高速摄影技术分析射流式鱼泵流量对鱼运动规律影响
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摘要
采用高速摄影技术初步研究了草鱼、团头鲂和鲫鱼等3种鱼类在射流式鱼泵内的运动规律,分析了鱼类逆流游动率、逆流游动过泵时间、姿态变化率及鱼类与泵壁面碰撞所受力与工作流体流量之间的关系。试验研究表明:在5种工作流体流量工况下,随着工作流体流量的增加,鱼类逆流游动率逐渐降低,过泵时间逐渐减少,姿态变化率逐渐升高,所受碰撞力逐渐升高;在工作流体流量较低时,鱼类逆流游动率超过85%,过泵时间均超过300 ms,姿态变化率均小于6%,所受碰撞力在1～3 N的范围内;在工作流体流量较高时,鱼类逆流游动率在50%～85%之间,过泵时间在125～175 ms之间,大多数情况下姿态变化率9%～18%之间,所受碰撞力在5～7N的范围内;在试验所用3种试验鱼中,草鱼的过泵时间最长,姿态变化率最高,并在大部分工况中所受碰撞力最大。
Sea cages have been widely used in fish industry in the recent years. Traditional method to transport fish is to lift the fish container, which is energy-intensive and could lead to fish losses. Energy-efficient fish pumps have been developed as a replacement in aquaculture to transport fish aimed to alleviate fish losses. Based on its operating principle, traditional fish pump can be classified into three types: Impeller fish pump, pressure/vacuum(P/V) fish pump, and jet fish pump. The impeller fish pump has specially designed high-speed rotating blades, which are efficient to transport fish but could hit the fish and result in casualties. The P/V fish pump is more friendly to the fish, but its discontinuous operation in suction and discharge is inefficient in energy. In contrast, the annular jet pump works by transferring momentum from a high-velocity primary stream to a secondary stream, improving its overall performance compared to other two fish pumps due to its non-rotation and continuous operation. Based on high speed photography, this paper presents an experimental study on impact of the primary flow rate on locomotion of Carassius auratus, Megalobrama amblycephala and Ctenopharyngodon idella in a jet fish pump under five operating conditions. The experimental results showed that with primary flow rate increasing, both percentage of backward-moving fish and the average transit time of the fish decreased, while the posture change rate and the average collision force between the fish and the wall increased. At low primary flow rate, the percentage of backward-moving fish was above 85%, the average transit time of the fish was more than 300 ms, the posture change rate was less than 6% and the average collision force between the fish and the wall was between 1 and 3 N. At the high primary flow rate, the percentage of backward-moving fish was between 50% and 85%, the average transit time of the fish was between 125 and 175 ms, the posture change rate was between 9% and 18% and the average collision force of the fish was between 5 and 7 N. Among the three types of fishes, Ctenopharyngodon idella had the longest transit time and highest posture change rate in the pump; they also suffered the biggest collision force with the cage wall in most operating conditions. Our results alluded that the jet fish pump can be optimized by intensifying the mixture of the primary flow and the secondary flow in the suction chamber and the throat to increase the posture change rate of the fish. This can reduce the transit time of the fish and increase the transport performance of the pump. In summary, the main contribution of our work is elucidation of the influence of the primary flow rate on locomotion of fish in jet fish pump. It provides guidelines to optimization of jet fish pump with locomotion of fish in consideration.
Sea cages have been widely used in fish industry in the recent years. Traditional method to transport fish is to lift the fish container, which is energy-intensive and could lead to fish losses. Energy-efficient fish pumps have been developed as a replacement in aquaculture to transport fish aimed to alleviate fish losses. Based on its operating principle, traditional fish pump can be classified into three types: Impeller fish pump, pressure/vacuum(P/V) fish pump, and jet fish pump. The impeller fish pump has specially designed high-speed rotating blades, which are efficient to transport fish but could hit the fish and result in casualties. The P/V fish pump is more friendly to the fish, but its discontinuous operation in suction and discharge is inefficient in energy. In contrast, the annular jet pump works by transferring momentum from a high-velocity primary stream to a secondary stream, improving its overall performance compared to other two fish pumps due to its non-rotation and continuous operation. Based on high speed photography, this paper presents an experimental study on impact of the primary flow rate on locomotion of Carassius auratus, Megalobrama amblycephala and Ctenopharyngodon idella in a jet fish pump under five operating conditions. The experimental results showed that with primary flow rate increasing, both percentage of backward-moving fish and the average transit time of the fish decreased, while the posture change rate and the average collision force between the fish and the wall increased. At low primary flow rate, the percentage of backward-moving fish was above 85%, the average transit time of the fish was more than 300 ms, the posture change rate was less than 6% and the average collision force between the fish and the wall was between 1 and 3 N. At the high primary flow rate, the percentage of backward-moving fish was between 50% and 85%, the average transit time of the fish was between 125 and 175 ms, the posture change rate was between 9% and 18% and the average collision force of the fish was between 5 and 7 N. Among the three types of fishes, Ctenopharyngodon idella had the longest transit time and highest posture change rate in the pump; they also suffered the biggest collision force with the cage wall in most operating conditions. Our results alluded that the jet fish pump can be optimized by intensifying the mixture of the primary flow and the secondary flow in the suction chamber and the throat to increase the posture change rate of the fish. This can reduce the transit time of the fish and increase the transport performance of the pump. In summary, the main contribution of our work is elucidation of the influence of the primary flow rate on locomotion of fish in jet fish pump. It provides guidelines to optimization of jet fish pump with locomotion of fish in consideration.
引文
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[2]郭根喜.我国深水网箱养殖产业化发展存在的问题与基本对策[J].南方水产科学，2006,2(1):66-70.Guo Genxi.The existing problem and basic countermeasure in the industrialization development of deep-water net cage culture in China[J].South China Fisheries Science,2006,2(1):66-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]刘平，徐志强，徐中伟.离心式吸鱼泵叶轮的设计[J].流体机械，2016,44(3):50-54.Liu Ping,Xu Zhiqiang,Xu Zhongwei.Design of Centrifugal Fish Pump Impeller[J].Fluid Machinery,2016,44(3):50-54.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Roach S W,Claggett F G,Harrison J S M.An air-lift pump for elevating salmon,herring,and other fish of similar size[J].Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,2011,21(4):845-849.
[5]黄滨，关长涛，林德芳.网箱真空吸鱼泵试验中的技术问题研究[J].渔业现代化，2004(6):39-41.Huang Bin,Guan Changtao,Lin Defang.Study on technical problems of fish pump used in offshore aquaculture[J].Fishery Modernization,2004(6):39-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]吴宁，李莉，侯杰，等.射流式鱼泵胁迫下草鱼的应激响应[J].华中农业大学学报，2016,35(5):75-83.Wu Ning,Li Li,Hou Jie,et al.Stress reponse of grass carp after passing the jet fish pump[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2016,35(5):75-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]徐茂森，龙新平，牟介刚，等.喉管与喷嘴截面积比对射流式鱼泵输送性能及鱼损的影响[J].农业工程学报，2019,35(9):285-290.Xu Maosen,Long Xinping,Mou Jiegang,et al.Experimental research on the influence of sectional area ratio of throat to nozzle on the performance and fish injury in jet fish pumps[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2019,35(9):285-290.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Xu Maosen,Ji Bin,Zou Jialin,et al.Experimental investigation on the transport of different fish species in a jet fish pump[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2017,79:42-48.
[9]徐茂森，龙新平，祝叶，等.射流式鱼泵输送草鱼的性能研究[J].南方水产科学，2017,13(1):117-123.Xu Maosen,Long Xinping,Zhu Ye,et al.Research on grass carp conveyance performance of jet fish pump[J].South China Fisheries Science,2017,13(1):117-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Long Xinping,Xu Maosen,Lyu Qiao,et al.Impact of the internal flow in a jet fish pump on the fish[J].Ocean Engineering,2016,126:313-320.
[11]Xiao Longzhou,Long Xinping,Li Li,et al.Movement characteristics of fish in a jet fish pump[J].Ocean Engineering,2015,108:480-492.
[12]徐茂森，龙新平，祝叶，等.射流式马铃薯输送泵性能试验[J].农业工程学报，2016,32(11):48-53.Xu Maosen,Long Xinping,Zhu Ye,et al.Performance experiment of jet potato pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(11):48-53.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]龙新平，邹佳林，徐茂森，等.改进型环形射流泵输送不同果蔬试验[J].农业工程学报，2017,33(7):36-42.Long Xinping,Zou Jialin,Xu Maosen,et al.Experiment on using modified annular jet pump to deliver different fruits and vegetables[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(7):36-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Xiao Longzhou,Long Xinping,Yang Xuelong.Numerical investigation on the influence of nozzle lip thickness on the flow field and performance of an annular jet pump[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2014,21(3):59-67.
[15]Yang Xuelong,Long Xinping,Kang Yong,et al.Application of constant rate of velocity or pressure change method to improve annular jet pump performance[J].International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems,2013,6(3):137-143.
[16]Xu Maosen,Yang Xuelong,Long Xinping,et al.Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow structure and characteristics in an annular jet pump[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,Ser B,2017,29(4):702-715.
[17]Xu Maosen,Yang Xuelong,Long Xinping,et al.Numerical investigation of turbulent flow coherent structures in annular jet pumps using the LES method[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2018,61(1):86-97.
[18]El Gazzar M A A,Meakhail T,Mikhail S.Numerical study of flow inside an annular jet pump[J].Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer,2006,20(4):930-932.
[19]赵希坤，韩桢锷.鱼类克服流速能力的试验[J].水产学报，1980,4(1):31-37.Zhao Xikun,Han Zhen’e.Experiments on the current overcoming ability on freshwater fishes[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1980,4(1):31-37.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Long Xinping,Xu Maosen,Wang Jiong,et al.An experimental study of cavitation damage on tissue of Carassius auratus in a jet fish pump[J].Ocean Engineering,2019,174:43-50.
[2]郭根喜.我国深水网箱养殖产业化发展存在的问题与基本对策[J].南方水产科学，2006,2(1):66-70.Guo Genxi.The existing problem and basic countermeasure in the industrialization development of deep-water net cage culture in China[J].South China Fisheries Science,2006,2(1):66-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]刘平，徐志强，徐中伟.离心式吸鱼泵叶轮的设计[J].流体机械，2016,44(3):50-54.Liu Ping,Xu Zhiqiang,Xu Zhongwei.Design of Centrifugal Fish Pump Impeller[J].Fluid Machinery,2016,44(3):50-54.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Roach S W,Claggett F G,Harrison J S M.An air-lift pump for elevating salmon,herring,and other fish of similar size[J].Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,2011,21(4):845-849.
[5]黄滨，关长涛，林德芳.网箱真空吸鱼泵试验中的技术问题研究[J].渔业现代化，2004(6):39-41.Huang Bin,Guan Changtao,Lin Defang.Study on technical problems of fish pump used in offshore aquaculture[J].Fishery Modernization,2004(6):39-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]吴宁，李莉，侯杰，等.射流式鱼泵胁迫下草鱼的应激响应[J].华中农业大学学报，2016,35(5):75-83.Wu Ning,Li Li,Hou Jie,et al.Stress reponse of grass carp after passing the jet fish pump[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2016,35(5):75-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]徐茂森，龙新平，牟介刚，等.喉管与喷嘴截面积比对射流式鱼泵输送性能及鱼损的影响[J].农业工程学报，2019,35(9):285-290.Xu Maosen,Long Xinping,Mou Jiegang,et al.Experimental research on the influence of sectional area ratio of throat to nozzle on the performance and fish injury in jet fish pumps[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2019,35(9):285-290.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Xu Maosen,Ji Bin,Zou Jialin,et al.Experimental investigation on the transport of different fish species in a jet fish pump[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2017,79:42-48.
[9]徐茂森，龙新平，祝叶，等.射流式鱼泵输送草鱼的性能研究[J].南方水产科学，2017,13(1):117-123.Xu Maosen,Long Xinping,Zhu Ye,et al.Research on grass carp conveyance performance of jet fish pump[J].South China Fisheries Science,2017,13(1):117-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Long Xinping,Xu Maosen,Lyu Qiao,et al.Impact of the internal flow in a jet fish pump on the fish[J].Ocean Engineering,2016,126:313-320.
[11]Xiao Longzhou,Long Xinping,Li Li,et al.Movement characteristics of fish in a jet fish pump[J].Ocean Engineering,2015,108:480-492.
[12]徐茂森，龙新平，祝叶，等.射流式马铃薯输送泵性能试验[J].农业工程学报，2016,32(11):48-53.Xu Maosen,Long Xinping,Zhu Ye,et al.Performance experiment of jet potato pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(11):48-53.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]龙新平，邹佳林，徐茂森，等.改进型环形射流泵输送不同果蔬试验[J].农业工程学报，2017,33(7):36-42.Long Xinping,Zou Jialin,Xu Maosen,et al.Experiment on using modified annular jet pump to deliver different fruits and vegetables[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(7):36-42.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Xiao Longzhou,Long Xinping,Yang Xuelong.Numerical investigation on the influence of nozzle lip thickness on the flow field and performance of an annular jet pump[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2014,21(3):59-67.
[15]Yang Xuelong,Long Xinping,Kang Yong,et al.Application of constant rate of velocity or pressure change method to improve annular jet pump performance[J].International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems,2013,6(3):137-143.
[16]Xu Maosen,Yang Xuelong,Long Xinping,et al.Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow structure and characteristics in an annular jet pump[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,Ser B,2017,29(4):702-715.
[17]Xu Maosen,Yang Xuelong,Long Xinping,et al.Numerical investigation of turbulent flow coherent structures in annular jet pumps using the LES method[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2018,61(1):86-97.
[18]El Gazzar M A A,Meakhail T,Mikhail S.Numerical study of flow inside an annular jet pump[J].Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer,2006,20(4):930-932.
[19]赵希坤，韩桢锷.鱼类克服流速能力的试验[J].水产学报，1980,4(1):31-37.Zhao Xikun,Han Zhen’e.Experiments on the current overcoming ability on freshwater fishes[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1980,4(1):31-37.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Long Xinping,Xu Maosen,Wang Jiong,et al.An experimental study of cavitation damage on tissue of Carassius auratus in a jet fish pump[J].Ocean Engineering,2019,174:43-50.