不同土地类型的土壤扬尘特征与控制技术
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摘要
城市环境大气颗粒物污染对城市环境和居民健康产生了一定危害和影响,而PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)超标是导致污染的重要因素,因此从源头上控制城市扬尘污染对提升城市环境大气质量具有重要意义。该研究以河北秦皇岛市为研究城市,分析了城市扬尘的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、降尘量和降尘粒径分布等特征。研究表明:研究区的土壤扬尘污染季节变化特征明显,荒地、河滩和耕地的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度在春季最高,其次为秋季和冬季,夏季最低。受土地类型影响排放强度大小为:荒地>河滩>耕地,其降尘量分别为5.05、1.96和1.36 t/(km~2·30 d),土壤扬尘降尘粒径在0～1μm没有分布,集中分布在10～50μm;对荒地进行植被覆盖试验可知,最佳播种量为18 g/m~2,植被3个月左右可完成建植,对土壤扬尘的有效控制率可达到79%。
Urban environmental atmospheric particulate pollution has certain harm and impact on urban environment and residents'health,and PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)exceeding the standard are important factors leading to pollution.Therefore,controlling urban dust pollution from the source is of great significance to improve urban environmental air quality.This study takes Qinhuangdao City,Hebei Province as the research city,and to analyze the PM_(10),PM_(2.5),dustfall and dust particle size distribution characteristics of urban dust.The studies showed that the seasonal variation of soil dust pollution in the study area was obvious,and the concentrations of PM_(10)and PM_(2.5)in wasteland,river beach and cultivated land were the highest in spring,followed by autumn and winter,and the lowest in summer.The emission intensity affected by land type was wasteland>river beach>cultivated land,and the dustfall were 5.05,1.96 and 1.36 t/(km~2·(30 d)),respectively.Particle size of soil dust precipitation was not distributed in 0～1μm,and was concentrated in 10～50μm.The vegetation coverage test on the wasteland shows that the optimal seeding amount was 18 g/m~2.Vegetation can be built in 3 months,and the effective control rate of soil dust emission can reach 79%.
Urban environmental atmospheric particulate pollution has certain harm and impact on urban environment and residents'health,and PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)exceeding the standard are important factors leading to pollution.Therefore,controlling urban dust pollution from the source is of great significance to improve urban environmental air quality.This study takes Qinhuangdao City,Hebei Province as the research city,and to analyze the PM_(10),PM_(2.5),dustfall and dust particle size distribution characteristics of urban dust.The studies showed that the seasonal variation of soil dust pollution in the study area was obvious,and the concentrations of PM_(10)and PM_(2.5)in wasteland,river beach and cultivated land were the highest in spring,followed by autumn and winter,and the lowest in summer.The emission intensity affected by land type was wasteland>river beach>cultivated land,and the dustfall were 5.05,1.96 and 1.36 t/(km~2·(30 d)),respectively.Particle size of soil dust precipitation was not distributed in 0～1μm,and was concentrated in 10～50μm.The vegetation coverage test on the wasteland shows that the optimal seeding amount was 18 g/m~2.Vegetation can be built in 3 months,and the effective control rate of soil dust emission can reach 79%.
引文
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[17]苏晓敏,李绍才,孙海龙.屋面绿化卷材降雨入渗及蒸发特征研究[J].新型建筑材料, 2018,45(10):121-125.Su Xiaomin, Li Shaocai, Sun Hailong. Study on rainfall infiltration and evaporation characteristics of roof greening membrane[J].NewBuildingMaterials,2018,45(10):121-125.
[18]刘洋,孙海龙,李绍才,等.屋面绿化卷材根系层土壤温度变化特征[J].生态学杂志, 2015,34(8):2255-2259.
[19]李媚,倪爽英,雷永从,等.石家庄市土壤扬尘排放量估算及分布特征[J].环境工程学报, 2017,11(11):5993-5999.
[2]郭祥,冯海波,陆雅静.河北省土壤扬尘源PM2.5排放量估算[J].河北工业科技, 2017,34(6):477-482.Guo Xiang, Feng Haibo, Lu Yajing. Estimation of emissions of PM2.5from soil dust in Hebei Province[J]. Journal of Hebei Industtrial Science and Technology, 2017, 34(6):477-482.
[3]易心钰,彭映赫,廖菊阳,等.森林植被与大气颗粒物的关系[J].植物科学学报, 2017,35(5):790-796.
[4]田刚,黄玉虎,樊守斌,等.扬尘污染控制[M].北京:中国环境出版社, 2013:67-69.Tian Gang, Huang Yuhu, Fan Shoubin, et al. Dust Pollution Control[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Publishing House, 2013:67-69.
[5]陈思英,张功,夏尚光,等.合肥城市绿化对粉尘粒径分布的影响研究[J].中国城市林业, 2013,11(5):27-29.Chen Siying, Zhang Gong, Xia Shangguang, et al. Study of effect of urban greening in Hefei on dust particle size distribution[J]. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry, 2013, 11(5):27-29.
[6]赵菁菁,鲁明星,谷海红,等.基于植被覆盖度变化的矿区生态修复效果研究[J].矿业研究与开发, 2018,38(10):115-118.
[7]辜艳丹.干旱半干旱地区土壤的粉尘释放研究[D].兰州:兰州大学, 2009.Gu Yandan. The Research of Dust Emission in Arid and Semi-arid Soil[D]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University, 2009.
[8]吴正.风沙地貌与治沙工程学[M].北京:科学出版社, 2010.Wu Zheng. Sandstorm Geomorphology and Sand Control Engineering[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2010.
[9]常琦.阜新城市绿化抑制扬尘措施[J].现代园艺, 2016(13):125-126.Chang Qi. Dust suppression measures for urban greening in Fuxin[J]. Modern Horticulture, 2016(13):125-126.
[10] Carvacho O F, Ashbaugh L L, Brown M S, et al. Measurement of PM2.5emission potential from soil using the UC Davis resuspension test chamber[J]. Geomorphology, 2004,59(1/2/3/4):75-80.
[11] Aimar S B, Mendez M J, Funk R, et al. Soil properties related to potential particulate matter emissions PM10of sandy soils[J]. Aeolian Research, 2012,3(4):437-443.
[12] Wang J, Miller D R, Sammis T W, et al. Local dust emission factors for agricultural tilling operations[J]. Soil Science,2010,175(4):194-200.
[13] Kasumba J, Holmen B A, Hiscox A, et al. Agricultural PM10emissions from cotton field disking Cruces, NM[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011,45(9):1668-1674.
[14]杨杨.珠三角地区建筑施工扬尘排放特征及防治措施研究[D].广州:华南理工大学, 2014.Yang Yang. Character, Level and Regulatory Measures Study of Fugitive Dust Emissions from Building Construction Sites in PRD[D]. Guangzhou:South China University of Technology, 2014.
[15]王钊.国外土工合成材料的应用研究[M].北京:知识出版社, 2005:39-45.Wang Zhao. Applied Research of Geosynthetics Abroad[M]. Beijing:Knowledge Publishing House, 2005:39-45.
[16]黄宝玉,李绍才,孙海龙,等.一种新型屋顶保温绿化植物卷材的研究[J].新型建筑材料, 2014,41(6):96-99.Huang Baoyu, Li Shaocai, Sun Hailong, et al. Study on a new insulation green roof vegetation coil[J]. New Building Materials, 2014,41(6):96-99.
[17]苏晓敏,李绍才,孙海龙.屋面绿化卷材降雨入渗及蒸发特征研究[J].新型建筑材料, 2018,45(10):121-125.Su Xiaomin, Li Shaocai, Sun Hailong. Study on rainfall infiltration and evaporation characteristics of roof greening membrane[J].NewBuildingMaterials,2018,45(10):121-125.
[18]刘洋,孙海龙,李绍才,等.屋面绿化卷材根系层土壤温度变化特征[J].生态学杂志, 2015,34(8):2255-2259.
[19]李媚,倪爽英,雷永从,等.石家庄市土壤扬尘排放量估算及分布特征[J].环境工程学报, 2017,11(11):5993-5999.