利用井筒稳定性分析确定砂岩安全钻井液密度窗口
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摘要
以伊朗西南部某油田Asmari组砂岩储集层为研究对象,研究其中一口垂直井的井筒稳定性,利用FLAC3D软件,根据钻遇地层地质力学特征建立井筒的有限体积模型,监测井壁岩石塑性状态的形成以确定砂岩层安全钻井液密度的上限值和下限值。评估了岩石强度特性、井筒周围主要地应力和孔隙压力对该井安全钻井液密度窗口的影响,敏感性分析结果表明,井壁岩石内聚力和内摩擦角的减小会导致安全钻井液密度窗口大幅变窄;孔隙压力和最大水平应力与最小水平应力之比的减小则会使安全钻井液密度窗口显著增大。此模型便于量化安全钻井液密度窗口的变化,可作为一种油气井钻井方案设计和监测工具。图11参50
The wellbore stability of a vertical well through the sandstone reservoir layers of the Asmari oil-bearing formation in south-west Iran is investigated. The safe drilling-fluid density range for maintaining wellbore stability is determined and simulated using FLAC3D software and a finite volume model established with drilled strata geomechanical features. The initiation of plastic condition is used to determine the safe mud weight window(SMWW) in specific sandstone layers. The effects of rock strength parameters, major stresses around the wellbore and pore pressure on the SMWW are investigated for this wellbore. Sensitivity analysis reveals that a reduction in cohesion and internal friction angle values leads to a significant narrowing of the SMWW. On the other hand, the reduction of pore pressure and the ratio between maximum and minimum horizontal stresses causes the SMWW to widen significantly. The ability to readily quantify changes in SMWW indicates that the developed model is suitable as a well planning and monitoring tool.
The wellbore stability of a vertical well through the sandstone reservoir layers of the Asmari oil-bearing formation in south-west Iran is investigated. The safe drilling-fluid density range for maintaining wellbore stability is determined and simulated using FLAC3D software and a finite volume model established with drilled strata geomechanical features. The initiation of plastic condition is used to determine the safe mud weight window(SMWW) in specific sandstone layers. The effects of rock strength parameters, major stresses around the wellbore and pore pressure on the SMWW are investigated for this wellbore. Sensitivity analysis reveals that a reduction in cohesion and internal friction angle values leads to a significant narrowing of the SMWW. On the other hand, the reduction of pore pressure and the ratio between maximum and minimum horizontal stresses causes the SMWW to widen significantly. The ability to readily quantify changes in SMWW indicates that the developed model is suitable as a well planning and monitoring tool.
引文
[1] SIMANGUNSONG R, VILLATORO J J, DAVIS A. Wellbore stability assessment for highly inclined wells using limited rock-mechanics data[R]. SPE 99644, 2006.
[2] COTTHEM A V, CHARLIER R, THIMUS J F, et al. Eurock 2006:Multiphysics coupling and long term behaviour in rock mechanics[M].London:Taylor&Francis, 2006.
[3] KIRAN R, TEODORIU C, DADMOHAMMADI Y, et al. Identification and evaluation of well integrity and causes of failure of well integrity barriers[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2017,45:511-526.
[4] CHEN X, TAN C P, DETOURNAY C. A study on wellbore stability in fractured rock masses with impact of mud infiltration[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2003, 38(3):145-154.
[5] BRADLEY W B. Failure of inclined boreholes[J]. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 1979, 101(4):232-239.
[6] BELL J S. Practical methods for estimating in situ stresses for borehole stability applications in sedimentary basins[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2003, 38(3):111-119.
[7] GENTZIS T, DEISMAN N, CHALATURNYK R J. A method to predict geomechanical properties and model well stability in horizontal boreholes[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2009,78(2):149-160.
[8] ZHENG Y L, MA L H, ZHANG L Y, et al. Empirical study of particle swarm optimizer with an increasing inertia weight[C]//The 2003Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Australia:IEEE, 2003:221-226.
[9] SKALLE P. Exercises in pressure control during drilling[M]. 5th ed.London:Bookboon, 2015.
[10] GHOLAMI R, MORADZADEH A, RASOULI V, et al. Practical application of failure criteria in determining safe mud weight windows in drilling operations[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2014, 6(1):13-25.
[11] LE K, RASOULI V. Determination of safe mud weight windows for drilling deviated wellbores:A case study in the North Perth Basin[R].Kurdistan:WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, 2012(81):83-95.
[12] AL-KHAYARI M R, AL-AJMI A M, AL-WAHAIBI Y. Probabilistic approach in wellbore stability analysis during drilling[J]. Journal of Petroleum Engineering, 2016:1-13.
[13] ZOBACK M D, BARTON C A, BRUDY M, et al. Determination of stress orientation and magnitude in deep wells[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2003, 40(7/8):1049-1076.
[14] ZHANG J. Borehole stability analysis accounting for anisotropies in drilling to weak bedding planes[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2013, 60:160-170.
[15] MCLELLAN P. Assessing the risk of wellbore instability in horizontal and inclined wells[J]. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 1996, 35(5):21-32.
[16] LEE M, ECKERT A, NYGAARD R. Mesh optimization for finite element models of wellbore stress analysis[C]//45th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. San Francisco, California:American Rock Mechanics Association, 2011.
[17] WANG X, STERLING R L. Stability analysis of a borehole wall during horizontal directional drilling[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2007, 22(5/6):620-632.
[18] SALEHI S, HARELAND G, NYGAARD R. Numerical simulations of wellbore stability in under-balanced-drilling wells[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2010, 72(3/4):229-235.
[19] ZHOU X, GHASSEMI A. Finite element analysis of coupled chemo-poro-thermo-mechanical effects around a wellbore in swelling shale[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2009, 46(4):769-778.
[20] GOMAR M, GOODARZNIA I, SHADIZADEH S R. A transient fully coupled thermo-poroelastic finite element analysis of wellbore stability[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2015, 8(6):3855-3865.
[21] GAO J, DENG J, LAN K, et al. Porothermoelastic effect on wellbore stability in transversely isotropic medium subjected to local thermal non-equilibrium[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2017, 96:66-84.
[22] YOUSEFIAN H, SOLTANIAN H, MARJI M F, et al. Numerical simulation of a wellbore stability in an Iranian oilfield utilizing core data[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2018, 168:577-592.
[23] MANSHAD A K, JALALIFAR H, ASLANNEJAD M. Analysis of vertical, horizontal and deviated wellbores stability by analytical and numerical methods[J]. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 2013, 4(4):359-369.
[24] AL-AJMI A M, ZIMMERMAN R W. Relation between the Mogi and the Coulomb failure criteria[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2005, 42(3):431-439.
[25] Itasca Consulting Group Inc. FLAC3D:Fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions, version 4.00[R/OL]. Minneapolis, USA:Itasca Consulting Group Inc.[2019-06-14]. https://www.itascacg.com/software/flac3d.
[26] RAFIEEPOUR S, JALALIFAR H. Drilling optimization based on a geomechanical analysis using probabilistic risk assessment:A case study from offshore Iran[C]//ISRM Regional Symposium-EUROCK2014. Vigo, Spain:International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2014.
[27] CRANGANU C, LUCHIAN H, BREABAN M E. Artificial intelligent approaches in petroleum geosciences[M]. Berlin, Germany:Springer, 2015.
[28] BRADLEY W B. Mathematical concept-stress cloud can predict borehole failure[J]. Oil and Gas Journal, 1979, 77(8):92-101.
[29] MANSOURIZADEH M, JAMSHIDIAN M, BAZARGAN P, et al.Wellbore stability analysis and breakout pressure prediction in vertical and deviated boreholes using failure criteria:A case study[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2016, 145:482-492.
[30] PLUMB R A. Influence of composition and texture on the failure properties of clastic rocks[R]. SPE 28022, 1994.
[31] SENSENY P E, PFEIFLE T W. Fracture toughness of sandstones and shales[C]//The 25th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics(USRMS).Evanston, Illinois:American Rock Mechanics Association, 1984.
[32] HOEK E. Estimating Mohr-Coulomb friction and cohesion values from the Hoek-Brown failure criterion[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts,1990, 27(3):227-229.
[33] ZOBACK M D. Reservoir geomechanics[M]. California:Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[34] ZURAWSKI R. Industrial communication technology handbook[M].2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ:Taylor and Francis, 2014.
[35] LOOK B G. Handbook of geotechnical investigation and design tables[M]. 2nd ed. London, UK:CRC Press, 2014.
[36] NAZIR R, MOMENI E, ARMAGHANI D J, et al. Correlation between unconfined compressive strength and indirect tensile strength of limestone rock samples[J]. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2013, 18(1):1737-1746.
[37] GHOLILOU A, BEHNOUDFAR P, VIALLE S, et al. Determination of safe mud window considering time-dependent variations of temperature and pore pressure:Analytical and numerical approaches[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2017, 9(5):900-911.
[38] IMMERSTEIN T. Wellbore stability and rock mechanics study on the Ula Field[D]. Norway:University of Stavanger, 2013.
[39] DAS B, CHATTERJEE R. Wellbore stability analysis and prediction of minimum mud weight for few wells in Krishna-Godavari Basin,India[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2017, 93:30-37.
[40] MALEKI S, GHOLAMI R, RASOULI V, et al. Comparison of different failure criteria in prediction of safe mud weigh window in drilling practice[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014, 136:36-58.
[41] FJAER E, HORSRUD P, RAAEN A M, et al. Petroleum related rock mechanics[M]. 2nd ed. Amsterdam:Elsevier, 1992.
[42] AADNOY B, LOOYEH, R. Petroleum rock mechanics:Drilling operations and well design[M]. Oxford:Gulf Professional Publishing, 2011.
[43] BIOT M A. General theory of three-dimensional consolidation[J].Journal of Applied Physics, 1941, 12(2):155-164.
[44] ZIMMERMAN R W. Compressibility of sandstones[M]. Amsterdam:Elsevier, 1990.
[45] REGEL J B, OROZOVA-BEKKEVOLD I, ANDREASSEN K A, et al.Effective stresses and shear failure pressure from in situ Biot’s coefficient, Hejre Field, North Sea:Stresses and shear failure pressure[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 2017, 65(3):808-822.
[46] CAO Y, DENG J. Wellbore stability research of heterogeneous formation[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2014, 14(1):33-39.
[47] NELSON E, HILLIS R, MILDREN S. Stress partitioning and wellbore failure in the West Tuna area, Gippsland Basin[J].Exploration Geophysics, 2006, 37(3):215-221.
[48] KIRSCH E G. Die theorie der elastizitat und die bedurfnisse der festigkeitslehre[J]. Zantralblatt Verlin Deutscher Ingenieure, 1898,42:797-807.
[49] ZHANG J, KEANEY G, STANDIFORD W. Wellbore stability with consideration of pore pressure and drilling fluid interactions[C]//The41st US Symposium on Rock Mechanics(USRMS). Golden,Colorado:American Rock Mechanics Association, 2006.
[50] SALEHI S. Numerical simulations of fracture propagation and sealing:Implications for wellbore strengthening[D]. Missouri, USA:Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2012.
[2] COTTHEM A V, CHARLIER R, THIMUS J F, et al. Eurock 2006:Multiphysics coupling and long term behaviour in rock mechanics[M].London:Taylor&Francis, 2006.
[3] KIRAN R, TEODORIU C, DADMOHAMMADI Y, et al. Identification and evaluation of well integrity and causes of failure of well integrity barriers[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2017,45:511-526.
[4] CHEN X, TAN C P, DETOURNAY C. A study on wellbore stability in fractured rock masses with impact of mud infiltration[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2003, 38(3):145-154.
[5] BRADLEY W B. Failure of inclined boreholes[J]. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 1979, 101(4):232-239.
[6] BELL J S. Practical methods for estimating in situ stresses for borehole stability applications in sedimentary basins[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2003, 38(3):111-119.
[7] GENTZIS T, DEISMAN N, CHALATURNYK R J. A method to predict geomechanical properties and model well stability in horizontal boreholes[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2009,78(2):149-160.
[8] ZHENG Y L, MA L H, ZHANG L Y, et al. Empirical study of particle swarm optimizer with an increasing inertia weight[C]//The 2003Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Australia:IEEE, 2003:221-226.
[9] SKALLE P. Exercises in pressure control during drilling[M]. 5th ed.London:Bookboon, 2015.
[10] GHOLAMI R, MORADZADEH A, RASOULI V, et al. Practical application of failure criteria in determining safe mud weight windows in drilling operations[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2014, 6(1):13-25.
[11] LE K, RASOULI V. Determination of safe mud weight windows for drilling deviated wellbores:A case study in the North Perth Basin[R].Kurdistan:WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, 2012(81):83-95.
[12] AL-KHAYARI M R, AL-AJMI A M, AL-WAHAIBI Y. Probabilistic approach in wellbore stability analysis during drilling[J]. Journal of Petroleum Engineering, 2016:1-13.
[13] ZOBACK M D, BARTON C A, BRUDY M, et al. Determination of stress orientation and magnitude in deep wells[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2003, 40(7/8):1049-1076.
[14] ZHANG J. Borehole stability analysis accounting for anisotropies in drilling to weak bedding planes[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2013, 60:160-170.
[15] MCLELLAN P. Assessing the risk of wellbore instability in horizontal and inclined wells[J]. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 1996, 35(5):21-32.
[16] LEE M, ECKERT A, NYGAARD R. Mesh optimization for finite element models of wellbore stress analysis[C]//45th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. San Francisco, California:American Rock Mechanics Association, 2011.
[17] WANG X, STERLING R L. Stability analysis of a borehole wall during horizontal directional drilling[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2007, 22(5/6):620-632.
[18] SALEHI S, HARELAND G, NYGAARD R. Numerical simulations of wellbore stability in under-balanced-drilling wells[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2010, 72(3/4):229-235.
[19] ZHOU X, GHASSEMI A. Finite element analysis of coupled chemo-poro-thermo-mechanical effects around a wellbore in swelling shale[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2009, 46(4):769-778.
[20] GOMAR M, GOODARZNIA I, SHADIZADEH S R. A transient fully coupled thermo-poroelastic finite element analysis of wellbore stability[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2015, 8(6):3855-3865.
[21] GAO J, DENG J, LAN K, et al. Porothermoelastic effect on wellbore stability in transversely isotropic medium subjected to local thermal non-equilibrium[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2017, 96:66-84.
[22] YOUSEFIAN H, SOLTANIAN H, MARJI M F, et al. Numerical simulation of a wellbore stability in an Iranian oilfield utilizing core data[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2018, 168:577-592.
[23] MANSHAD A K, JALALIFAR H, ASLANNEJAD M. Analysis of vertical, horizontal and deviated wellbores stability by analytical and numerical methods[J]. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 2013, 4(4):359-369.
[24] AL-AJMI A M, ZIMMERMAN R W. Relation between the Mogi and the Coulomb failure criteria[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2005, 42(3):431-439.
[25] Itasca Consulting Group Inc. FLAC3D:Fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions, version 4.00[R/OL]. Minneapolis, USA:Itasca Consulting Group Inc.[2019-06-14]. https://www.itascacg.com/software/flac3d.
[26] RAFIEEPOUR S, JALALIFAR H. Drilling optimization based on a geomechanical analysis using probabilistic risk assessment:A case study from offshore Iran[C]//ISRM Regional Symposium-EUROCK2014. Vigo, Spain:International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2014.
[27] CRANGANU C, LUCHIAN H, BREABAN M E. Artificial intelligent approaches in petroleum geosciences[M]. Berlin, Germany:Springer, 2015.
[28] BRADLEY W B. Mathematical concept-stress cloud can predict borehole failure[J]. Oil and Gas Journal, 1979, 77(8):92-101.
[29] MANSOURIZADEH M, JAMSHIDIAN M, BAZARGAN P, et al.Wellbore stability analysis and breakout pressure prediction in vertical and deviated boreholes using failure criteria:A case study[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2016, 145:482-492.
[30] PLUMB R A. Influence of composition and texture on the failure properties of clastic rocks[R]. SPE 28022, 1994.
[31] SENSENY P E, PFEIFLE T W. Fracture toughness of sandstones and shales[C]//The 25th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics(USRMS).Evanston, Illinois:American Rock Mechanics Association, 1984.
[32] HOEK E. Estimating Mohr-Coulomb friction and cohesion values from the Hoek-Brown failure criterion[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts,1990, 27(3):227-229.
[33] ZOBACK M D. Reservoir geomechanics[M]. California:Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[34] ZURAWSKI R. Industrial communication technology handbook[M].2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ:Taylor and Francis, 2014.
[35] LOOK B G. Handbook of geotechnical investigation and design tables[M]. 2nd ed. London, UK:CRC Press, 2014.
[36] NAZIR R, MOMENI E, ARMAGHANI D J, et al. Correlation between unconfined compressive strength and indirect tensile strength of limestone rock samples[J]. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2013, 18(1):1737-1746.
[37] GHOLILOU A, BEHNOUDFAR P, VIALLE S, et al. Determination of safe mud window considering time-dependent variations of temperature and pore pressure:Analytical and numerical approaches[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2017, 9(5):900-911.
[38] IMMERSTEIN T. Wellbore stability and rock mechanics study on the Ula Field[D]. Norway:University of Stavanger, 2013.
[39] DAS B, CHATTERJEE R. Wellbore stability analysis and prediction of minimum mud weight for few wells in Krishna-Godavari Basin,India[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2017, 93:30-37.
[40] MALEKI S, GHOLAMI R, RASOULI V, et al. Comparison of different failure criteria in prediction of safe mud weigh window in drilling practice[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014, 136:36-58.
[41] FJAER E, HORSRUD P, RAAEN A M, et al. Petroleum related rock mechanics[M]. 2nd ed. Amsterdam:Elsevier, 1992.
[42] AADNOY B, LOOYEH, R. Petroleum rock mechanics:Drilling operations and well design[M]. Oxford:Gulf Professional Publishing, 2011.
[43] BIOT M A. General theory of three-dimensional consolidation[J].Journal of Applied Physics, 1941, 12(2):155-164.
[44] ZIMMERMAN R W. Compressibility of sandstones[M]. Amsterdam:Elsevier, 1990.
[45] REGEL J B, OROZOVA-BEKKEVOLD I, ANDREASSEN K A, et al.Effective stresses and shear failure pressure from in situ Biot’s coefficient, Hejre Field, North Sea:Stresses and shear failure pressure[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 2017, 65(3):808-822.
[46] CAO Y, DENG J. Wellbore stability research of heterogeneous formation[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2014, 14(1):33-39.
[47] NELSON E, HILLIS R, MILDREN S. Stress partitioning and wellbore failure in the West Tuna area, Gippsland Basin[J].Exploration Geophysics, 2006, 37(3):215-221.
[48] KIRSCH E G. Die theorie der elastizitat und die bedurfnisse der festigkeitslehre[J]. Zantralblatt Verlin Deutscher Ingenieure, 1898,42:797-807.
[49] ZHANG J, KEANEY G, STANDIFORD W. Wellbore stability with consideration of pore pressure and drilling fluid interactions[C]//The41st US Symposium on Rock Mechanics(USRMS). Golden,Colorado:American Rock Mechanics Association, 2006.
[50] SALEHI S. Numerical simulations of fracture propagation and sealing:Implications for wellbore strengthening[D]. Missouri, USA:Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2012.