自杀倾向的话语表述——大学生“走饭”微博分析
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摘要
本文分析网名为"走饭"的大学生自杀身亡前三个月在其大、小两个微博账号的原发微博近千条,分析其话语特征特别是自杀倾向的表达。分析框架参考了Kupferberg和Gilat(2012)的"现实取向"与"非现实取向"话语区分,以及DSM抑郁症诊断标准(2013)。研究发现,走饭实施自杀前在其微博中反复、频繁表达了自己抑郁的痛苦和自杀意图,并纠结于求死和求生之间。两个微博账号的主要话语特征包括:1)使用现实与非现实的跨世界话语;2)去语境化、碎片化;3)有较大量符合抑郁症特征的表述;4)频繁使用死亡隐喻和意象,其中部分具有共性,部分具有博主所处的情境特性。此外,公开性强的大号与隐秘性强的小号也有若干差别,如自杀企图的表述在大号更为隐晦,在小号更为直接。研究对未来的话语分析与危机鉴别的结合研究、青少年自杀危机干预实践提出了启示。
This case study attempted to identify discourse features regarding suicidal tendencies of the depressed.The data analyzed were about 1,000 posts written by Chinese collegestudent"Zoufan"on her two microblog accounts,three months before her suicide.Analytical framework included Kupferberg's(2012)realis and irrealis worlds,and DSM diagnostic standards for depression disorder(2013).It was found that"Zoufan"had repeatedly expressed her depression,suicidal tendencies,and ambivalent desires for life and death.Common discourse features included 1)the overlapping between the realis and irrealis worlds,2)decontextualized and fragmented expressions;3)content in agreement with diagnostic features of the depression disorder;4)frequent use of metaphors and images of death.In addition,differences are found between the more public account and the more private one.For example,the expression of suicidal tendencies is more obscure in the public oneand more direct in the private one.The study has implications for discourse research related to crisis identification and the practice of crisis intervention.
This case study attempted to identify discourse features regarding suicidal tendencies of the depressed.The data analyzed were about 1,000 posts written by Chinese collegestudent"Zoufan"on her two microblog accounts,three months before her suicide.Analytical framework included Kupferberg's(2012)realis and irrealis worlds,and DSM diagnostic standards for depression disorder(2013).It was found that"Zoufan"had repeatedly expressed her depression,suicidal tendencies,and ambivalent desires for life and death.Common discourse features included 1)the overlapping between the realis and irrealis worlds,2)decontextualized and fragmented expressions;3)content in agreement with diagnostic features of the depression disorder;4)frequent use of metaphors and images of death.In addition,differences are found between the more public account and the more private one.For example,the expression of suicidal tendencies is more obscure in the public oneand more direct in the private one.The study has implications for discourse research related to crisis identification and the practice of crisis intervention.
引文
[1]American Psychiatric Association.2013.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(5th Edition)[M].Washington&London:American Psychiatric Publishing.
[2]Gough,B.2016.Mens depression talk online:A qualitative analysis of accountability and authenticity in help-seeking and support formulations[J].Psychology of Men&Masculinity,(2):156-164.
[3]Kupferberg,I.&I.Gilat.2012.The discursive self-construction of suicidal help seekers in computer-mediated discourse[J].Communication&Medicine,(1):23-35.
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[8]高一虹刘凤琴.2016.心理热线咨询中的危机评估话语及培训探索[J].天津外国语大学学报,(2):22-28.
[9]高一虹张雨涵.2017.“自杀”对大学生的心理意义---基于语义区分和话语分析的考察[J].话语研究论丛,(1):32-52.
[10]林聪明武志红.2017.那些想过自杀的年轻人们,后来怎么样了?[OL]http://www.sohu.com/a/191601317_354289,accessed 09/17/2017.
[11]孟玲.2017.有关“自杀”的多元声音对话与生命意义建构---高校生死教育课话语分析[J].话语研究论丛,(1):53-66.
[12]孟玲高一虹.2016.危机个案中咨询师多元身份认同的张力与协商---《自杀热线》话语分析[J].中国外语,(4):40-47.
[13]唐永卿杨宏飞.2003.大学生对自杀态度的调查[J].中国心理卫生杂志,(4):282-283.
[14]涂尔干·埃米尔.1996.自杀论[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[15]徐凯文.2016.为啥教师家庭孩子心理健康问题高发[OL].http://www.xinli001.com/info/100358886,accessed 01/12/2018.
[16]杨振斌李焰.2013.中国大学生自杀现象探讨[J].清华大学教育研究,(5):59-63.
(1)大、小号网址:https://weibo.com/xiaofan116?refer_flag=1001030101_&is_all=1、https://weibo.com/u/1655697581?topnav=1&wvr=6&topsug=1,accessed 01/12/2018.)
[2]Gough,B.2016.Mens depression talk online:A qualitative analysis of accountability and authenticity in help-seeking and support formulations[J].Psychology of Men&Masculinity,(2):156-164.
[3]Kupferberg,I.&I.Gilat.2012.The discursive self-construction of suicidal help seekers in computer-mediated discourse[J].Communication&Medicine,(1):23-35.
[4]Schneidman,E.1985.Ten commonalities of suicide and some implications for public policy[OL].The93rd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association.Los Angeles.https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED264506,accessed 12/01/2018.
[5]Schneidman,E.1993.Suicide as Psychache:A Clinical Approach to Self-Destructive Behavior[M].Northvale:Aronson.
[6]Schneidman,E.2004.Autopsy of a Suicidal Mind[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[7]Wiggins,S.,R.McQuade&S.Rasmussen.2016.Stepping back from crisis points:The provision and acknowledgement of support in an online suicide discussion forum[J].Qualitative Health Research,(9):1240-1251.
[8]高一虹刘凤琴.2016.心理热线咨询中的危机评估话语及培训探索[J].天津外国语大学学报,(2):22-28.
[9]高一虹张雨涵.2017.“自杀”对大学生的心理意义---基于语义区分和话语分析的考察[J].话语研究论丛,(1):32-52.
[10]林聪明武志红.2017.那些想过自杀的年轻人们,后来怎么样了?[OL]http://www.sohu.com/a/191601317_354289,accessed 09/17/2017.
[11]孟玲.2017.有关“自杀”的多元声音对话与生命意义建构---高校生死教育课话语分析[J].话语研究论丛,(1):53-66.
[12]孟玲高一虹.2016.危机个案中咨询师多元身份认同的张力与协商---《自杀热线》话语分析[J].中国外语,(4):40-47.
[13]唐永卿杨宏飞.2003.大学生对自杀态度的调查[J].中国心理卫生杂志,(4):282-283.
[14]涂尔干·埃米尔.1996.自杀论[M].北京:商务印书馆.
[15]徐凯文.2016.为啥教师家庭孩子心理健康问题高发[OL].http://www.xinli001.com/info/100358886,accessed 01/12/2018.
[16]杨振斌李焰.2013.中国大学生自杀现象探讨[J].清华大学教育研究,(5):59-63.
(1)大、小号网址:https://weibo.com/xiaofan116?refer_flag=1001030101_&is_all=1、https://weibo.com/u/1655697581?topnav=1&wvr=6&topsug=1,accessed 01/12/2018.)