萍,朱咏莉.基于农林废弃物的植物培育基质开发及应用技术研究进展[J].南京林业大学学报 (自然科学版)[J].2015,39(5):161-168.
[6] 毛碧增,贺满桥,陈丽闽,等.蘑菇菌糠复配生物基质对番茄营养生长及光合作用的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(9):1821 -1827.
[7] 李蒙,杜静,束胜,等.樱桃番茄栽培醋糟基质配方研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2015,46(1):19-25.
[8] 王丽英,武雪萍,张彦才,等.适宜施氮量保证滴灌日光温室黄瓜番茄产量降低土壤盐分及氮残留[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(17):91-98.
[9] 蔡东升,李建明,樊翔宇,等.基质栽培营养液氮磷钾补充水平对番茄养分吸收及产量品质影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2017,48(1):7-14.
[10] 朱晋宇,惠放,李苗,等.氮水平对盆栽沙培番茄苗期根系三维构型与氮素利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):131-137.
[11] 赵常旭,郁继华,冯致,等.控释肥对基质栽培番茄产量、品质及养分利用率的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2017,52(2):34-40.
[12] 张芳,薛绪掌,张建丰,等.基于叶片数增长动态的营养液供给对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1374-1383.
[13] 柳美玉,曹红霞,杜贞其,等.营养液浓度对番茄营养生长期干物质累积及养分吸收的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J].2017,45(4):119-126,133.
[14] NY/t 1651-2008,蔬菜及制品中番茄红素的测定高效液相色谱法[S].
[15] 李小方,张志良.植物生理学试验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2016:91,246.
[16] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:147-149,168,188-189.
[17] 欧立军,康林玉,赵激,等.作物氮素吸收与利用研究进展[J].北方园艺,2018(7):151-156.
[18] 刘兆辉,薄录吉,李彦,等.氮肥减量施用技术及其对作物产量和生态环境的影响综述[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(4):1-8.
[19] Müller P, Li X P, Niyoqi K K. Non-photochemical Quenching. A response to excess light energy[J]. Plant Physiology, 2001, 125(4):1558-1566.
[20] 杨慧,曹红霞,刘世和,等.水氮耦合对温室番茄光合特性与产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(4/5):58-62.
[21] 李志军,李静,张富仓,等.水氮供应对温室滴灌施肥黄瓜产量及品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J].2015,43(12):143-150,159.
[22] 王雪,张阔,孙志梅,等.氮素水平对萝卜干物质累积特征及源库活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(21):4300-4308.
[23] 颉旭,王新右,赵帆,等.栽培基质配方对日光温室番茄生长及果实品质的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报[J].2014,49(4):58-62.
[24] 纪立东,杨建国,雷金银,等.滴灌施肥对加工番茄产量和品质的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(9):41-45.
[25] 赵春波,王超楠,宋述尧,等.氮素营养水平对黄瓜氮代谢关键酶活性变化及氮化物的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2017,39(2):139-147.
[26] Cabello M J, Castellanos M T, Romojaro F, et al. Yield and quality of melon grown under different irrigation and nitrogen rates[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2009, 96(5):866-874.
[27] 李振华,姜熙,孟维忠,等.基于温室番茄生长、产量和品质确定适宜滴灌灌水下限与氮肥、钾肥施用量[J].中国农村水利水电,2018(2):15-19.
[28] 刘世全,曹红霞,杨慧,等.水氮供应与番茄产量和生长性状的关联性分析[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(22):4445-4452.
[29] DU Ya-dan, CAO Hong-xia, LIU Shi-quan, et al. Response of yield, quality, water and nitrogen use efficiency of tomato to different levels of water and nitrogen under drip irrigation in Northwestern China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017, 16 (5) :1153-1161.
[30] 李合生.现代植物生理学(第二版[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:88-92.