南海西部富颗石柱状样的矿物学特征
|
摘要
颗石藻生物矿化作用形成的方解石质颗石化石富含地球化学信息,是古海洋研究的理想材料,而典型样品的获取及其矿物学研究是前提与基础。选取南海西部越南岸外夏季上升流区MD05-2901孔柱状样,通过颗石分布特征、生源组分、矿物物相和红外光谱等矿物学特征研究,探讨了颗石化石关联的沉积环境信息,进而探索了古海洋研究的新思路和方法。结果显示:南海西部MD05-2901孔柱状样从顶部到底部(随着深度的增大)颗石化石含量具有表层较高、中部含量最高、底部含量少的分布特征;有机碳含量在1.19%—2.78%,平均含量为1.99%,随深度的增加逐渐减小;以颗石为主的碳酸钙质无机碳含量在0.85%—1.65%波动,平均含量为1.12%,变化呈现较明显的周期性,与颗石的分布特征有强相关性;柱状样C/N分析表明这一时期沉积物主要为海洋自生沉积。富颗石沉积样品矿物物相主要含有方解石、伊利石、蒙脱石、绿泥石、高岭石,以及少量石英等。FTIR分析表明蒙脱石中可能吸附有机质,值得矿物学家深入研究。颗石藻沉积环境的矿物学特征富含沉积信息,为古海洋研究提供了新的研究途径。
Background, aim, and scope Coccolithophores is extremely sensitive to the ocean environment and climate change response because of its main growth in the upper light layer of the seawater, and be controlled by the temperature, acidity, light intensity and nutrient quality of the sea water. Coccolith was formed by Coccolithophores through a procedural process of biomineralization. Calcite fossil contained rich geochemical information, which is an ideal material for paleoceanography study. However, the acquisition of typical samples and the detailed research on minerology are the premise and foundation of obtaining reliable information. In this study, we performed a detailed mineralogical study of marine pore columnar samples from the upwelling area in the South China Sea off eastern Vietnam, in order to extract the sedimentary environment information related to coccoliths, and explore new ideas and methods of paleo-marine research. Materials and methods In the presented study, sediment samples were selected from core MD05-2901 which is in the upwelling area in the South China Sea off eastern Vietnam(14°22′50″N, 110°44′60″E), which belongs to the summer upwelling area off the coast of Vietnam in the west of the South China Sea, with a water depth of 1454 m and a column core length of 36.49 m. The bottom age of the sample was MIS 12, about 450 ka, and the time resolution was about 0.3 ka. The mineralogical characteristics of coccolith fossil species, biogenic components, mineral phases and FTIR spectra were identified for discussing coccoliths-related environmental information. New idea and method for study ancient marine environment were explored through presented study. Results The results show that:(1) columnar samples from the top to the bottom(with the increase of depth) have higher fossil content in the surface, the highest in the middle, and less in the bottom.(2) The organic carbon content ranged from 1.19% to 2.78%, and the average content is 1.99%, which decreased with the increase of depth.(3) The inorganic carbon content of calcium carbonate, which is dominated by pellets, fluctuates between 0.85% and 1.65%, and the average content is 1.12%, which shows obvious periodicity and is strongly related to the distribution characteristics of the pellets.(4) Columnar C/N analysis show that the sediments in this period were mainly marine authigenic deposits.(5) The mineralogical facies of the samples are mainly composed of calcite, illite, montmorillonite, chlorite, kaolinite and a small amount of quartz, etc.(6) FTIR analysis shows that montmorillonite may adsorb organic matter, which is worthy of further study by mineralogists. Discussion The changes of the species of coccoliths in the column reflect the trend of the vegetative cline depth in this area. It is believed that the variation of F. profunda content in the South China Sea is manifested as the characteristics of nutrient cline depth, interglacial deep and shallow deep glaciation, reflecting the change of wind intensity. The C/N in the Late Pleistocene columnar section showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the productivity reflected by coccolithophores decreased with the decrease of land source input. The quartz content increased with the increase of deposition depth, indicating that the columnar deposition environment changed to high-energy environment gradually. It is also found that the clay minerals and their compositions in the samples can reflect the control of terrestrial weathering by the East Asian Monsoon. Conclusions Based on the study of mineralogical characteristics of coccolith fossil species, biogenic components, mineral phases and FTIR spectra, we obtained the vegetative cline changes reflected by the content of coccolithophores in the column samples, as while as productivity reflected by carbonaceous composition and clay mineral was revealed. All this work shows that the detailed research on minerology are the premise and foundation of obtaining reliable information. Recommendations and perspectives The mineralogical characteristics of the sedimentary environment of Phaeophyllum are found to be rich in sedimentary information, which provides a new approach for the study of paleoceanography.
Background, aim, and scope Coccolithophores is extremely sensitive to the ocean environment and climate change response because of its main growth in the upper light layer of the seawater, and be controlled by the temperature, acidity, light intensity and nutrient quality of the sea water. Coccolith was formed by Coccolithophores through a procedural process of biomineralization. Calcite fossil contained rich geochemical information, which is an ideal material for paleoceanography study. However, the acquisition of typical samples and the detailed research on minerology are the premise and foundation of obtaining reliable information. In this study, we performed a detailed mineralogical study of marine pore columnar samples from the upwelling area in the South China Sea off eastern Vietnam, in order to extract the sedimentary environment information related to coccoliths, and explore new ideas and methods of paleo-marine research. Materials and methods In the presented study, sediment samples were selected from core MD05-2901 which is in the upwelling area in the South China Sea off eastern Vietnam(14°22′50″N, 110°44′60″E), which belongs to the summer upwelling area off the coast of Vietnam in the west of the South China Sea, with a water depth of 1454 m and a column core length of 36.49 m. The bottom age of the sample was MIS 12, about 450 ka, and the time resolution was about 0.3 ka. The mineralogical characteristics of coccolith fossil species, biogenic components, mineral phases and FTIR spectra were identified for discussing coccoliths-related environmental information. New idea and method for study ancient marine environment were explored through presented study. Results The results show that:(1) columnar samples from the top to the bottom(with the increase of depth) have higher fossil content in the surface, the highest in the middle, and less in the bottom.(2) The organic carbon content ranged from 1.19% to 2.78%, and the average content is 1.99%, which decreased with the increase of depth.(3) The inorganic carbon content of calcium carbonate, which is dominated by pellets, fluctuates between 0.85% and 1.65%, and the average content is 1.12%, which shows obvious periodicity and is strongly related to the distribution characteristics of the pellets.(4) Columnar C/N analysis show that the sediments in this period were mainly marine authigenic deposits.(5) The mineralogical facies of the samples are mainly composed of calcite, illite, montmorillonite, chlorite, kaolinite and a small amount of quartz, etc.(6) FTIR analysis shows that montmorillonite may adsorb organic matter, which is worthy of further study by mineralogists. Discussion The changes of the species of coccoliths in the column reflect the trend of the vegetative cline depth in this area. It is believed that the variation of F. profunda content in the South China Sea is manifested as the characteristics of nutrient cline depth, interglacial deep and shallow deep glaciation, reflecting the change of wind intensity. The C/N in the Late Pleistocene columnar section showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the productivity reflected by coccolithophores decreased with the decrease of land source input. The quartz content increased with the increase of deposition depth, indicating that the columnar deposition environment changed to high-energy environment gradually. It is also found that the clay minerals and their compositions in the samples can reflect the control of terrestrial weathering by the East Asian Monsoon. Conclusions Based on the study of mineralogical characteristics of coccolith fossil species, biogenic components, mineral phases and FTIR spectra, we obtained the vegetative cline changes reflected by the content of coccolithophores in the column samples, as while as productivity reflected by carbonaceous composition and clay mineral was revealed. All this work shows that the detailed research on minerology are the premise and foundation of obtaining reliable information. Recommendations and perspectives The mineralogical characteristics of the sedimentary environment of Phaeophyllum are found to be rich in sedimentary information, which provides a new approach for the study of paleoceanography.
引文
陈国成,郑洪波,李建如,等.2007.南海西部陆源沉积粒度组成的控制动力及其反映的东亚季风演化[J].科学通报,52(23):2768-2776.[Chen G C,Zheng H B,Li J R,et al.2007.Dynamic control on grain-size distribution of terrigenous sediments in the western South China Sea:implication for East Asian monsoon evolution[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,52(23):2768-2776.]
陈国成.2008.南海西部越南岸外45万年来沉积与地球化学记录及其古海洋学意义[D].上海:同济大学:1-60.[Chen G C.2008.Sedimentary and geochemical records of 450,000years off the Vietnamese coast in the west of the South China Sea and their paleoceanographic significance[D].Shanghai:Tongji University:1-60.]
黄永建,王成善,汪云亮.2005.古海洋生产力指标研究进展[J].地学前缘,12(2):163-170.[Huang Y J,Wang C S,Wang Y L.2005.Progress in the study of proxies of paleocean productivity[J].Earth Science Frontiers,12(2):163-170.]
金晓波,刘传联,褚智慧.2012.末次冰消期以来苏拉威西海颗石藻化石记录与古海洋变化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,32(4):131-137.[Jin X B,Liu C L,Chu Z H.2012.Coccolithophore records and their response to paleoclimatic and paleoenviromental changes in Sulawesi Sea from the last deglacial[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,32(4):131-137.]
李建如.2007.低纬海区碳储库与季风气候的轨道周期[D].上海:同济大学:1-96.[Li J R.2007.Carbon reservoir in low-latitude oceans and orbital cycles of monsoon climate[D].Shanghai:Tongji University:1-96.]
梁丹,刘传联.2012.颗石藻元素地球化学研究进展[J].地球科学进展,27(2):217-223.[Liang D,Liu C L.2012.Advances in element geochemistry analysis of coccolith[J].Advances in Earth Science,27(2):217-223.]
刘传联,成鑫荣,祝幼华,等.2002.南海南部近百万年来钙质超微化石氧、碳同位素记录[J].科学通报,47(5):330-335.[Liu C L,Cheng X R,Zhu Y H,et al.2002.Oxygen and carbon isotope records of calcareous nannofossils for the past 1 Ma in the southern South China Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,47(5):330-335.]
刘志飞,赵玉龙,李建如,等.2007.南海西部越南岸外晚第四纪黏土矿物记录:物源分析与东亚季风演化[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),37(9):1176-1184.[Liu Z F,Zhao Y L,Li J R,et al.2007.Late quaternary clay minerals off middle Vietnam in the western South China Sea:implications for source analysis and East Asian monsoon evolution[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),37(9):1176-1184.]
芮晓庆,刘传联,李志明.2014.颗石藻室内培养及应用研究进展[J].地球科学进展,29(11):1303-1313.[Rui X Q,Liu C L,Li Z M.2014.Advances in coccolithophore laboratory culture and their application research[J].Advances in Earth Science,29(11):1303-1313.]
芮晓庆,刘传联,梁丹,等.2011.南黄海表层沉积物中钙质超微化石的分布[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,31(5):89-94.[Rui X Q,Liu C L,Liang D,et al.2011.Distribution of calcareous nannofossils in the surface sediments of the southern Yellow Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,31(5):89-94.]
苏翔,刘传联,李建如.2007.越南岸外上升流区45万年来上层海水变化的颗石藻证据[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,27(2):71-76.[Su X,Liu C L,Li J R.2007.Coccolith evidence for variations in upper ocean water in upwelling area off the coast of Vietnam for the past450000 years[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,27(2):71-76.]
苏翔,刘传联.2008.颗石藻自动鉴定系统及其古海洋学应用--以南海MD05-2901柱状样研究为例[J].微体古生物学报,25(4):385-392.[Su X,Liu C L.2008.Application of automatic recognition system for coccoliths in paleoceanography:a case study at site MD05-2901,South China Sea[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,25(4):385-392.]
苏翔.2009.南海晚第四纪颗石藻化石记录及古海洋学意义[D].上海:同济大学:1-63.[Su X.2009.Fossil record and paleoceanographic significance of late Quaternary algae from the South China Sea[D].Shanghai:Tongji University:1-63.]
向霏,王汝建,李建如,等.2006.越南岸外上升流区48万年来高分辨率的生源组分记录及其古海洋学意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(6):81-89.[Xiang F,Wang R J,Li J R,et al.2006.High-resolution records of biogenic components and their paleoceanographic implications in the upwelling area of the South China Sea off eastern Vietnam over past 480 ka[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,26(6):81-89.]
俞文晔,刘传联,苏翔.2011.南海南部中布容期颗石藻化石记录及其意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,31(6):85-90.[Yu W Y,Liu C L,Su X.2011.Coccolith records and their meanings for the mid-brunhes interval in the southern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,31(6):85-90.]
邹翔,孙仕勇,林森,等.2017.海洋粘土矿物与颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi共培养的实验研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,36(2):274-280.[Zou X,Sun S Y,Lin S,et al.2017.An experimental study of co-culturing marine clay minerals and Emiliania huxleyi[J].Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,36(2):274-280.]
Bolton C T,Hernández-Sánchez M T,Fuertes Má,et al.2016.Decrease in coccolithophore calcification and CO2 since the middle Miocene[J].Nature Communications,7:10284.DOI:10.1038/ncomms10284.
Boulay S,Colin C,Trentesaux A,et al.2005.Sediment sources and East Asian monsoon intensity over the last450 ky.Mineralogical and geochemical investigations on South China Sea sediments[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,228(3/4):260-277.
Cabarcos E,Flores J A,Sierro F J.2014.High-resolution productivity record and reconstruction of ENSO dynamics during the Holocene in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific using coccolithophores[J].The Holocene,24(2):176-187.
Higginson M J,Maxwell J R,Altabet M A.2003.Nitrogen isotope and chlorin paleoproductivity records from the northern South China Sea:remote vs.local forcing of millennial-and orbitalscale variability[J].Marine Geology,201(1/2/3):223-250.
Huang B Q,Jian Z M,Cheng X R,et al.2003.Foraminiferal responses to upwelling variations in the South China Sea over the last 220000 years[J].Marine Micropaleontology,47(1/2):1-15.
Jian Z M,Wang L J.1997.Late Quaternary benthic foraminifera and deep-water paleoceanography in the South China Sea[J].Marine Micropaleontology,32(1/2):127-154.
Jian Z M,Wang L,Kienast M,et al.1999.Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last40000 years[J].Marine Geology,156(1/2/3/4):159-186.
Liu N N,Tong S Y,Yi X Q,et al.2017.Carbon assimilation and losses during an ocean acidification mesocosm experiment,with special reference to algal blooms[J].Marine Environmental Research,129:229-235.
Liu Z F,Colin C,Trentesaux A,et al.2005.Late Quaternary climatic control on erosion and weathering in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Mekong Basin[J].Quaternary Research,63(3):316-328.
Liu Z F,Trentesaux A,Clemens S C,et al.2003.Clay mineral assemblages in the northern South China Sea:implications for East Asian monsoon evolution over the past 2 million years[J].Marine Geology,201(1/2/3):133-146.
Molfino B,McIntyre A.1990.Precessional forcing of nutricline dynamics in the Equatorial Atlantic[J].Science,249(4970):766-769.
O’Dea S A,Gibbs S J,Bown P R,et al.2014.Coccolithophore calcification response to past ocean acidification and climate change[J].Nature Communications,5:5363.DOI:10.1038/ncomms6363.
Okada H,Honjo S.1973.The distribution of oceanic coccolithophorids in the Pacific[J].Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts,20(4):355-374.
Paasche E.2001.A review of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi(Prymnesiophyceae),with particular reference to growth,coccolith formation,and calcification-photosynthesis interactions[J].Phycologia,40(6):503-529.
Riebesell U,Zondervan I,Rost B,et al.2000.Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2[J].Nature,407(6802):364-367.
Taylor A R,Brownlee C,Wheeler G.2017.Coccolithophore cell biology:chalking up progress[J].Annual Review of Marine Science,9:283-310.
Thunell R C,Miao Q M,Calvert S E,et al.1992.GlacialHolocene biogenic sedimentation patterns in the South China Sea:productivity variations and surface water p CO2[J].Paleoceanography,7(2):143-162.
Tong S Y,Gao K S,Hutchins D A.2018.Adaptive evolution in the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica following1000 generations of selection under elevated CO2[J].Global Change Biology,24(7):3055-3064.
Wang P X,Tian J,Cheng X R,et al.2003.Carbon reservoir changes preceded major ice-sheet expansion at the midBrunhes event[J].Geology,31(3):239-242.
Zhao M X,Huang C Y,Wang C C,et al.2006.A millennialscale sea-surface temperature record from the South China Sea(8°N)over the last 150 kyr:monsoon and sealevel influence[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,236(1/2):39-55.
陈国成.2008.南海西部越南岸外45万年来沉积与地球化学记录及其古海洋学意义[D].上海:同济大学:1-60.[Chen G C.2008.Sedimentary and geochemical records of 450,000years off the Vietnamese coast in the west of the South China Sea and their paleoceanographic significance[D].Shanghai:Tongji University:1-60.]
黄永建,王成善,汪云亮.2005.古海洋生产力指标研究进展[J].地学前缘,12(2):163-170.[Huang Y J,Wang C S,Wang Y L.2005.Progress in the study of proxies of paleocean productivity[J].Earth Science Frontiers,12(2):163-170.]
金晓波,刘传联,褚智慧.2012.末次冰消期以来苏拉威西海颗石藻化石记录与古海洋变化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,32(4):131-137.[Jin X B,Liu C L,Chu Z H.2012.Coccolithophore records and their response to paleoclimatic and paleoenviromental changes in Sulawesi Sea from the last deglacial[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,32(4):131-137.]
李建如.2007.低纬海区碳储库与季风气候的轨道周期[D].上海:同济大学:1-96.[Li J R.2007.Carbon reservoir in low-latitude oceans and orbital cycles of monsoon climate[D].Shanghai:Tongji University:1-96.]
梁丹,刘传联.2012.颗石藻元素地球化学研究进展[J].地球科学进展,27(2):217-223.[Liang D,Liu C L.2012.Advances in element geochemistry analysis of coccolith[J].Advances in Earth Science,27(2):217-223.]
刘传联,成鑫荣,祝幼华,等.2002.南海南部近百万年来钙质超微化石氧、碳同位素记录[J].科学通报,47(5):330-335.[Liu C L,Cheng X R,Zhu Y H,et al.2002.Oxygen and carbon isotope records of calcareous nannofossils for the past 1 Ma in the southern South China Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,47(5):330-335.]
刘志飞,赵玉龙,李建如,等.2007.南海西部越南岸外晚第四纪黏土矿物记录:物源分析与东亚季风演化[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),37(9):1176-1184.[Liu Z F,Zhao Y L,Li J R,et al.2007.Late quaternary clay minerals off middle Vietnam in the western South China Sea:implications for source analysis and East Asian monsoon evolution[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),37(9):1176-1184.]
芮晓庆,刘传联,李志明.2014.颗石藻室内培养及应用研究进展[J].地球科学进展,29(11):1303-1313.[Rui X Q,Liu C L,Li Z M.2014.Advances in coccolithophore laboratory culture and their application research[J].Advances in Earth Science,29(11):1303-1313.]
芮晓庆,刘传联,梁丹,等.2011.南黄海表层沉积物中钙质超微化石的分布[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,31(5):89-94.[Rui X Q,Liu C L,Liang D,et al.2011.Distribution of calcareous nannofossils in the surface sediments of the southern Yellow Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,31(5):89-94.]
苏翔,刘传联,李建如.2007.越南岸外上升流区45万年来上层海水变化的颗石藻证据[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,27(2):71-76.[Su X,Liu C L,Li J R.2007.Coccolith evidence for variations in upper ocean water in upwelling area off the coast of Vietnam for the past450000 years[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,27(2):71-76.]
苏翔,刘传联.2008.颗石藻自动鉴定系统及其古海洋学应用--以南海MD05-2901柱状样研究为例[J].微体古生物学报,25(4):385-392.[Su X,Liu C L.2008.Application of automatic recognition system for coccoliths in paleoceanography:a case study at site MD05-2901,South China Sea[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,25(4):385-392.]
苏翔.2009.南海晚第四纪颗石藻化石记录及古海洋学意义[D].上海:同济大学:1-63.[Su X.2009.Fossil record and paleoceanographic significance of late Quaternary algae from the South China Sea[D].Shanghai:Tongji University:1-63.]
向霏,王汝建,李建如,等.2006.越南岸外上升流区48万年来高分辨率的生源组分记录及其古海洋学意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(6):81-89.[Xiang F,Wang R J,Li J R,et al.2006.High-resolution records of biogenic components and their paleoceanographic implications in the upwelling area of the South China Sea off eastern Vietnam over past 480 ka[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,26(6):81-89.]
俞文晔,刘传联,苏翔.2011.南海南部中布容期颗石藻化石记录及其意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,31(6):85-90.[Yu W Y,Liu C L,Su X.2011.Coccolith records and their meanings for the mid-brunhes interval in the southern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,31(6):85-90.]
邹翔,孙仕勇,林森,等.2017.海洋粘土矿物与颗石藻Emiliania huxleyi共培养的实验研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,36(2):274-280.[Zou X,Sun S Y,Lin S,et al.2017.An experimental study of co-culturing marine clay minerals and Emiliania huxleyi[J].Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,36(2):274-280.]
Bolton C T,Hernández-Sánchez M T,Fuertes Má,et al.2016.Decrease in coccolithophore calcification and CO2 since the middle Miocene[J].Nature Communications,7:10284.DOI:10.1038/ncomms10284.
Boulay S,Colin C,Trentesaux A,et al.2005.Sediment sources and East Asian monsoon intensity over the last450 ky.Mineralogical and geochemical investigations on South China Sea sediments[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,228(3/4):260-277.
Cabarcos E,Flores J A,Sierro F J.2014.High-resolution productivity record and reconstruction of ENSO dynamics during the Holocene in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific using coccolithophores[J].The Holocene,24(2):176-187.
Higginson M J,Maxwell J R,Altabet M A.2003.Nitrogen isotope and chlorin paleoproductivity records from the northern South China Sea:remote vs.local forcing of millennial-and orbitalscale variability[J].Marine Geology,201(1/2/3):223-250.
Huang B Q,Jian Z M,Cheng X R,et al.2003.Foraminiferal responses to upwelling variations in the South China Sea over the last 220000 years[J].Marine Micropaleontology,47(1/2):1-15.
Jian Z M,Wang L J.1997.Late Quaternary benthic foraminifera and deep-water paleoceanography in the South China Sea[J].Marine Micropaleontology,32(1/2):127-154.
Jian Z M,Wang L,Kienast M,et al.1999.Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last40000 years[J].Marine Geology,156(1/2/3/4):159-186.
Liu N N,Tong S Y,Yi X Q,et al.2017.Carbon assimilation and losses during an ocean acidification mesocosm experiment,with special reference to algal blooms[J].Marine Environmental Research,129:229-235.
Liu Z F,Colin C,Trentesaux A,et al.2005.Late Quaternary climatic control on erosion and weathering in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the Mekong Basin[J].Quaternary Research,63(3):316-328.
Liu Z F,Trentesaux A,Clemens S C,et al.2003.Clay mineral assemblages in the northern South China Sea:implications for East Asian monsoon evolution over the past 2 million years[J].Marine Geology,201(1/2/3):133-146.
Molfino B,McIntyre A.1990.Precessional forcing of nutricline dynamics in the Equatorial Atlantic[J].Science,249(4970):766-769.
O’Dea S A,Gibbs S J,Bown P R,et al.2014.Coccolithophore calcification response to past ocean acidification and climate change[J].Nature Communications,5:5363.DOI:10.1038/ncomms6363.
Okada H,Honjo S.1973.The distribution of oceanic coccolithophorids in the Pacific[J].Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts,20(4):355-374.
Paasche E.2001.A review of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi(Prymnesiophyceae),with particular reference to growth,coccolith formation,and calcification-photosynthesis interactions[J].Phycologia,40(6):503-529.
Riebesell U,Zondervan I,Rost B,et al.2000.Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2[J].Nature,407(6802):364-367.
Taylor A R,Brownlee C,Wheeler G.2017.Coccolithophore cell biology:chalking up progress[J].Annual Review of Marine Science,9:283-310.
Thunell R C,Miao Q M,Calvert S E,et al.1992.GlacialHolocene biogenic sedimentation patterns in the South China Sea:productivity variations and surface water p CO2[J].Paleoceanography,7(2):143-162.
Tong S Y,Gao K S,Hutchins D A.2018.Adaptive evolution in the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica following1000 generations of selection under elevated CO2[J].Global Change Biology,24(7):3055-3064.
Wang P X,Tian J,Cheng X R,et al.2003.Carbon reservoir changes preceded major ice-sheet expansion at the midBrunhes event[J].Geology,31(3):239-242.
Zhao M X,Huang C Y,Wang C C,et al.2006.A millennialscale sea-surface temperature record from the South China Sea(8°N)over the last 150 kyr:monsoon and sealevel influence[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,236(1/2):39-55.