污水处理厂污泥膨胀和污泥发泡的比较分析
|
摘要
活性污泥法由于操作简单、处理效果好被广泛应用于市政污水和工业废水的处理。污泥膨胀和污泥发泡现象影响二次沉淀池的泥水分离过程和生物反应池的微生物量稳定,严重困扰着污水处理厂的正常运行,被称为污水处理厂的"癌症"。本文从污泥膨胀和污泥发泡的定义及分类出发,全面地比较了表征污泥膨胀和污泥发泡的方法、引起污泥膨胀和污泥发泡的丝状细菌种类及控制污泥膨胀和污泥发泡方法的异同,并探讨了污泥膨胀和污泥发泡问题的未来研究方向和控制策略,期望能够为今后污泥膨胀和污泥发泡问题的研究和调控提供有价值的参考。
Activated sludge(AS) process is the most widely process in wastewater treatment because of its simple operation and good treatment effect. Sludge bulking and sludge foaming, known as the "cancer" of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs), affect the solid-liquid separation process of the secondary sedimentation tank and the stability of the microbial biomass in the biological reaction tank, which have long troubled the operation of WWTPs. The definition, classification, characterization methods,filamentous bacteria, and control methods of sludge bulking and sludge foaming were compared and analyzed as comprehensively as possible in this review. In addition, the future research direction and control strategy of sludge bulking and sludge foaming were discussed. It is expected to provide helpful information for future research on sludge bulking and sludge foaming.
Activated sludge(AS) process is the most widely process in wastewater treatment because of its simple operation and good treatment effect. Sludge bulking and sludge foaming, known as the "cancer" of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs), affect the solid-liquid separation process of the secondary sedimentation tank and the stability of the microbial biomass in the biological reaction tank, which have long troubled the operation of WWTPs. The definition, classification, characterization methods,filamentous bacteria, and control methods of sludge bulking and sludge foaming were compared and analyzed as comprehensively as possible in this review. In addition, the future research direction and control strategy of sludge bulking and sludge foaming were discussed. It is expected to provide helpful information for future research on sludge bulking and sludge foaming.
引文
[1]Jenkins D,Wanner J.Activated Sludge-100 Years and Counting[M].London:IWA Publishing,2014
[2]Li ZR.Research on the microbial characteristics of enhancing the aerobic digestion of excess sludge[D].Beijing:Master’s Thesis of Beijing University of Chemical Technology,2014(in Chinese)李再然.微生物强化剩余污泥好氧消化的过程研究[D].北京:北京化工大学硕士学位论文,2014
[3]Li X.Microbial pretreatment on dewatered sludge and optimization of anaerobic digestion process performance[D].Beijing:Doctoral Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2015(in Chinese)李雪.微生物法预处理污泥厌氧消化过程性能优化研究[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2015
[4]Kunst S,Reins M.Practical investigations on bulking and foaming in activated sludge plants with biological phosphorus removal[J].Water Science&Technology,1994,29(7):289-294
[5]Mielczarek AT,Kragelund C,Eriksen PS,et al.Population dynamics of filamentous bacteria in Danish wastewater treatment plants with nutrient removal[J].Water Research,2012,46(12):3781-3795
[6]Pujol R,Duchene,Schetrite S,et al.Biological foams in activated sludge plants:Characterization and situation[J].Water Research,1991,25(11):1399-1404
[7]Seviour EM,Williams C,DeGrey B,et al.Studies on filamentous bacteria from australian activated sludge plants[J].Water Research,1994,28(11):2335-2342
[8]Wanner J,RuzickováI,JetmarováP,et al.A national survey of activated sludge separation problems in the Czech Republic:filaments,floc characteristics and activated sludge metabolic properties[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):271-279
[9]Kristensen GH,J?rgensen PE,Nielsen PH.Settling characteristics of activated sludge in danish treatment plants with biological nutrient removal[J].Water Science&Technology,1994,29(7):157-165
[10]Madoni P,Davoli D,Gibin G.Survey of filamentous microorganisms from bulking and foaming activated-sludge plants in Italy[J].Water Research,2000,34(6):1767-1772
[11]Graveleau L,Cotteux E,Duchène P.Bulking and foaming in France:the 1999-2001 survey[J].Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica,2005,33(3):223-231
[12]Strom PF,Jenkins D.Identification and significance of filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge[J].Journal(Water Pollution Control Federation),1984,56(5):449-459
[13]Rossetti S,Tomei MC,Nielsen PH,et al.“Microthrix parvicella”,a filamentous bacterium causing bulking and foaming in activated sludge systems:a review of current knowledge[J].FEMSMicrobiology Reviews,2010,29(1):49-64
[14]Nielsen PH,Kragelund C,Seviour RJ,et al.Identity and ecophysiology of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge[J].FEMS Microbiology Reviews,2009,33(6):969-998
[15]Xia Y,Wen XH,Zhang B,et al.Diversity and assembly patterns of activated sludge microbial communities:a review[J].Biotechnology Advances,2018,36(4):1038-1047
[16]Mi?ob?dzka A,Muszyński A.Population dynamics of filamentous bacteria identified in Polish full-scale wastewater treatment plants with nutrients removal[J].Water Science&Technology,2014,71(5):675-684
[17]Speirs LBM,Mcilroy SJ,Petrovski S,et al.The activated sludge bulking filament Eikelboom morphotype 0914 is a member of the Chloroflexi[J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,2011,3(2):159-165
[18]Novák L,Larrea L,Wanner J,et al.Non-filamentous activated sludge bulking in a laboratory scale system[J].Water Research,1993,27(8):1339-1346
[19]Chen Y,Peng YZ,Liu M,et al.Non-filamentous activated sludge bulking in SBR treating the domestic wastewater[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(1):105-108(in Chinese)陈滢,彭永臻,刘敏,等.SBR法处理生活污水时非丝状菌污泥膨胀的发生与控制[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(1):105-108
[20]Sezgin M,Jenkins D,Parker DS.A unified theory of filamentous activated sludge bulking[J].Journal(Water Pollution Control Federation),1978,50(2):362-381
[21]Jenkins D,Richard MG,Daigger GT.Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking,Foaming,and Other Solids Separation Problems[M].3rd ed.London:CRC Press,2003
[22]Blackall LL,Harbers AE,Greenfield PF,et al.Activated sludge foams:Effects of environmental variables on organism growth and foam formation[J].Environmental Technology,1991,12(3):241-248
[23]Hladikova K,Ruzickova I,Klucova P,et al.An investigation into studying of the activated sludge foaming potential by using physicochemical parameters[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):525-528
[24]Pagilla KR,Sood A,Kim H.Gordonia(Nocardia)amarae foaming due to biosurfactant production[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):519-524
[25]Frigon D,Guthrie RM,Bachman GT,et al.Long-term analysis of a full-scale activated sludge wastewater treatment system exhibiting seasonal biological foaming[J].Water Research,2006,40(5):990-1008
[26]Eikelboom DH.Filamentous organisms observed in activated sludge[J].Water Research,1975,9(4):365-388
[27]Wagner M,Amann R,K?mpfer P,et al.Identification and in situ detection of gram-negative filamentous bacteria in activated sludge[J].Systematic and Applied Microbiology,1994,17(3):405-417
[28]Kumari SKS,Marrengane Z,Bux F.Application of quantitative RT-PCR to determine the distribution of Microthrix parvicella in full-scale activated sludge treatment systems[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2009,83(6):1135-1141
[29]Eikelboom DH.Process Control of Activated Sludge Plants by Microscopic Investigation[M].London:IWA Publishing,2000
[30]Asvapathanagul P,Huang ZH,Gedalanga PB,et al.Interaction of operational and physicochemical factors leading to Gordonia amarae-like foaming in an incompletely nitrifying activated sludge plant[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2012,78(23):8165-8175
[31]Nielsen PH,Daims H,Lemmer H,et al.FISH Handbook for Biological Wastewater Treatment[M].London:IWA Publishing,2009
[32]Ju F,Guo F,Ye L,et al.Metagenomic analysis on seasonal microbial variations of activated sludge from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant over 4 years[J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,2014,6(1):80-89
[33]Dunkel T,de León Gallegos EL,Bock C,et al.Illumina sequencing for the identification of filamentous bulking and foaming bacteria in industrial activated sludge plants[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2018,15(6):1139-1158
[34]Jiang XT,Ye L,Ju F,et al.Toward an intensive longitudinal understanding of activated sludge bacterial assembly and dynamics[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(15):8224-8232
[35]Jiang XT,Guo F,Zhang T.Population dynamics of bulking and foaming bacteria in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant over five years[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:24180
[36]Guo F,Zhang T.Profiling bulking and foaming bacteria in activated sludge by high throughput sequencing[J].Water Research,2012,46(8):2772-2782
[37]Andreasen K,Sigvardsen L.Experiences with sludge settleability in different process alternatives for nutrient removal[J].Water Science&Technology,1996,33(12):137-146
[38]Wang P,Yu ZS,Qi R,et al.Detailed comparison of bacterial communities during seasonal sludge bulking in a municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Research,2016,105:157-166
[39]Maza-Márquez P,Gómez-Silván C,Gómez MA,et al.Linking operation parameters and environmental variables to population dynamics of Mycolata in a membrane bioreactor[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,180:318-329
[40]Kurisu F,Zang K,Kasuga I,et al.Identification of estrone-degrading Betaproteobacteria in activated sludge by microautoradiography fluorescent in situ hybridization[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2015,61(1):28-35
[41]Wang P,Yu ZS,Zhao JH,et al.Seasonal changes in bacterial communities cause foaming in a wastewater treatment plant[J].Microbial Ecology,2016,71(3):660-671
[42]Speirs LBM,Tucci J,Seviour RJ.The activated sludge bulking filament Eikelboom morphotype 0803 embraces more than one member of the Chloroflexi[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2015,91(9):fiv100
[43]Nittami T,Speirs LBM,Yamada T,et al.Quantification of Chloroflexi Eikelboom morphotype 1851 for prediction and control of bulking events in municipal activated sludge plants in Japan[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2017,101(9):3861-3869
[44]Davenport RJ,Pickering RL,Goodhead AK,et al.A universal threshold concept for hydrophobic Mycolata in activated sludge foaming[J].Water Research,2008,42(13):3446-3454
[45]Goodfellow M,Stainsby FM,Davenport R,et al.Activated sludge foaming:the true extent of actinomycete diversity[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):511-519
[46]Soddell JA,Seviour RJ.Microbiology of foaming in activated sludge plants[J].Journal of Applied Bacteriology,1990,69(2):145-176
[47]Lechevalier MP,Lechevalier HA.Nocardia amarae sp.nov.,an actinomycete common in foaming activated sludge[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,1974,24(2):278-288
[48]Chun J,Blackall LL,Kang SO,et al.A proposal to reclassify Nocardia pinensis Blackall et al.as Skermania piniformis gen.nov.,comb.nov[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,1997,47(1):127-131
[49]Pitt P,Jenkins D.Causes and control of Nocardia in activated sludge[J].Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,1990,62(2):143-150
[50]Blackall LL,Harbers AE,Greenfield PF,et al.Foaming in activated sludge plants:a survey in Queensland,Australia and an evaluation of some control strategies[J].Water Research,1991,25(3):313-317
[51]Guo F,Wang ZP,Yu K,et al.Detailed investigation of the microbial community in foaming activated sludge reveals novel foam formers[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:7637
[52]Eales K,Nielsen JL,Kragelund C,et al.The in situ physiology of Pine Tree Like Organisms(PTLO)in activated sludge foams[J].Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica,2005,33(3):203-209
[53]Eales KL,Nielsen JL,Seviour EM,et al.The in situ physiology of Skermania piniformis in foams in Australian activated sludge plants[J].Environmental Microbiology,2006,8(10):1712-1720
[54]Wong MT,Mino T,Seviour RJ,et al.In situ identification and characterization of the microbial community structure of full-scale enhanced biological phosphorous removal plants in Japan[J].Water Research,2005,39(13):2901-2914
[55]Lemmer H,Lind G,Schade M,et al.Autecology of scum producing bacteria[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):527-530
[56]Stratton H,Seviour B,Brooks P.Activated sludge foaming:what causes hydrophobicity and can it be manipulated to control foaming[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):503-509
[57]Lemmer H,Baumann M.Scum actinomycetes in sewage treatment plants-Part 3:synergisms with other sludge bacteria[J].Water Research,1988,22(6):765-767
[58]Durban N,Juzan L,Krier J,et al.Control of Microthrix parvicella by aluminium salts addition[J].Water Science&Technology,2015,73(2):414-422
[59]Xie B,Dai XC,Xu YT.Cause and pre-alarm control of bulking and foaming by Microthrix parvicella-A case study in triple oxidation ditch at a wastewater treatment plant[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,143(1/2):184-191
[60]Blackall LL,Seviour EM,Bradford D,et al.Towards understanding the taxonomy of some of the filamentous bacteria causing bulking and foaming in activated sludge plants[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,34(5/6):137-144
[61]Nielsen PH,Roslev P,Dueholm TE,et al.Microthrix parvicella,a specialized lipid consumer in anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge plants[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):73-80
[62]Tandoi V,Rossetti S,Blackall LL,et al.Some physiological properties of an Italian isolate of“Microthrix parvicella”[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):1-8
[63]Slijkhuis H.Microthrix parvicella,a filamentous bacterium isolated from activated sludge:cultivation in a chemically defined medium[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1983,46(4):832-839
[64]Khan AR,Kocianova E,Forster CF.Activated sludge characteristics in relation to stable foam formation[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,1991,52(3):383-392
[65]Seviour EM,Williams CJ,Seviour RJ,et al.A survey of filamentous bacterial populations from foaming activated sludge plants in eastern states of Australia[J].Water Research,1990,24(4):493-498
[66]Kragelund C,Kong Y,van der Waarde J,et al.Ecophysiology of different filamentous Alphaproteobacteria in industrial wastewater treatment plants[J].Microbiology,2006,152(10):3003-3012
[67]Madoni P,Davoli D.Testing the control of filamentous microorganisms responsible for foaming in a full-scale activated-sludge plant running with initial aerobic or anoxic contact zones[J].Bioresource Technology,1997,60(1):43-49
[68]Hwang Y,Tanaka T.Control of Microthrix parvicella foaming in activated sludge[J].Water Research,1998,32(5):1678-1686
[69]Lyko S,Teichgr?ber B,Kraft A.Bulking control by low-dose ozonation of returned activated sludge in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Science&Technology,2012,65(9):1654-1661
[70]Levén L,Wijnbladh E,Tuvesson M,et al.Control of Microthrix parvicella and sludge bulking by ozone in a full-scale WWTP[J].Water Science&Technology,2016,73(4):866-872
[71]Chu LB,Wang JL,Wang B,et al.Changes in biomass activity and characteristics of activated sludge exposed to low ozone dose[J].Chemosphere,2009,77(2):267-272
[72]Roels T,Dauwe F,van Damme S,et al.The influence of PAX-14on activated sludge systems and in particular on Microthrix parvicella[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):487-490
[73]Paris S,Lind G,Lemmer H,et al.Dosing aluminum chloride to control Microthrix parvicella[J].Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica,2005,33(3):247-254
[74]Mamais D,Kalaitzi E,Andreadakis A.Foaming control in activated sludge treatment plants by coagulants addition[J].Global Nest Journal,2011,13(3):237-245
[75]Shao YJ,Starr M,Kaporis K,et al.Polymer addition as a solution to Nocardia foaming problems[J].Water Environment Research,1997,69(1):25-27
[76]Lemmer H,Kroppensted RM.Chemotaxonomy and physiology of some actinomycetes isolated from scumming activated sludge[J].Systematic and Applied Microbiology,1984,5(1):124-135
[77]Fan NS,Qi R,Rossetti S,et al.Factors affecting the growth of Microthrix parvicella:batch tests using bulking sludge as seed sludge[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,609:1192-1199
[78]Rossetti S,Tomei MC,Nielsen PH,et al.“Microthrix parvicella”,a filamentous bacterium causing bulking and foaming in activated sludge systems:a review of current knowledge[J].FEMSMicrobiology Reviews,2005,29(1):49-56
[79]Pal P,Khairnar K,Paunikar WN.Causes and remedies for filamentous foaming in activated sludge treatment plant[J].Global Nest Journal,2014,16(4):762-772
[80]Daigger GT,Robbins MH,Marshall Jr BR.The design of a selector to control low-F/M filamentous bulking[J].Journal(Water Pollution Control Federation),1985,57(3):220-226
[81]Kruit J,Hulsbeek J,Visser A.Bulking sludge solved?![J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):457-464
[82]Thomas JA,Soddell JA,Kurtb?ke DI.Fighting foam with phages?[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):511-518
[83]Dyson ZA,Tucci J,Seviour RJ,et al.Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage SPI1,which infects the activated-sludge-foaming bacterium Skermania piniformis[J].Archives of Virology,2016,161(1):149-158
[84]Khairnar K,Pal P,Chandekar RH,et al.Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages infecting nocardioforms in wastewater treatment plant[J].Biotechnology Research International,2014,2014:151952
[85]Dyson ZA,Brown TL,Farrar B,et al.Locating and activating molecular‘time bombs’:Induction of Mycolata prophages[J].PLoS One,2016,11(8):e0159957
[86]Pajdak-Stós A,Kocerba-Soroka W,Fyda J,et al.Foam-forming bacteria in activated sludge effectively reduced by rotifers in laboratory-and real-scale wastewater treatment plant experiments[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(14):13004-13011
[2]Li ZR.Research on the microbial characteristics of enhancing the aerobic digestion of excess sludge[D].Beijing:Master’s Thesis of Beijing University of Chemical Technology,2014(in Chinese)李再然.微生物强化剩余污泥好氧消化的过程研究[D].北京:北京化工大学硕士学位论文,2014
[3]Li X.Microbial pretreatment on dewatered sludge and optimization of anaerobic digestion process performance[D].Beijing:Doctoral Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2015(in Chinese)李雪.微生物法预处理污泥厌氧消化过程性能优化研究[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2015
[4]Kunst S,Reins M.Practical investigations on bulking and foaming in activated sludge plants with biological phosphorus removal[J].Water Science&Technology,1994,29(7):289-294
[5]Mielczarek AT,Kragelund C,Eriksen PS,et al.Population dynamics of filamentous bacteria in Danish wastewater treatment plants with nutrient removal[J].Water Research,2012,46(12):3781-3795
[6]Pujol R,Duchene,Schetrite S,et al.Biological foams in activated sludge plants:Characterization and situation[J].Water Research,1991,25(11):1399-1404
[7]Seviour EM,Williams C,DeGrey B,et al.Studies on filamentous bacteria from australian activated sludge plants[J].Water Research,1994,28(11):2335-2342
[8]Wanner J,RuzickováI,JetmarováP,et al.A national survey of activated sludge separation problems in the Czech Republic:filaments,floc characteristics and activated sludge metabolic properties[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):271-279
[9]Kristensen GH,J?rgensen PE,Nielsen PH.Settling characteristics of activated sludge in danish treatment plants with biological nutrient removal[J].Water Science&Technology,1994,29(7):157-165
[10]Madoni P,Davoli D,Gibin G.Survey of filamentous microorganisms from bulking and foaming activated-sludge plants in Italy[J].Water Research,2000,34(6):1767-1772
[11]Graveleau L,Cotteux E,Duchène P.Bulking and foaming in France:the 1999-2001 survey[J].Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica,2005,33(3):223-231
[12]Strom PF,Jenkins D.Identification and significance of filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge[J].Journal(Water Pollution Control Federation),1984,56(5):449-459
[13]Rossetti S,Tomei MC,Nielsen PH,et al.“Microthrix parvicella”,a filamentous bacterium causing bulking and foaming in activated sludge systems:a review of current knowledge[J].FEMSMicrobiology Reviews,2010,29(1):49-64
[14]Nielsen PH,Kragelund C,Seviour RJ,et al.Identity and ecophysiology of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge[J].FEMS Microbiology Reviews,2009,33(6):969-998
[15]Xia Y,Wen XH,Zhang B,et al.Diversity and assembly patterns of activated sludge microbial communities:a review[J].Biotechnology Advances,2018,36(4):1038-1047
[16]Mi?ob?dzka A,Muszyński A.Population dynamics of filamentous bacteria identified in Polish full-scale wastewater treatment plants with nutrients removal[J].Water Science&Technology,2014,71(5):675-684
[17]Speirs LBM,Mcilroy SJ,Petrovski S,et al.The activated sludge bulking filament Eikelboom morphotype 0914 is a member of the Chloroflexi[J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,2011,3(2):159-165
[18]Novák L,Larrea L,Wanner J,et al.Non-filamentous activated sludge bulking in a laboratory scale system[J].Water Research,1993,27(8):1339-1346
[19]Chen Y,Peng YZ,Liu M,et al.Non-filamentous activated sludge bulking in SBR treating the domestic wastewater[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(1):105-108(in Chinese)陈滢,彭永臻,刘敏,等.SBR法处理生活污水时非丝状菌污泥膨胀的发生与控制[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(1):105-108
[20]Sezgin M,Jenkins D,Parker DS.A unified theory of filamentous activated sludge bulking[J].Journal(Water Pollution Control Federation),1978,50(2):362-381
[21]Jenkins D,Richard MG,Daigger GT.Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking,Foaming,and Other Solids Separation Problems[M].3rd ed.London:CRC Press,2003
[22]Blackall LL,Harbers AE,Greenfield PF,et al.Activated sludge foams:Effects of environmental variables on organism growth and foam formation[J].Environmental Technology,1991,12(3):241-248
[23]Hladikova K,Ruzickova I,Klucova P,et al.An investigation into studying of the activated sludge foaming potential by using physicochemical parameters[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):525-528
[24]Pagilla KR,Sood A,Kim H.Gordonia(Nocardia)amarae foaming due to biosurfactant production[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):519-524
[25]Frigon D,Guthrie RM,Bachman GT,et al.Long-term analysis of a full-scale activated sludge wastewater treatment system exhibiting seasonal biological foaming[J].Water Research,2006,40(5):990-1008
[26]Eikelboom DH.Filamentous organisms observed in activated sludge[J].Water Research,1975,9(4):365-388
[27]Wagner M,Amann R,K?mpfer P,et al.Identification and in situ detection of gram-negative filamentous bacteria in activated sludge[J].Systematic and Applied Microbiology,1994,17(3):405-417
[28]Kumari SKS,Marrengane Z,Bux F.Application of quantitative RT-PCR to determine the distribution of Microthrix parvicella in full-scale activated sludge treatment systems[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2009,83(6):1135-1141
[29]Eikelboom DH.Process Control of Activated Sludge Plants by Microscopic Investigation[M].London:IWA Publishing,2000
[30]Asvapathanagul P,Huang ZH,Gedalanga PB,et al.Interaction of operational and physicochemical factors leading to Gordonia amarae-like foaming in an incompletely nitrifying activated sludge plant[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2012,78(23):8165-8175
[31]Nielsen PH,Daims H,Lemmer H,et al.FISH Handbook for Biological Wastewater Treatment[M].London:IWA Publishing,2009
[32]Ju F,Guo F,Ye L,et al.Metagenomic analysis on seasonal microbial variations of activated sludge from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant over 4 years[J].Environmental Microbiology Reports,2014,6(1):80-89
[33]Dunkel T,de León Gallegos EL,Bock C,et al.Illumina sequencing for the identification of filamentous bulking and foaming bacteria in industrial activated sludge plants[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2018,15(6):1139-1158
[34]Jiang XT,Ye L,Ju F,et al.Toward an intensive longitudinal understanding of activated sludge bacterial assembly and dynamics[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(15):8224-8232
[35]Jiang XT,Guo F,Zhang T.Population dynamics of bulking and foaming bacteria in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant over five years[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:24180
[36]Guo F,Zhang T.Profiling bulking and foaming bacteria in activated sludge by high throughput sequencing[J].Water Research,2012,46(8):2772-2782
[37]Andreasen K,Sigvardsen L.Experiences with sludge settleability in different process alternatives for nutrient removal[J].Water Science&Technology,1996,33(12):137-146
[38]Wang P,Yu ZS,Qi R,et al.Detailed comparison of bacterial communities during seasonal sludge bulking in a municipal wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Research,2016,105:157-166
[39]Maza-Márquez P,Gómez-Silván C,Gómez MA,et al.Linking operation parameters and environmental variables to population dynamics of Mycolata in a membrane bioreactor[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,180:318-329
[40]Kurisu F,Zang K,Kasuga I,et al.Identification of estrone-degrading Betaproteobacteria in activated sludge by microautoradiography fluorescent in situ hybridization[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2015,61(1):28-35
[41]Wang P,Yu ZS,Zhao JH,et al.Seasonal changes in bacterial communities cause foaming in a wastewater treatment plant[J].Microbial Ecology,2016,71(3):660-671
[42]Speirs LBM,Tucci J,Seviour RJ.The activated sludge bulking filament Eikelboom morphotype 0803 embraces more than one member of the Chloroflexi[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2015,91(9):fiv100
[43]Nittami T,Speirs LBM,Yamada T,et al.Quantification of Chloroflexi Eikelboom morphotype 1851 for prediction and control of bulking events in municipal activated sludge plants in Japan[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2017,101(9):3861-3869
[44]Davenport RJ,Pickering RL,Goodhead AK,et al.A universal threshold concept for hydrophobic Mycolata in activated sludge foaming[J].Water Research,2008,42(13):3446-3454
[45]Goodfellow M,Stainsby FM,Davenport R,et al.Activated sludge foaming:the true extent of actinomycete diversity[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):511-519
[46]Soddell JA,Seviour RJ.Microbiology of foaming in activated sludge plants[J].Journal of Applied Bacteriology,1990,69(2):145-176
[47]Lechevalier MP,Lechevalier HA.Nocardia amarae sp.nov.,an actinomycete common in foaming activated sludge[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,1974,24(2):278-288
[48]Chun J,Blackall LL,Kang SO,et al.A proposal to reclassify Nocardia pinensis Blackall et al.as Skermania piniformis gen.nov.,comb.nov[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,1997,47(1):127-131
[49]Pitt P,Jenkins D.Causes and control of Nocardia in activated sludge[J].Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,1990,62(2):143-150
[50]Blackall LL,Harbers AE,Greenfield PF,et al.Foaming in activated sludge plants:a survey in Queensland,Australia and an evaluation of some control strategies[J].Water Research,1991,25(3):313-317
[51]Guo F,Wang ZP,Yu K,et al.Detailed investigation of the microbial community in foaming activated sludge reveals novel foam formers[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:7637
[52]Eales K,Nielsen JL,Kragelund C,et al.The in situ physiology of Pine Tree Like Organisms(PTLO)in activated sludge foams[J].Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica,2005,33(3):203-209
[53]Eales KL,Nielsen JL,Seviour EM,et al.The in situ physiology of Skermania piniformis in foams in Australian activated sludge plants[J].Environmental Microbiology,2006,8(10):1712-1720
[54]Wong MT,Mino T,Seviour RJ,et al.In situ identification and characterization of the microbial community structure of full-scale enhanced biological phosphorous removal plants in Japan[J].Water Research,2005,39(13):2901-2914
[55]Lemmer H,Lind G,Schade M,et al.Autecology of scum producing bacteria[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):527-530
[56]Stratton H,Seviour B,Brooks P.Activated sludge foaming:what causes hydrophobicity and can it be manipulated to control foaming[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):503-509
[57]Lemmer H,Baumann M.Scum actinomycetes in sewage treatment plants-Part 3:synergisms with other sludge bacteria[J].Water Research,1988,22(6):765-767
[58]Durban N,Juzan L,Krier J,et al.Control of Microthrix parvicella by aluminium salts addition[J].Water Science&Technology,2015,73(2):414-422
[59]Xie B,Dai XC,Xu YT.Cause and pre-alarm control of bulking and foaming by Microthrix parvicella-A case study in triple oxidation ditch at a wastewater treatment plant[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,143(1/2):184-191
[60]Blackall LL,Seviour EM,Bradford D,et al.Towards understanding the taxonomy of some of the filamentous bacteria causing bulking and foaming in activated sludge plants[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,34(5/6):137-144
[61]Nielsen PH,Roslev P,Dueholm TE,et al.Microthrix parvicella,a specialized lipid consumer in anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge plants[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):73-80
[62]Tandoi V,Rossetti S,Blackall LL,et al.Some physiological properties of an Italian isolate of“Microthrix parvicella”[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(4/5):1-8
[63]Slijkhuis H.Microthrix parvicella,a filamentous bacterium isolated from activated sludge:cultivation in a chemically defined medium[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1983,46(4):832-839
[64]Khan AR,Kocianova E,Forster CF.Activated sludge characteristics in relation to stable foam formation[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,1991,52(3):383-392
[65]Seviour EM,Williams CJ,Seviour RJ,et al.A survey of filamentous bacterial populations from foaming activated sludge plants in eastern states of Australia[J].Water Research,1990,24(4):493-498
[66]Kragelund C,Kong Y,van der Waarde J,et al.Ecophysiology of different filamentous Alphaproteobacteria in industrial wastewater treatment plants[J].Microbiology,2006,152(10):3003-3012
[67]Madoni P,Davoli D.Testing the control of filamentous microorganisms responsible for foaming in a full-scale activated-sludge plant running with initial aerobic or anoxic contact zones[J].Bioresource Technology,1997,60(1):43-49
[68]Hwang Y,Tanaka T.Control of Microthrix parvicella foaming in activated sludge[J].Water Research,1998,32(5):1678-1686
[69]Lyko S,Teichgr?ber B,Kraft A.Bulking control by low-dose ozonation of returned activated sludge in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant[J].Water Science&Technology,2012,65(9):1654-1661
[70]Levén L,Wijnbladh E,Tuvesson M,et al.Control of Microthrix parvicella and sludge bulking by ozone in a full-scale WWTP[J].Water Science&Technology,2016,73(4):866-872
[71]Chu LB,Wang JL,Wang B,et al.Changes in biomass activity and characteristics of activated sludge exposed to low ozone dose[J].Chemosphere,2009,77(2):267-272
[72]Roels T,Dauwe F,van Damme S,et al.The influence of PAX-14on activated sludge systems and in particular on Microthrix parvicella[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):487-490
[73]Paris S,Lind G,Lemmer H,et al.Dosing aluminum chloride to control Microthrix parvicella[J].Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica,2005,33(3):247-254
[74]Mamais D,Kalaitzi E,Andreadakis A.Foaming control in activated sludge treatment plants by coagulants addition[J].Global Nest Journal,2011,13(3):237-245
[75]Shao YJ,Starr M,Kaporis K,et al.Polymer addition as a solution to Nocardia foaming problems[J].Water Environment Research,1997,69(1):25-27
[76]Lemmer H,Kroppensted RM.Chemotaxonomy and physiology of some actinomycetes isolated from scumming activated sludge[J].Systematic and Applied Microbiology,1984,5(1):124-135
[77]Fan NS,Qi R,Rossetti S,et al.Factors affecting the growth of Microthrix parvicella:batch tests using bulking sludge as seed sludge[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,609:1192-1199
[78]Rossetti S,Tomei MC,Nielsen PH,et al.“Microthrix parvicella”,a filamentous bacterium causing bulking and foaming in activated sludge systems:a review of current knowledge[J].FEMSMicrobiology Reviews,2005,29(1):49-56
[79]Pal P,Khairnar K,Paunikar WN.Causes and remedies for filamentous foaming in activated sludge treatment plant[J].Global Nest Journal,2014,16(4):762-772
[80]Daigger GT,Robbins MH,Marshall Jr BR.The design of a selector to control low-F/M filamentous bulking[J].Journal(Water Pollution Control Federation),1985,57(3):220-226
[81]Kruit J,Hulsbeek J,Visser A.Bulking sludge solved?![J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):457-464
[82]Thomas JA,Soddell JA,Kurtb?ke DI.Fighting foam with phages?[J].Water Science&Technology,2002,46(1/2):511-518
[83]Dyson ZA,Tucci J,Seviour RJ,et al.Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage SPI1,which infects the activated-sludge-foaming bacterium Skermania piniformis[J].Archives of Virology,2016,161(1):149-158
[84]Khairnar K,Pal P,Chandekar RH,et al.Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages infecting nocardioforms in wastewater treatment plant[J].Biotechnology Research International,2014,2014:151952
[85]Dyson ZA,Brown TL,Farrar B,et al.Locating and activating molecular‘time bombs’:Induction of Mycolata prophages[J].PLoS One,2016,11(8):e0159957
[86]Pajdak-Stós A,Kocerba-Soroka W,Fyda J,et al.Foam-forming bacteria in activated sludge effectively reduced by rotifers in laboratory-and real-scale wastewater treatment plant experiments[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(14):13004-13011