冀中地区桃树养分投入、土壤养分状况及其与产量的关系
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摘要
本研究于2016年秋～2018年秋对冀中地区60个桃园进行跟踪监测,记录养分投入、测定土壤养分及桃树果实产量,分析桃树果实产量与养分投入及土壤养分之间的关系。结果表明:冀中地区桃园年度养分投入总量平均值氮素(N)在680～1053 kg hm~(-2),磷素(P_2O_5)2在77～925 kg hm~(-2),钾素(K_2O)在358～718 kg hm~(-2),其中以化肥养分为主;各桃园养分投入量存在极大差异,如氮养分投入总量高的超过2000 kg hm~(-2),而低的则仅有115 kg hm~(-2)。与果园土壤养分分级标准相比,2017年春季和秋季土壤硝态氮含量总体处于较低水平,有效磷和速效钾含量处于较高水平,微量元素含量处于丰富水平。与合理施肥量相比,冀中地区绝大多数桃园处于过量施肥水平;在目前养分供应范围内,桃树果实产量、株果数和种植密度与养分投入、土壤养分含量相关性不显著,但单果重与其均呈显著正相关。总之,冀中地区桃园应加强科学施肥,在保证产量的基础上,适量降低氮磷钾投入量,增加有机肥施用量,调整养分投入比例,达到提质增效的目的。
About 60 peach orchards were monitored in the central Hebei from autumn 2016 to autumn 2018. Soil nutrient input and content and peach yield were measured, and their relationships were analyzed. The results showed that the average input amount of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) in peach orchards were 680 ～ 1053 kg hm~(-2) N, 277 ～ 925 kg hm~(-2) P_2O_5, and 358 ～ 718 kg hm~(-2) K_2 O, respectively. And there was a great range of nutrient input. For example, N input in peach orchards ranged from 115 ～ 2000 kg hm~(-2). The nutrient input of early maturity variety was lower than that of middle-late maturity variety. In spring and autumn 2017, the content of nitrate N was low, while the contents of available P and K and trace elements were rich. The soil nutrient contents of peach orchards in autumn was lower than those in spring. The fertilization was excessive in the most peach orchards of central Hebei.And the correlations between yield, fruit number per plant and plant density and soil nutrient input and content were not significant, and the weight per fruit and nutrient input was positively correlated. Therefore, scientific fertilization should be carried out in peach orchards of central Hebei. The conventional nutrients input should be reduced properly,the input amount of organic fertilizer should be increased and the ratios of nutrients input should be adjusted in order to ensure the yield and improve the quality and efficiency.
About 60 peach orchards were monitored in the central Hebei from autumn 2016 to autumn 2018. Soil nutrient input and content and peach yield were measured, and their relationships were analyzed. The results showed that the average input amount of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) in peach orchards were 680 ～ 1053 kg hm~(-2) N, 277 ～ 925 kg hm~(-2) P_2O_5, and 358 ～ 718 kg hm~(-2) K_2 O, respectively. And there was a great range of nutrient input. For example, N input in peach orchards ranged from 115 ～ 2000 kg hm~(-2). The nutrient input of early maturity variety was lower than that of middle-late maturity variety. In spring and autumn 2017, the content of nitrate N was low, while the contents of available P and K and trace elements were rich. The soil nutrient contents of peach orchards in autumn was lower than those in spring. The fertilization was excessive in the most peach orchards of central Hebei.And the correlations between yield, fruit number per plant and plant density and soil nutrient input and content were not significant, and the weight per fruit and nutrient input was positively correlated. Therefore, scientific fertilization should be carried out in peach orchards of central Hebei. The conventional nutrients input should be reduced properly,the input amount of organic fertilizer should be increased and the ratios of nutrients input should be adjusted in order to ensure the yield and improve the quality and efficiency.
引文
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[21]卢树昌,陈清,张福锁,等.河北省果园氮素投入特点及其土壤氮素负荷分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):858-865.
[22]彭克明.农业化学（总论）,第二版[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003.
[23]李庆军,陈宝江,姚亚杰,等.“晴朗”桃体内营养元素年变化规律及特征研究[J].湖南农业科学,2010(7):124-125.
[24]劳秀荣.果树施肥手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:260-266.
[25]姜全,郭继英,赵剑波.桃生产技术大全[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002:142-144.
[26]姜远茂,彭福田,张宏彦,等.山东省苹果园土壤有机质及养分状况研究[J].土壤通报,2001,32(4):167-169.
[27] HAMDI El-JENDOUBI, JAVIER ABADIA, ANUNCIACION ABADIA. Assessment of Nutrient Removal in Bearing Peach Trees(Prunuspersica L. Batsch)Based on Whole Tree Analysis[J]. Plant and Soil,2013,369(1-2):421-437.
[28] TAGLIAVINI M, B MARANGONI. Major Nutritional Issues in Deciduous Fruit Orchards of Northern Italy[J].Hort Technology,2002,12(1):26-31.
[29]孟月华,李付国,贾小红,等.平谷桃园养分管理现状及其问题分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2006(6):54-56.61.
[30]郭智,周炜,陈留根,等.太湖流域典型桃园氮素投入特征及其对桃果产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2015.43(11):204-207.
[2]马之胜,贾云云,马文会.我国桃育种目标的演变、育种成就及目标展望[J].河北农业科学,2003,9(7):99-102.
[3]马永青,陈海江,刘鹏.河北省桃产业的现状及发展对策[J].林业科技开发,2014,28(4):5-9.
[4]河北省林业厅.河北省林业统计数据管理系统[EB/OL].http://www.hebly.gov.cn/report/
[5]李贵美.山东桃园土壤养分状况评价与需肥特性研究[D].山东农业大学,2011.
[6]宋建伟,郭雪峰,高启明,等.不同施肥方法对春蕾桃生长及果实品质的影响[J].河北果树, 2000,(1):9-10.
[7] JIA HJ, GORO O, KEN H. Effects of Fertilizer Levels on Fruit Quality of'Hakuho'Peaches(Prunuspersica)[J].J. Japan. Soc. Hort.Sci. 1999, 68(3):487-493.
[8] LAYNE,DR,D Bassi. The Peach:Botany, Production and Uses[M].CAB International,2008:537.
[9]张勇,李晓军,曲健禄,等.山东桃树流胶病病原菌研究[J].果树学报,2010,27(6):965-968.
[10]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析（第三版）[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[11]王秋萍.几种主要果树测产方法[J].烟台果树,2014(2):53.
[12]姜远茂,张宏彦,张福锁.北方落叶果树养分资源综合管理理论与实践[M].中国农业大学出版社,2007.
[13]贾小红,陈清.桃园施肥灌溉新技术[M].化学工业出版社,2007.
[14]张福锁,陈新平,陈清.中国主要作物施肥指南[M].中国农业大学出版社,2009.
[15]全国农业技术推广服务中心.中国有机肥料养分志[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 1999:5-70.
[16]孔祥银,李艳萍,王胜涛,等.京郊桃园养分投入对土壤养分和桃果品质的影响[J].土壤通报,2010,41(2):355-361.
[17]李贵美,彭福田,肖元松,等.鲁中山区桃园土壤养分状况评价与氮磷负荷风险研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,42(3):392-400.
[18]郗荣庭.果树栽培学总论（第三版）[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[19] TAGLIAVINI M,MILLAED P,QUARTIERI M.Storage of FoliarAbsorbed Nitrogen and Remobilization for Spring Growth in Young Nectarine(Prunuspersicavar. nectarina)Trees[J]. Tree Physiology,1998, 18(3):203.
[20]卢树昌,陈清,张福锁,等.河北果园主分布区土壤磷素投入特点及磷负荷风险分析[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3149-3157.
[21]卢树昌,陈清,张福锁,等.河北省果园氮素投入特点及其土壤氮素负荷分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):858-865.
[22]彭克明.农业化学（总论）,第二版[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003.
[23]李庆军,陈宝江,姚亚杰,等.“晴朗”桃体内营养元素年变化规律及特征研究[J].湖南农业科学,2010(7):124-125.
[24]劳秀荣.果树施肥手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:260-266.
[25]姜全,郭继英,赵剑波.桃生产技术大全[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002:142-144.
[26]姜远茂,彭福田,张宏彦,等.山东省苹果园土壤有机质及养分状况研究[J].土壤通报,2001,32(4):167-169.
[27] HAMDI El-JENDOUBI, JAVIER ABADIA, ANUNCIACION ABADIA. Assessment of Nutrient Removal in Bearing Peach Trees(Prunuspersica L. Batsch)Based on Whole Tree Analysis[J]. Plant and Soil,2013,369(1-2):421-437.
[28] TAGLIAVINI M, B MARANGONI. Major Nutritional Issues in Deciduous Fruit Orchards of Northern Italy[J].Hort Technology,2002,12(1):26-31.
[29]孟月华,李付国,贾小红,等.平谷桃园养分管理现状及其问题分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2006(6):54-56.61.
[30]郭智,周炜,陈留根,等.太湖流域典型桃园氮素投入特征及其对桃果产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2015.43(11):204-207.