稻虾轮作模式下江汉平原土壤理化性状特征研究
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摘要
稻虾轮作模式在湖北江汉平原已发展近30年,对农民增产增收具有重要作用。开展不同年限稻虾轮作对土壤理化性质影响的研究,有助于科学指导该模式下的农田管理。在同一农渠范围内选择相似的稻田,分别采集水稻单作(CK)和稻虾轮作(1、3、7、13、18和23a)的3个土层深度(0～20、20～40和40～60 cm)原状土样,分析其相应的理化指标。结果显示,与中稻单作相比,长期稻虾轮作会显著降低0～20和20～40 cm土层土壤容重并提高非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度,而40～60 cm土层变化较小;稻虾轮作1 a后土壤pH、全氮和易氧化有机碳含量显著增加,但速效养分和阳离子交换量增幅不明显。与稻虾轮作1 a相比,轮作7～13 a稻田的土壤pH和其他各项指标均显著增加;轮作13 a以上,0～20 cm土层的pH、全氮和速效养分增幅最为明显,但20～60 cm土层的理化性质无明显变化。随着轮作年限的延长,0～20 cm土层的pH和其他各项指标均表现为:23 a>18 a>13a>7a>1a>0(CK),20～40cm和40～60cm土层的pH、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量也有相似规律,但增幅并不明显。因此,长期稻虾轮作有助于改善耕层土壤结构、增强土壤缓冲能力和提高pH及氮、磷、钾等速效养分含量。
【Objective】 In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted in-depth researches on modes of comprehensive farming of paddy fields, but with focus mostly on mixed cultivation of rice and fish or crab. There are a few studies done on the mode of rice-crawfish rotation, with focus leaning on technology and economy of the mode, rather than on its effects on evolution of the paddy soil per se in the paddy field. Therefore, this study was oriented to explore effects of rice-crawfish rotation relative to cultivation history on physical and chemical properties of the soil, in an attempt to elucidate how the soil evolves in physicochemical properties under long-term rice-crawfish rotation, and provide certain scientific basis for guiding farmland management under such a cultivation model.【Methods】In this study, paddy fields, similar in soil and irrigation/drainage conditions, were selected within the scope of an irrigation/drainage ditch. Soil samples were collected by layer in a paddy field under mono-cropping of mid-rice as CK and paddy fields under rice-crawfish rotation different in cultivation history( 1, 7, 13,18 and 23 years. and labeled as CR1, CR7, CR13, CR18 and CR~23, respectively) for analysis of soil pH,bulk density, porosity, total nitrogen, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, cation exchange capacity(CEC), and soil oxidizable organic carbon(ROC).【Results】Results show that longterm rice-crawfish rotation significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased non-capillary porosity,capillary porosity, and total porosity in the 0～20 and 20～40 cm soil layers, but did not have much effect in the 40～60 cm soil. In the paddy field, 1 year old in rotation, soil pH, total nitrogen, and oxidizable organic carbon content increased significantly, but available nutrient and cation exchange capacity did not as much.Compared with the paddy field 1 year old in rotation 1 a, the paddy fields, 7～13 years old in rotation,were significantly higher in soil pH and other indices, and the paddy fields over 13 years old in rotation,soil pH, total nitrogen and content of available nutrients increased the most significantly in the 0～20 cm soil layer, but did not change much in physical and chemical properties in the 20～60 cm soil layer.In terms of significance of the changes in soil pH and other indices in the 0～20 cm soil layer, the paddy fields displayed an order of 23 a> 18 a> 13 a> 7 a> 1 a> 0(CK), and pH, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the 20～40 cm and 40～60 soil layers had similar trends, though not so significant. 【Conclusion】Therefore, it can be concluded that long-term rice-crawfish rotation helps improve soil structure of the plough layer of the field, and increase soil buffering capacity,soil pH and contents of available nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
【Objective】 In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted in-depth researches on modes of comprehensive farming of paddy fields, but with focus mostly on mixed cultivation of rice and fish or crab. There are a few studies done on the mode of rice-crawfish rotation, with focus leaning on technology and economy of the mode, rather than on its effects on evolution of the paddy soil per se in the paddy field. Therefore, this study was oriented to explore effects of rice-crawfish rotation relative to cultivation history on physical and chemical properties of the soil, in an attempt to elucidate how the soil evolves in physicochemical properties under long-term rice-crawfish rotation, and provide certain scientific basis for guiding farmland management under such a cultivation model.【Methods】In this study, paddy fields, similar in soil and irrigation/drainage conditions, were selected within the scope of an irrigation/drainage ditch. Soil samples were collected by layer in a paddy field under mono-cropping of mid-rice as CK and paddy fields under rice-crawfish rotation different in cultivation history( 1, 7, 13,18 and 23 years. and labeled as CR1, CR7, CR13, CR18 and CR~23, respectively) for analysis of soil pH,bulk density, porosity, total nitrogen, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, cation exchange capacity(CEC), and soil oxidizable organic carbon(ROC).【Results】Results show that longterm rice-crawfish rotation significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased non-capillary porosity,capillary porosity, and total porosity in the 0～20 and 20～40 cm soil layers, but did not have much effect in the 40～60 cm soil. In the paddy field, 1 year old in rotation, soil pH, total nitrogen, and oxidizable organic carbon content increased significantly, but available nutrient and cation exchange capacity did not as much.Compared with the paddy field 1 year old in rotation 1 a, the paddy fields, 7～13 years old in rotation,were significantly higher in soil pH and other indices, and the paddy fields over 13 years old in rotation,soil pH, total nitrogen and content of available nutrients increased the most significantly in the 0～20 cm soil layer, but did not change much in physical and chemical properties in the 20～60 cm soil layer.In terms of significance of the changes in soil pH and other indices in the 0～20 cm soil layer, the paddy fields displayed an order of 23 a> 18 a> 13 a> 7 a> 1 a> 0(CK), and pH, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the 20～40 cm and 40～60 soil layers had similar trends, though not so significant. 【Conclusion】Therefore, it can be concluded that long-term rice-crawfish rotation helps improve soil structure of the plough layer of the field, and increase soil buffering capacity,soil pH and contents of available nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
引文
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[2]林孝丽,周应恒.稻田种养结合循环农业模式生态环境效应实证分析--以南方稻区稻-鱼模式为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(3):37-41Lin X L,Zhou Y H.An analysis on the eco-environment effect of circular agriculture mode of planting-culture in the paddy field(In Chinese).China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(3):37-41
[3]曾芸,王思明.稻田养鱼的发展历程及动因分析--以贵州稻田养鱼为例.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,6(3):79-83Zeng Y,Wang S M.Analysis on the history of ricefish system development and its causes--Taking the case of Guizhou as an example(In Chinese).Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),2006,6(3):79-83
[4]禹盛苗,金千瑜,朱练峰,等.稻田养鸭密度对水稻产量和经济效益的影响.浙江农业科学,2008(1):68-71Yu S M,Jin Q Y,Zhu L F,et al.Rice paddies ducks density effects on rice yield and economic benefit(In Chinese).Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2008(1):68-71
[5]秦尊文.以“虾稻共作”模式为抓手推进体制机制创新--潜江市全国中小城市综合改革的观察与思考.中国发展,2016,16(6):51-56Qin Z W.Propel t h e innovation o f system and mechanism with the“Crayfish-Rice Cooperation”mode-Observatio and reflection of comprehensive reform in Qianjiang as a nationwide small-medium city(In Chinese).China Development,2016,16(6):51-56
[6]李成芳,曹凑贵,汪金平,等.稻鸭、稻鱼共作对稻田P素动态变化的影响.长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):126-131Li C F,Cao C G,Wang J P,et al.Phosphorus varlations of paddy fields in rice-duck and rice-fish ecosystens(In Chinese).Resources and Environment in the Yangtze River Basin,2009,18(2):126-131
[7]Frei M,BeCKer K.Integrated rice-fish culture:coupled production saves resources.Natural Resources Forum,2005,29(2):135-143
[8]Lu J B,Li X.Review of rice-fish farming systems in China-One of the globally important ingenious agricultural heritage systems(GIAHS).Aquaculture,2006,260(1/4):106-113
[9]Fanjul E,Grela M A,Iribarne O.Effects of the dominant SW Atlantic intertidal burrowing crab Chasmagnathus granulatus on sediment chemistry and nutrient distribution.Marine Ecology Progress Series,2007,341(12):177-190
[10]Weissberger E J,Coiro L L,Davey E W.Effects of hypoxia on animal burrow construction and consequent effects on sediment redox profiles.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2009,371(1):60-67
[11]Ning P,Li S,Yu P,et al.Post-silking accumulation and partitioning of dry matter,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in maize varieties differing in leaf longevity.Field Crops Research,2013,144:19-27
[12]Chien Y H,Avault Jr J W.Production of crayfish in rice fields.The Progressive Fish-Culturist,1980,42(2):67-71
[13]Johnson Jr W.B,Avault Jr J W.Effects of poultry waste supplementation to rice-crayfish(Oryza sativaProcambarus clarkii)culture ponds.Aquaculture,1982,29(1/2):109-123
[14]Brunson M W,Griffin J L.Comparison of ricecrayfish and grain sorghum-crayfish double cropping systems.Aquaculture,1988,72(3/4):265-272
[15]徐祥玉,张敏敏,彭成林,等.稻虾共作对秸秆还田后稻田温室气体排放的影响.中国生态农业学报,2017,25(11):1591-1603Xu X Y,Zhang M M,Peng C L,et al.Effect of rice-crayfish co-culture on greenhouse gases emission in straw-puddled paddy fields(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(11):1591-1603
[16]曹志强,董玉慧.北方稻田养鱼的共生效应研究.应用生态学报,2001,12(3):405-408Cao Z Q,Dong Y H.Symbiotic effect of cultivating fish in rice field in north China(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(3):405-408
[17]孙刚,房岩,韩国军,等.稻-鱼复合生态系统对水田土壤理化性状的影响.中国土壤与肥料,2009(4):21-24Sun G,Fang Y,Han G J,et al.Effects of ricefish integrated ecosystem on physical and chemical properties of paddy soil(In Chinese).Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2009(4):21-24
[18]陈飞星,张增杰.稻田养蟹模式的生态经济分析.应用生态学报,2002,13(3):323-326Chen F X,Zhang Z J.Ecological economic analysis of a rice-crab model(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(3):323-326
[19]徐敏,马旭洲,王武.稻蟹共生系统水稻栽培模式对水稻和河蟹的影响.中国农业科学,2014,47(9):1828-1835Xu M,Ma X Z,Wang W.Effects of different cultivation patterns on rice yield and crab in rice-crab culture system(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(9):1828-1835
[20]佀国涵,彭成林,徐祥玉,等.稻-虾共作模式对涝渍稻田土壤微生物群落多样性及土壤肥力的影响.土壤,2016,48(3):503-509Si G H,Peng C L,Xu X Y,et al.Effects of ricecrayfish integrated mode on soil microbial functional diversity and fertility in waterlogged paddy field(In Chinese).Soils,2016,48(3):503-509
[21]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2005Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2005
[22]Lefroy R D B,Blair G J,Strong W M,et al.Changes in soil organic matter with cropping as measured by organic carbon fractions and 13 C natural isotope abundance.Plant&Soil,1993,155/156(1):399-402
[23]郑纪勇,邵明安,张兴昌.黄土区坡面表层土壤容重和饱和导水率空间变异特征.水土保持学报,2004,18(3):53-56Zheng J Y,Shao M A,Zhang X C.Spatial variation of surface soil’s bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on slope in loess region(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(3):53-56
[24]黄昌勇.土壤学.北京:中国农业出版社,2000Huang C Y.Soil science(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000
[25]佀国涵,彭成林,徐祥玉,等.稻虾共作模式对涝渍稻田土壤理化性状的影响.中国生态农业学报,2017,25(1):61-68Si G H,Peng C L,Xu X Y,et al.Effect of integrated rice-crayfish farming system on soil physico-chemical properties in waterlogged paddy soils(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(1):61-68
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