美国系统性种族主义理论综述
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摘要
20世纪50-60年代民权运动以来,随着非洲裔等有色人种在政治、经济、教育和住房等方面条件的改善,一些白人和保守主义学者开始对美国的种族关系持乐观的态度,认为美国已经进入"后种族时代"(post-racial era)。与该论调持相反的观点,系统性种族主义理论认为今天的美国与过去一样仍然是一个白人支配的压迫社会,白人对非洲裔等有色人种的支配是种族不平等的根源。该理论为美国种族研究提供了一个新范式,有助于理解美国种族主义的本质和种族关系的发展脉络。但是,该理论也受到一些质疑和批判,如陷入"黑白二元论"的窠臼,忽视了有色人种的作用,对种族关系持悲观的态度等。
As African-American and other people of color have made some improvements in political,economic,educational and housing conditions since the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950 s and 1960 s,some whites and conservative scholars began to hold optimistic attitudes toward the race and ethnic relations in the United States,claiming that the United States has entered the post-racial era. Contrary to this notion,systemic racism theory holds that the United States today remains,as in the past,a white dominated oppressive society.Whites' domination on African-American and other people of color is the source of ethnic inequality. It provides a new paradigm for U. S. race and ethnic study,helping to understand the nature of racism and the context of racial relations. However,the theory also has been questioned and criticized for such aspects as falling into the trap of "black and white dualism",ignoring the role of people of color and holding a pessimistic attitude toward ethnic relations.
As African-American and other people of color have made some improvements in political,economic,educational and housing conditions since the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950 s and 1960 s,some whites and conservative scholars began to hold optimistic attitudes toward the race and ethnic relations in the United States,claiming that the United States has entered the post-racial era. Contrary to this notion,systemic racism theory holds that the United States today remains,as in the past,a white dominated oppressive society.Whites' domination on African-American and other people of color is the source of ethnic inequality. It provides a new paradigm for U. S. race and ethnic study,helping to understand the nature of racism and the context of racial relations. However,the theory also has been questioned and criticized for such aspects as falling into the trap of "black and white dualism",ignoring the role of people of color and holding a pessimistic attitude toward ethnic relations.
引文
[1]乔·费金(Joe R.Feagin)是美国社会学家和社会理论家,现任职于德克萨斯A&M大学社会学系。他于1966年获得哈佛大学博士学位,几十年来一直致力于美国种族主义和性别歧视问题研究。研究成果包括60多部学术著作和200多篇学术文章,其中《贫民区反抗》(Ghetto Revolts)一书曾获美国普利策奖提名。费金教授是2012年创价国际(Soka Gakkai International)美国社会公正奖获得者,2013年美国肯定行动协会亚瑟·弗莱彻终身成就奖和2013年美国社会学协会W.E.B杜波伊斯杰出奖学金获得者,美国社会学协会1999-2000年主席。
[2]Joe R.Feagin.Racist America:Roots,Current Realities,and Future Reparations(Third Edition)[M].New York:Routledge,2014.
[3]Joe R.Feagin.The White Racial Frame:Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing(Second Edition)[M].New York:Routledge,2013.
[4]James R.Kluegel&Eliot R.Smith.Whites'Beliefs about Blacks'Opportunity[J].American Sociological Review,1982(47).
[5]Bettina L.Love and Brandelyn Tosolt.Reality or Rhetoric?Barack Obama and Post-racial America[J].Race,Gender&Class,2010(17).
[6]Neil J.Smelser,William Julius Wilson and Faith Mitchell,eds.America Becoming:Racial Trends and Their Consequences(vol.I)[M].Washington D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[7]Richard Gniemi,John Mueller&Tom W.Smith.Trends in Public Opinion:A Compendium of Survey Data[M].New York:Greenwood Press,1989.
[8]William Julius Wilson.The Declining Significance of Race:Blacks and Changing American[M].Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,2012.
[9]姬虹.美国种族歧视痼疾难除[N].人民日报,2014-11-28.
[10]Sean Elias and Joe R.Feagin.Racial Theories in Social Science:A systemic Racism Critique[M].New York:Routledge,2016.
[11]Joe R.Feagin.Systemic Racism:A Theory of Oppression[M].New York:Routledge,2006.
[12]King's Dream Remains an Elusive Goal;Many Americans See Racial Disparities[EB/OL].http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/22/chapter-1-i-havea-dream-50-years-later/,2013-08-22.
[13]5 facts about race in America[EB/OL].http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/18/5-factsabout-race-in-america/,2016-01-18.
[14]马克思恩格斯全集(第3卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2002.
[15]Eduardo Bonilla-Silva.Racism Without Racists:ColorBlind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States[M].New York:Rowman&Littlefield,2006.
[16]Joe R.Feagin.Elite White Men Ruling:Who,What,When,Where,and How[M].New York:Routledge,2017.
[17]W.E.B杜波依斯称之为“作为白人的公共和心理工资”(the public and psychological wage of whiteness)。W.E.B.Du Bois.Black Reconstruction in America1860-1880[M].New York:Atheneum,1992.
[18]Theodore Allen.The Invention of the White Race:Racial Oppression and Social Control[M].London:Verso,1994.
[19]Carol Anderson.White Rage:The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide[M].New York:Bloomsbury,2016.
[20]Amanda Taub,Behind 2016's Turmoil,a Crisis of White Identity[EB/OL].http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/02/world/americas/brexit-donald-trump-whites.html,2016-11-02.
[21]It's official:Minority babies are the majority among the nation's infants,but only just[EB/OL].http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/23/its-officialminority-babies-are-the-majority-among-the-nations-infantsbut-only-just/,2016-06-23.
[22]美国种族示威震荡继续联合国机构敦促美领导人谴责种族仇恨言行[EB/OL].http://china.cnr.cn/xwwgf/20170824/t20170824_523917287.shtml,2017-08-24.
[23]Niamh Mc Crea.Reviews[J].Community Development Journal,2007(42).
[24]Michael Omi and Howard Winant.Thinking Through Race and Racism[J].Contemporary Sociology,2009(38).
[25]Banton,Michael.In Defense of Mainstream Sociology[J].Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[26]Rutledge M.Dennis.Convergences and divergences in race theorizing:a critical assessment of race formation theory and systemic racism theory[J].Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[27]Joe.R.Feagin.Systemic Racism and‘Race’Categorization in U.S.Medical Research and Practice[J].The American Journal of Bioethics,2017(17).
[28]Michael Omi and Howard Winant.Resistance is futile?:a response to Feagin and Elias[J],Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[29]Michael Omi&Howard Winant.Racial Formation in the United States:From the 1960s to the 1980s[M].New York:Routledge,1986.
[30]Joe Feagin and Sean Elias.Rethinking racial formation theory:a systemic racism critique[J].Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[31]这一观点来自于2018年2月15日笔者与乔·费金的谈话。
[32]Rutledge M.Dennis.Convergences and divergences in race theorizing:a critical assessment of race formation theory and systemic racism theory[J].Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[33]Reuben A.Buford May.Book Reviews[J].American Journal of Sociology,2001(107).
[2]Joe R.Feagin.Racist America:Roots,Current Realities,and Future Reparations(Third Edition)[M].New York:Routledge,2014.
[3]Joe R.Feagin.The White Racial Frame:Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing(Second Edition)[M].New York:Routledge,2013.
[4]James R.Kluegel&Eliot R.Smith.Whites'Beliefs about Blacks'Opportunity[J].American Sociological Review,1982(47).
[5]Bettina L.Love and Brandelyn Tosolt.Reality or Rhetoric?Barack Obama and Post-racial America[J].Race,Gender&Class,2010(17).
[6]Neil J.Smelser,William Julius Wilson and Faith Mitchell,eds.America Becoming:Racial Trends and Their Consequences(vol.I)[M].Washington D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[7]Richard Gniemi,John Mueller&Tom W.Smith.Trends in Public Opinion:A Compendium of Survey Data[M].New York:Greenwood Press,1989.
[8]William Julius Wilson.The Declining Significance of Race:Blacks and Changing American[M].Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,2012.
[9]姬虹.美国种族歧视痼疾难除[N].人民日报,2014-11-28.
[10]Sean Elias and Joe R.Feagin.Racial Theories in Social Science:A systemic Racism Critique[M].New York:Routledge,2016.
[11]Joe R.Feagin.Systemic Racism:A Theory of Oppression[M].New York:Routledge,2006.
[12]King's Dream Remains an Elusive Goal;Many Americans See Racial Disparities[EB/OL].http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/22/chapter-1-i-havea-dream-50-years-later/,2013-08-22.
[13]5 facts about race in America[EB/OL].http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/18/5-factsabout-race-in-america/,2016-01-18.
[14]马克思恩格斯全集(第3卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,2002.
[15]Eduardo Bonilla-Silva.Racism Without Racists:ColorBlind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States[M].New York:Rowman&Littlefield,2006.
[16]Joe R.Feagin.Elite White Men Ruling:Who,What,When,Where,and How[M].New York:Routledge,2017.
[17]W.E.B杜波依斯称之为“作为白人的公共和心理工资”(the public and psychological wage of whiteness)。W.E.B.Du Bois.Black Reconstruction in America1860-1880[M].New York:Atheneum,1992.
[18]Theodore Allen.The Invention of the White Race:Racial Oppression and Social Control[M].London:Verso,1994.
[19]Carol Anderson.White Rage:The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide[M].New York:Bloomsbury,2016.
[20]Amanda Taub,Behind 2016's Turmoil,a Crisis of White Identity[EB/OL].http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/02/world/americas/brexit-donald-trump-whites.html,2016-11-02.
[21]It's official:Minority babies are the majority among the nation's infants,but only just[EB/OL].http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/23/its-officialminority-babies-are-the-majority-among-the-nations-infantsbut-only-just/,2016-06-23.
[22]美国种族示威震荡继续联合国机构敦促美领导人谴责种族仇恨言行[EB/OL].http://china.cnr.cn/xwwgf/20170824/t20170824_523917287.shtml,2017-08-24.
[23]Niamh Mc Crea.Reviews[J].Community Development Journal,2007(42).
[24]Michael Omi and Howard Winant.Thinking Through Race and Racism[J].Contemporary Sociology,2009(38).
[25]Banton,Michael.In Defense of Mainstream Sociology[J].Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[26]Rutledge M.Dennis.Convergences and divergences in race theorizing:a critical assessment of race formation theory and systemic racism theory[J].Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[27]Joe.R.Feagin.Systemic Racism and‘Race’Categorization in U.S.Medical Research and Practice[J].The American Journal of Bioethics,2017(17).
[28]Michael Omi and Howard Winant.Resistance is futile?:a response to Feagin and Elias[J],Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[29]Michael Omi&Howard Winant.Racial Formation in the United States:From the 1960s to the 1980s[M].New York:Routledge,1986.
[30]Joe Feagin and Sean Elias.Rethinking racial formation theory:a systemic racism critique[J].Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[31]这一观点来自于2018年2月15日笔者与乔·费金的谈话。
[32]Rutledge M.Dennis.Convergences and divergences in race theorizing:a critical assessment of race formation theory and systemic racism theory[J].Ethnic and Racial Studies,2013(36).
[33]Reuben A.Buford May.Book Reviews[J].American Journal of Sociology,2001(107).