节能小户型农宅清洁复合供热系统的运行性能研究
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摘要
针对农村清洁供热中能源的合理利用及政策推行下系统的高效集成和优化设计等问题,该文以天津地区满足农村节能居住建筑设计要求的典型小户型农宅为研究对象,结合清洁供热工程中的常见复合系统集成形式搭建试验平台,运用试验测试的方法获得复合供热系统集成关键设备的供热特性,结合典型年气象特征评价不同系统集成方案,即空气源热泵与太阳能集热器集成的复合供热系统(方案1)、冷凝式燃气热水炉与太阳能集热器集成的复合供热系统(方案2)、空气源热泵与冷凝式燃气热水炉集成的复合供热系统(方案3)的能耗指标,并根据现有能源政策评价经济性同时参照典型年能耗水平评估环境影响。结果表明,就典型年气象条件下运行情况而言,方案1与方案2复合供热系统的一次能源消耗量及一次能源利用率水平相当,均优于方案3复合供热系统;在经济指标上,现行能源政策下方案1相比方案2及方案3均占优,3种方案的复合供热系统年运行费用的政策补贴率均值为45.07%,补贴政策的持续性也是影响到清洁供热推行的关键;从环境影响而言,方案2的污染物排放最低,其CO2排放量分别为方案1、3的65%、59%,SO2排放量分别为方案1、3的9%、8%,NOx排放量分别为方案1、3的26%、23%。该研究为为农村清洁供热的应用推广提供技术参考。
Rural areas in China is potential for installing clean heating system. Considering the distribution of rural population and housing, if we use the common central heating as the heating method, it will lead to low-density heating demand, high initial investment and high hot water transmission energy consumption, and rural buildings are facing the problem of relocation in the process of urbanization, thus decentralized heating is more suitable for rural areas in northern China. Multi-energy combination utilization, as a common means of clean heating, has few experimental studies in typical cold regions of China. The technical, economic and environmental assessments of different combined heating systems lack comparative analysis. Taking small-scale energy-saving heating system for farmhouse in Tianjin as an example, this paper proposes a method to asses technical, economic and environmental impact of different cleaning heating systems using meteorological data. We compared and analyzed the applicability and operation of three systems: the air-source heat pump combined with solar collector system, the condensed gas furnace combined with solar collector system, and air-source heat pump combined with condensed gas furnace system. The hot water load under different standards was calculated using an energy simulation software based on the heating load calculated for typical small household. The key equipment was selected based on the load level, and a test platform using floor radiation as terminal heating equipment was established to obtain the essential heating characteristics of the key equipment. Experiment based on the standards was conducted, and the relationship between the performance parameters of the key equipment and the outdoor environmental parameters were obtained. The primary energy consumption and primary energy rate of each system was evaluated based on typical annual meteorological data. Economic assessment of the three systems was based on the annual cost of their energy consumption and the existing energy policy; the environmental impact was assessed based on the annual energy consumption and the CO_2, SO_2 and NO_2 emissions. The results show that the primary energy ratio and the consumption of the air-source heat pump water heater combined with solar collectors were equivalent to those of the solar collectors combined with gas furnace. The initial investment and operating cost of the air-source heat pump water heater combined with solar collector system were the lowest, with an annual cost of $1 638.29, but its heating quality was low when ambient temperature was below-6 °C. The subsidy provided from the clean heating policy accounts for 45.07% of the annual operating costs, indicating that the policy plays an important role in promoting the clean heating system. In terms of environmental impact, the pollutant emission of the scheme 2 was the lowest. The CO_2 emissions of Scheme 2 were 65% and 59% of Scheme 1 and Scheme 3, respectively. The SO_2 emissions of Scheme 2 were 9% and 8% of Scheme 1 and Scheme 3, respectively, and the NOx emissions of Scheme 2 were 26% and 23% of Scheme 1 and Scheme 3, respectively. This study provides technical reference for the application of clean heating in rural areas.
Rural areas in China is potential for installing clean heating system. Considering the distribution of rural population and housing, if we use the common central heating as the heating method, it will lead to low-density heating demand, high initial investment and high hot water transmission energy consumption, and rural buildings are facing the problem of relocation in the process of urbanization, thus decentralized heating is more suitable for rural areas in northern China. Multi-energy combination utilization, as a common means of clean heating, has few experimental studies in typical cold regions of China. The technical, economic and environmental assessments of different combined heating systems lack comparative analysis. Taking small-scale energy-saving heating system for farmhouse in Tianjin as an example, this paper proposes a method to asses technical, economic and environmental impact of different cleaning heating systems using meteorological data. We compared and analyzed the applicability and operation of three systems: the air-source heat pump combined with solar collector system, the condensed gas furnace combined with solar collector system, and air-source heat pump combined with condensed gas furnace system. The hot water load under different standards was calculated using an energy simulation software based on the heating load calculated for typical small household. The key equipment was selected based on the load level, and a test platform using floor radiation as terminal heating equipment was established to obtain the essential heating characteristics of the key equipment. Experiment based on the standards was conducted, and the relationship between the performance parameters of the key equipment and the outdoor environmental parameters were obtained. The primary energy consumption and primary energy rate of each system was evaluated based on typical annual meteorological data. Economic assessment of the three systems was based on the annual cost of their energy consumption and the existing energy policy; the environmental impact was assessed based on the annual energy consumption and the CO_2, SO_2 and NO_2 emissions. The results show that the primary energy ratio and the consumption of the air-source heat pump water heater combined with solar collectors were equivalent to those of the solar collectors combined with gas furnace. The initial investment and operating cost of the air-source heat pump water heater combined with solar collector system were the lowest, with an annual cost of $1 638.29, but its heating quality was low when ambient temperature was below-6 °C. The subsidy provided from the clean heating policy accounts for 45.07% of the annual operating costs, indicating that the policy plays an important role in promoting the clean heating system. In terms of environmental impact, the pollutant emission of the scheme 2 was the lowest. The CO_2 emissions of Scheme 2 were 65% and 59% of Scheme 1 and Scheme 3, respectively. The SO_2 emissions of Scheme 2 were 9% and 8% of Scheme 1 and Scheme 3, respectively, and the NOx emissions of Scheme 2 were 26% and 23% of Scheme 1 and Scheme 3, respectively. This study provides technical reference for the application of clean heating in rural areas.
引文
[1]马一太.空气源热泵的标准和关键技术（一）[J].供热制冷，2016(9):58-62.
[2]马一太.空气源热泵的标准和关键技术（二）[J].供热制冷，2016(10):61-64.
[3]王如竹，张川，翟晓强.关于住宅用空气源热泵空调供暖与热水设计要素的思考[J].制冷技术，2014,34(1):32-41.Wang Ruzhu, Zhang chuan, Zhai xiaoqiang. Discussion on the design elements of air source heat pump air-conditioning,heating and hot water system for residential uses[J]. Chinese Journal of Refrigeration Technology; 2014, 34(1):32-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4] Freeman T L, Mitehell J W, Audit T E. Performance of combined solar-heat pump system[J]. Solar Energy, 1979, 22(2):125-135.
[5] Shan M, Yu T, Yang X. Assessment of an integrated active solar and air-source heat pump water heating system operated within a passive house in a cold climate zone[J]. Renewable Energy, 2016, 87:1059-1066.
[6]王亚辉，田瑞，宋力，等.太阳能―天然气分户式供暖系统的运行及节能效果[J].农业工程学报，2013,29(7):164-169.Wang Yahui, Tian Rui, Song Li, et al. Operation and energy-saving effects of solar-natural gas household heating system[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2013,29(7):164-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]谌学先，高文峰，兰青，等.热泵与家用太阳热水器联合供热性能试验[J].农业工程学报，2011,27(02):272-275.Chen Xuexian, Gao Wenfeng, Lan Qing, et al. Performance jointly test of heat pump water heater with household solar heating[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2011,27(2):272-275.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8] Hansaem Parka, Ki Hwan Namb, Gi Hyun Jangb, et al.Performance investigation of heat pump–gasfired water heater hybrid system and its economic feasibility study[J].Energy and Buildings, 2014, 80:480-489.
[9] Matteo Dongellini, Claudia Naldi, Gian Luca Morini.Seasonal performance evaluation of electric air-to-water heat pump systems[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 90:1072-1081.
[10]曹昕.多热源联用低温热水地板辐射采暖系统的节能控制和经济性分析[D].广州：华南理工大学，2012.Cao Xin. Research on Energy-saving&Economic-indicator of Radiant Heating System with Hot Water Supplied by Multi-Source Heater[D]. Guangzhou:South China University of Technology, 2012.
[11]赖艳萍，张志刚，魏璠，等.北方农村典型住宅的能耗比较分析[J].农业工程学报，2011,27(增刊1):12-16.Lai Yanping, Zhang Zhigang, Wei Fan, et al. Comparative analysis on energy consumption of typical residence in rural areas of Northern China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2011,27(Supp. 1):12-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]张志刚，魏璠.节能住宅太阳能技术[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2015.
[13]民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范：GB/T50736—2012[S].北京.中国建筑工业出版社，2012.
[14]农村居住建筑节能设计标准：GB/T 50824-2013[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2013.
[15]建筑给水排水设计规范：GB 50015-2003[S].北京：中国计划出版社，2009.
[16]小区集中生活热水供应设计规程：CECS 222:2007[S].北京：中国计划出版社，2007.
[17] Enrico Fabrizio, Federico Seguro, Marco Filippi. Integrated HVAC and DHW production systems for Zero Energy Buildings[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014, 40:515-541.
[18]张涛，朱彤，高乃平，等.分布式冷热电能源系统优化设计及多指标综合评价方法的研究[J].中国电机工程学报，2015,35(14):3706-3713.Zhang Tao, Zhu Tong, Gao Naiping, et al. Optimization design and multi-criteria comprehensive evaluation method of combined cooling heating and power system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE, 2015, 35(14):3706-3713.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19] Chen X, Wang L, Tong L, et al. Energy saving and emission reduction of China's urban district heating[J]. Energy Policy,2013, 55:677-682.
[20]中国电力企业联合会. 2017年电力统计基本数据一览表[EB/OL].(2018-12-19)[2019-04-23]http://www.cec.org.cn/guihuayutongji/tongjxinxi/niandushuju/2018-12-19/187486. html.
[21]中国气象局信息中心气象资料室，清华大学建筑学院建筑技术科学系.中国建筑环境分析专用气象数据集[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005.
[22]刘婷婷.夏热冬冷地区地表水地源热泵供暖的节能性及经济性[J].暖通空调，2014,44(6):33-37.Liu Tingting. Energy saving and economy analysis of surface water source heat pumps for space heating in hot summer and cold winter zone[J]. Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2014, 44(6):33-37.
[23]石油化工生产企业CO2排放量计算方法：SH-T5000-2011[S].北京：中国石化出版社，2011.
[24]第一次全国污染源普查资料编撰委员会.污染源普查产排污系数手册:上册[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2011.
[25]第一次全国污染源普查资料编撰委员会.污染源普查产排污系数手册:下册[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2011.
[26]带辅助能源的家用太阳能热水系统热性能试验方法：GB/T25967-2010[S].北京：中国标准出版社，2010.
[27]杨林.多能互补分散式供热系统优化设计研究[D].天津：天津大学，2017.Yang Lin. Research on Optimization Design of Hybrid Energy System for Decentralized Heating[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University, 2017.
[28]家用和类似用途热泵热水器：GB/T 23137-2008[S].北京：中国标准出版社，2008.
[29]徐伟，孙峙峰，何涛，等.《可再生能源建筑应用示范项目测评导则》解读——检测程序·测评标准·测试方法[J].建设科技，2009(16):40-45.
[30]家用燃气灶具能效限定值及能效等级：GB 30720-2014[S].北京：中国标准出版社，2014
[2]马一太.空气源热泵的标准和关键技术（二）[J].供热制冷，2016(10):61-64.
[3]王如竹，张川，翟晓强.关于住宅用空气源热泵空调供暖与热水设计要素的思考[J].制冷技术，2014,34(1):32-41.Wang Ruzhu, Zhang chuan, Zhai xiaoqiang. Discussion on the design elements of air source heat pump air-conditioning,heating and hot water system for residential uses[J]. Chinese Journal of Refrigeration Technology; 2014, 34(1):32-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4] Freeman T L, Mitehell J W, Audit T E. Performance of combined solar-heat pump system[J]. Solar Energy, 1979, 22(2):125-135.
[5] Shan M, Yu T, Yang X. Assessment of an integrated active solar and air-source heat pump water heating system operated within a passive house in a cold climate zone[J]. Renewable Energy, 2016, 87:1059-1066.
[6]王亚辉，田瑞，宋力，等.太阳能―天然气分户式供暖系统的运行及节能效果[J].农业工程学报，2013,29(7):164-169.Wang Yahui, Tian Rui, Song Li, et al. Operation and energy-saving effects of solar-natural gas household heating system[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2013,29(7):164-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]谌学先，高文峰，兰青，等.热泵与家用太阳热水器联合供热性能试验[J].农业工程学报，2011,27(02):272-275.Chen Xuexian, Gao Wenfeng, Lan Qing, et al. Performance jointly test of heat pump water heater with household solar heating[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2011,27(2):272-275.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8] Hansaem Parka, Ki Hwan Namb, Gi Hyun Jangb, et al.Performance investigation of heat pump–gasfired water heater hybrid system and its economic feasibility study[J].Energy and Buildings, 2014, 80:480-489.
[9] Matteo Dongellini, Claudia Naldi, Gian Luca Morini.Seasonal performance evaluation of electric air-to-water heat pump systems[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 90:1072-1081.
[10]曹昕.多热源联用低温热水地板辐射采暖系统的节能控制和经济性分析[D].广州：华南理工大学，2012.Cao Xin. Research on Energy-saving&Economic-indicator of Radiant Heating System with Hot Water Supplied by Multi-Source Heater[D]. Guangzhou:South China University of Technology, 2012.
[11]赖艳萍，张志刚，魏璠，等.北方农村典型住宅的能耗比较分析[J].农业工程学报，2011,27(增刊1):12-16.Lai Yanping, Zhang Zhigang, Wei Fan, et al. Comparative analysis on energy consumption of typical residence in rural areas of Northern China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2011,27(Supp. 1):12-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]张志刚，魏璠.节能住宅太阳能技术[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2015.
[13]民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范：GB/T50736—2012[S].北京.中国建筑工业出版社，2012.
[14]农村居住建筑节能设计标准：GB/T 50824-2013[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2013.
[15]建筑给水排水设计规范：GB 50015-2003[S].北京：中国计划出版社，2009.
[16]小区集中生活热水供应设计规程：CECS 222:2007[S].北京：中国计划出版社，2007.
[17] Enrico Fabrizio, Federico Seguro, Marco Filippi. Integrated HVAC and DHW production systems for Zero Energy Buildings[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014, 40:515-541.
[18]张涛，朱彤，高乃平，等.分布式冷热电能源系统优化设计及多指标综合评价方法的研究[J].中国电机工程学报，2015,35(14):3706-3713.Zhang Tao, Zhu Tong, Gao Naiping, et al. Optimization design and multi-criteria comprehensive evaluation method of combined cooling heating and power system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE, 2015, 35(14):3706-3713.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19] Chen X, Wang L, Tong L, et al. Energy saving and emission reduction of China's urban district heating[J]. Energy Policy,2013, 55:677-682.
[20]中国电力企业联合会. 2017年电力统计基本数据一览表[EB/OL].(2018-12-19)[2019-04-23]http://www.cec.org.cn/guihuayutongji/tongjxinxi/niandushuju/2018-12-19/187486. html.
[21]中国气象局信息中心气象资料室，清华大学建筑学院建筑技术科学系.中国建筑环境分析专用气象数据集[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005.
[22]刘婷婷.夏热冬冷地区地表水地源热泵供暖的节能性及经济性[J].暖通空调，2014,44(6):33-37.Liu Tingting. Energy saving and economy analysis of surface water source heat pumps for space heating in hot summer and cold winter zone[J]. Heating Ventilating&Air Conditioning,2014, 44(6):33-37.
[23]石油化工生产企业CO2排放量计算方法：SH-T5000-2011[S].北京：中国石化出版社，2011.
[24]第一次全国污染源普查资料编撰委员会.污染源普查产排污系数手册:上册[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2011.
[25]第一次全国污染源普查资料编撰委员会.污染源普查产排污系数手册:下册[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2011.
[26]带辅助能源的家用太阳能热水系统热性能试验方法：GB/T25967-2010[S].北京：中国标准出版社，2010.
[27]杨林.多能互补分散式供热系统优化设计研究[D].天津：天津大学，2017.Yang Lin. Research on Optimization Design of Hybrid Energy System for Decentralized Heating[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University, 2017.
[28]家用和类似用途热泵热水器：GB/T 23137-2008[S].北京：中国标准出版社，2008.
[29]徐伟，孙峙峰，何涛，等.《可再生能源建筑应用示范项目测评导则》解读——检测程序·测评标准·测试方法[J].建设科技，2009(16):40-45.
[30]家用燃气灶具能效限定值及能效等级：GB 30720-2014[S].北京：中国标准出版社，2014