汉语普通话中双焦点的产出及其感知
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摘要
以往的研究发现双焦点句中第一个焦点后往往缺少音高压缩。这一现象是否与两个焦点间的音节数有关?实验控制了焦点词的位置和句子长度两个因素,发现双焦点句中两个焦点既相互独立又相互依存.独立性表现为每个焦点有各自的实现范围,其音高升高和时长延长都和所对应的单焦点的条件接近;依存性表现为两个焦点可以在同一个语调短语内共存。第一个焦点后因为有了韵律短语边界而缺少音高压缩,而与两个焦点间的音节数没有直接关系。感知实验的结果显示:双焦点的辨认正确率显著低于句首单焦点。这主要因为同时判别两个焦点的难度比较高。如果只要求听音人关注第一个焦点,其辨认率明显提高,且与句首单焦点的判断正确率无显著差异。可见,在双焦点句中,句首和句末焦点的判断有不对称性。音高和时长的增加可以保证句首焦点的正确感知,但不能保证句末焦点的正确感知。总体来说,两个焦点中句首焦点在感知上有更高的突显度。
Previous studies showed that in dual focus sentences, Post-Focus FO Compression(PFC) was absent after the first focus. Was it related to the number of syllables between the two foci? In the present experimental study,focus position and sentence length were controlled. The results showed that the two foci were independent as well as dependent on each other. They were independent because each focus had its own domain, and its FO rising and duration lengthening reached to the same degree as its single focus counterparts. They were dependent because the two foci could coexist in one intonation phrase. The lack of PFC after the first focus was due to the insertion of a prosodic phrase boundary, rather than to the number of syllables between the two foci. The perception experiments showed that the correct perception rate of dual focus was significantly lower than that of initial focus, probably because it was hard to detect two foci in one sentence. When the listeners were asked to only pay attention to the first focus, the correct perception rate was much higher, and it was similar to that of the initial focus counterpart. Therefore, we concluded that the perception of the two foci was asymmetric. The increase of FO and duration guaranteed correct perception of an initial focus, but not a final focus. In general, the first focus was perceptually more prominent in a dual focus sentence.
Previous studies showed that in dual focus sentences, Post-Focus FO Compression(PFC) was absent after the first focus. Was it related to the number of syllables between the two foci? In the present experimental study,focus position and sentence length were controlled. The results showed that the two foci were independent as well as dependent on each other. They were independent because each focus had its own domain, and its FO rising and duration lengthening reached to the same degree as its single focus counterparts. They were dependent because the two foci could coexist in one intonation phrase. The lack of PFC after the first focus was due to the insertion of a prosodic phrase boundary, rather than to the number of syllables between the two foci. The perception experiments showed that the correct perception rate of dual focus was significantly lower than that of initial focus, probably because it was hard to detect two foci in one sentence. When the listeners were asked to only pay attention to the first focus, the correct perception rate was much higher, and it was similar to that of the initial focus counterpart. Therefore, we concluded that the perception of the two foci was asymmetric. The increase of FO and duration guaranteed correct perception of an initial focus, but not a final focus. In general, the first focus was perceptually more prominent in a dual focus sentence.
引文
1 Krifka M. Basic notions of information structure. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 2008; 55:243-276
2 贾嫒,李爱军,马秋武,熊子瑜.具有焦点标记作用的乞字句重音分布研究.中文信息学报,2009; 23:103-109
3 Cooper W E, Eady S J, Mueller P R. Acoustical aspects of contrastive stress in question-answer contexts. J. Acoust.Soc. Am., 1985; 77:2142-2156
4 Eady S J, Cooper W E, Klouda G V, Mueller P R, Lotts D W. Acoustical characterization of sentential focus:narrow vs. broad and single vs dual focus environments. Language and Speech, 1986; 29:233-250
5 Fery C, Kügler F. Pitch accent scaling on given, new and focused constituents in German. Journal of Phonetics,2008; 36:680-703
6 Wang B, Xu Y. Differential prosodic encoding of topic and focus in sentence-initial position in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of Phonetics, 2011; 39:595-611
7 Xu Y. Effects of tone and focus on the formation and alignment of f0 contours. Journal of Phonetics, 1999; 27:55-105
8 沈炯.汉语语调构造和语调类型.方言,1994; 3:221-228
9 Chen Y Y, Gussenhoven C. Emphasis and tonal implementation in Standard Chinese. Journal of Phonetics, 2008;36:724-746
10 Xu Y, Xu C X. Phonetic realization of focus in English declarative intonation. Journal of Phonetics, 2005; 33:159-197
11 Wang B, Xu Y, Ding Q F. Interactive prosodic marking of focus, boundary and newness in Mandarin. Phonetica,2017; 75:24-56
12 Liu F. Single vs. double focus in English statements and yes/no questions. In:Proceedings of the Speech Prosody2010, Chicago(USA), 2010:100975:1-4
13 Wang B, Féry C. Prosody of dual focus in German:Interaction between focus and phrasing. Language and Speech,2017; 61(2):303-333
14 Wang B, Fery C. Dual-focus intonation in Standard Chinese. In:Proceedings of the 18th Oriental COCOSDA/CASLRE Conference, Shanghai, 2015:101-106
15 Jia Y, Li A J, Xiong Z Y. A phonetic and phonological analysis of dual and multiple focuses. In:Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2010, Chicago, USA, 2010:75-78
16 黄贤军,郑海洋,吕士楠,杨锦陈.韵律短语边界对降阶和焦点后音高骤降的影响.声学学报,2016; 41(4):529-536
17 Yuan Y, Li A J, Yuan J, Hu J, Surany B Z. Phonetic realizations of post-nuclear accent under dual-focus conditions in Standard Chinese. In:Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2016, Boston, USA, 2016:941-945
18 KabagemarBilan E, Lopez-Jimenez B, Truckenbrodt H.Multiple focus in Mandarin Chinese. Lingua, 2011; 121:1890-1913
19 Hyman L M. Word-prosodic typology. Phonology, 2006;23:225-257
20 Xu Y, Chen S W, Wang B. Prosodic focus with and without post-focus compression(PFC):A typological divide within the same language family? The Linguistic Review, 2012;29:131-147
21 Liu F, Xu Y. Parallel encoding of focus and interrogative meaning in Mandarin intonation. Phonetica, 2005; 62:70-87
22 Herment-Dujardin S, Hirst D. Emphasis in English:A perceptual study based on modified synthetic speech. In:Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2002, Aix-en-Provence,France, 2002:379-382
23 Rump H, Hermes D J. Prominence lent by rising and falling pitch movements:Testing two models. J. Acoust. Soc.Am., 1996; 100:1122-1131
24 Heldner M. Is an FO-rise a necessary or a sufficient cue to perceived focus in Swedish? In:Werner S eds. Nordic Prosody:Proceedings of the VII Conference, Peter Lang:1996:109-125
25 Rump H H, Collier R. Focus conditions and the prominence of pitch-accented syllables. Language and Speech,1996; 39:1-17
26 White S. http://qaparadigm.sourceforge.net/2007, 2007
27 Xu Y. ProsodyPro-A tool for large-scale systematic prosody analysis. In:Proceedings of tools and resources for the analysis of speech prosody(TRASP 2013). Aix-enProvence, France, 2013:7-10
28 Selkirk E. The syntax-phonology interface. In:Goldsmith J A, Riggle J, Yu A C L eds. The handbook of phonological theory(2nd ed.), Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell:2011:435-484
29 王蓓,杨玉芳,吕士楠.汉语语句韵律层级结构边界的声学分析.声学学报,2004; 29(1):29-36
(1)中性焦点(neutral focus)在很多文章中被称为宽焦点(broad focus),或者是整句焦点(sentence focus)。从另一个角度理解,如果一个句子中所有的词都被强调,那么也就相当于句中没有焦点。焦点的意义在于与句中其它词相比更加突显的词。在Jia等人~([15])的研究中就发现,当句中有3个词成为焦点时,其语调曲线与中性焦点条件没有区别。本文的中性焦点指句中没有哪个词被特别强调的韵律现象。
(2)*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,***表示p<0.001
(3)φ表示韵律短语边界
2 贾嫒,李爱军,马秋武,熊子瑜.具有焦点标记作用的乞字句重音分布研究.中文信息学报,2009; 23:103-109
3 Cooper W E, Eady S J, Mueller P R. Acoustical aspects of contrastive stress in question-answer contexts. J. Acoust.Soc. Am., 1985; 77:2142-2156
4 Eady S J, Cooper W E, Klouda G V, Mueller P R, Lotts D W. Acoustical characterization of sentential focus:narrow vs. broad and single vs dual focus environments. Language and Speech, 1986; 29:233-250
5 Fery C, Kügler F. Pitch accent scaling on given, new and focused constituents in German. Journal of Phonetics,2008; 36:680-703
6 Wang B, Xu Y. Differential prosodic encoding of topic and focus in sentence-initial position in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of Phonetics, 2011; 39:595-611
7 Xu Y. Effects of tone and focus on the formation and alignment of f0 contours. Journal of Phonetics, 1999; 27:55-105
8 沈炯.汉语语调构造和语调类型.方言,1994; 3:221-228
9 Chen Y Y, Gussenhoven C. Emphasis and tonal implementation in Standard Chinese. Journal of Phonetics, 2008;36:724-746
10 Xu Y, Xu C X. Phonetic realization of focus in English declarative intonation. Journal of Phonetics, 2005; 33:159-197
11 Wang B, Xu Y, Ding Q F. Interactive prosodic marking of focus, boundary and newness in Mandarin. Phonetica,2017; 75:24-56
12 Liu F. Single vs. double focus in English statements and yes/no questions. In:Proceedings of the Speech Prosody2010, Chicago(USA), 2010:100975:1-4
13 Wang B, Féry C. Prosody of dual focus in German:Interaction between focus and phrasing. Language and Speech,2017; 61(2):303-333
14 Wang B, Fery C. Dual-focus intonation in Standard Chinese. In:Proceedings of the 18th Oriental COCOSDA/CASLRE Conference, Shanghai, 2015:101-106
15 Jia Y, Li A J, Xiong Z Y. A phonetic and phonological analysis of dual and multiple focuses. In:Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2010, Chicago, USA, 2010:75-78
16 黄贤军,郑海洋,吕士楠,杨锦陈.韵律短语边界对降阶和焦点后音高骤降的影响.声学学报,2016; 41(4):529-536
17 Yuan Y, Li A J, Yuan J, Hu J, Surany B Z. Phonetic realizations of post-nuclear accent under dual-focus conditions in Standard Chinese. In:Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2016, Boston, USA, 2016:941-945
18 KabagemarBilan E, Lopez-Jimenez B, Truckenbrodt H.Multiple focus in Mandarin Chinese. Lingua, 2011; 121:1890-1913
19 Hyman L M. Word-prosodic typology. Phonology, 2006;23:225-257
20 Xu Y, Chen S W, Wang B. Prosodic focus with and without post-focus compression(PFC):A typological divide within the same language family? The Linguistic Review, 2012;29:131-147
21 Liu F, Xu Y. Parallel encoding of focus and interrogative meaning in Mandarin intonation. Phonetica, 2005; 62:70-87
22 Herment-Dujardin S, Hirst D. Emphasis in English:A perceptual study based on modified synthetic speech. In:Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2002, Aix-en-Provence,France, 2002:379-382
23 Rump H, Hermes D J. Prominence lent by rising and falling pitch movements:Testing two models. J. Acoust. Soc.Am., 1996; 100:1122-1131
24 Heldner M. Is an FO-rise a necessary or a sufficient cue to perceived focus in Swedish? In:Werner S eds. Nordic Prosody:Proceedings of the VII Conference, Peter Lang:1996:109-125
25 Rump H H, Collier R. Focus conditions and the prominence of pitch-accented syllables. Language and Speech,1996; 39:1-17
26 White S. http://qaparadigm.sourceforge.net/2007, 2007
27 Xu Y. ProsodyPro-A tool for large-scale systematic prosody analysis. In:Proceedings of tools and resources for the analysis of speech prosody(TRASP 2013). Aix-enProvence, France, 2013:7-10
28 Selkirk E. The syntax-phonology interface. In:Goldsmith J A, Riggle J, Yu A C L eds. The handbook of phonological theory(2nd ed.), Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell:2011:435-484
29 王蓓,杨玉芳,吕士楠.汉语语句韵律层级结构边界的声学分析.声学学报,2004; 29(1):29-36
(1)中性焦点(neutral focus)在很多文章中被称为宽焦点(broad focus),或者是整句焦点(sentence focus)。从另一个角度理解,如果一个句子中所有的词都被强调,那么也就相当于句中没有焦点。焦点的意义在于与句中其它词相比更加突显的词。在Jia等人~([15])的研究中就发现,当句中有3个词成为焦点时,其语调曲线与中性焦点条件没有区别。本文的中性焦点指句中没有哪个词被特别强调的韵律现象。
(2)*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,***表示p<0.001
(3)φ表示韵律短语边界