北京建筑施工裸地时空变化及扬尘污染排放
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摘要
近年来北京城市格局逐步调整,伴随城市扩张与功能疏解,大规模建设工程使建筑施工裸地广泛分布于城市内部,施工扬尘带来的颗粒物污染已经成为影响空气质量的重要因素.选取北京平原区为研究区域,遥感反演了2013~2017年的建筑施工裸地,并分析了其时空分布特征.结合地面颗粒物浓度进行相关性分析,探讨城市建筑施工裸地对空气质量的影响.在此基础上,估算北京平原区2013~2017年建筑施工裸地的扬尘排放量.结果表明,北京建筑施工裸地沿中心城区向四周辐射,呈现出环形的带状分布,以城乡结合部最为集中.2013~2017年建筑施工裸地面积呈现先减后增的变化趋势,2015年后重心向东南偏移,逐步呈现出不均衡的分布特征.建筑施工裸地面积与PM10呈正相关,23个地面自动监测站点的相关系数均在0.80以上.2017年北京平原区建筑施工裸地颗粒物排放量核算结果如下:TSP排放量为39.5×10~4t、PM10排放量为19.4×10~4t、PM_(2.5)排放量为4.0×10~4t.单元网格的建筑施工裸地颗粒物排放强度向两级化发展,建筑施工裸地的局部集中导致高污染单元网格排放强度进一步增大.以标准化的PM10网格排放量为依据,将北京平原区分为低污染排放区、较低污染排放区、中污染排放区、较高污染排放区及高污染排放区5个级别,分级管控可以更有效地减轻扬尘污染影响.
Because of the continuous expansion of the city and the evacuation of non-core functions,the city pattern of Beijing has gradually changed in recent years.Based on many construction projects,building sites are widely distributed within the city.Therefore,fugitive dust emission is an important factor affecting the air quality in Beijing.This article focuses on the plain area in Beijing.Remote sensing was used to extract building sites from 2013 to 2017,analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the building sites,estimate the fugitive dust emission,and propose a grid-based emission classification management program.Research shows that the building sites form a belt surrounding the central urban area,mainly distributed in the urban-rural integration area.From 2013 to 2017,the area of the building sites first decreased and then increased.After 2015,the center of the building sites in Beijing shifted to the southeast and started to show an uneven distribution.The area of the building sites is positively correlated with the PM10 concentration.The correlation coefficients of 23 automatic ground monitoring stations are all above 0.80.Combined with the building site activity levels and emission factors,the estimated air pollutant emissions of TSP,PM10,and PM_(2.5) from building sites in 2017 were 39.5×10~4,19.4×10~4,and 4.0×10~4 t,respectively.The emission intensity of the pollution in the grid has developed towards polarization,which further increased the emission intensity of high-strength pollution grids.Based on standardized PM10 grid emissions of building suites,the plain area of Beijing can be divided into five categories:lower pollution,low pollution,medium pollution,high pollution,and higher pollution.
Because of the continuous expansion of the city and the evacuation of non-core functions,the city pattern of Beijing has gradually changed in recent years.Based on many construction projects,building sites are widely distributed within the city.Therefore,fugitive dust emission is an important factor affecting the air quality in Beijing.This article focuses on the plain area in Beijing.Remote sensing was used to extract building sites from 2013 to 2017,analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the building sites,estimate the fugitive dust emission,and propose a grid-based emission classification management program.Research shows that the building sites form a belt surrounding the central urban area,mainly distributed in the urban-rural integration area.From 2013 to 2017,the area of the building sites first decreased and then increased.After 2015,the center of the building sites in Beijing shifted to the southeast and started to show an uneven distribution.The area of the building sites is positively correlated with the PM10 concentration.The correlation coefficients of 23 automatic ground monitoring stations are all above 0.80.Combined with the building site activity levels and emission factors,the estimated air pollutant emissions of TSP,PM10,and PM_(2.5) from building sites in 2017 were 39.5×10~4,19.4×10~4,and 4.0×10~4 t,respectively.The emission intensity of the pollution in the grid has developed towards polarization,which further increased the emission intensity of high-strength pollution grids.Based on standardized PM10 grid emissions of building suites,the plain area of Beijing can be divided into five categories:lower pollution,low pollution,medium pollution,high pollution,and higher pollution.
引文
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[14]武媛媛,李如梅,彭林,等.运城市道路扬尘化学组成特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(5):1799-1806.Wu Y Y,Li R H,Peng L,et al.Chemical compositions and source apportionment of road dust in Yuncheng[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(5):1799-1806.
[15]Muleski G E,Cowherd C Jr,Kinsey J S.Particulate emissions from construction activities[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2005,55(6):772-783.
[16]Cowherd C Jr,Axetell K Jr,Guenther C M,et al.Development of emission factors for fugitive dust sources,EPA-450/3-74-037[R].North Carolina:Research Triangle Park,1974.
[17]黄玉虎,田刚,秦建平,等.不同施工阶段扬尘污染特征研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(12):2885-2888.Huang Y H,Tian G,Qin J P,et al.Characteristics of fugitive dust pollution in different construction phases[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(12):2885-2888.
[18]田刚,李钢,闫宝林,等.施工扬尘空间扩散规律研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):259-262.Tian G,Li G,Yan B L,et al.Spatial dispersion laws of fugitive dust from construction sites[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(1):259-262.
[19]赵普生,冯银厂,张裕芬,等.建筑施工扬尘排放因子定量模型研究及应用[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(6):567-573.Zhao P S,Feng Y C,Zhang Y F,et al.Modeling and impact study of fugitive dust emissions from building construction sites[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(6):567-573.
[20]田刚,黄玉虎,李钢.四维通量法施工扬尘排放模型的建立与应用[J].环境科学,2009,30(4):1003-1007.Tian G,Huang Y H,Li G.Establishment and application of four-dimensional fluxes emission factor model for construction fugitive dust[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(4):1003-1007.
[21]薛亦峰,周震,黄玉虎,等.北京市建筑施工扬尘排放特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2231-2237.Xue Y F,Zhou Z,Huang Y H,et al.Fugitive dust emission characteristics from building construction sites of Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2231-2237.
[22]张雯婷,王雪松,刘兆荣,等.贵阳建筑扬尘PM10排放及环境影响的模拟研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(2):258-264.Zhang W T,Wang X S,Liu Z R,et al.Construction fugitive PM10emission and its influences on air quality in Guiyang[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2010,46(2):258-264.
[23]徐谦,李令军,赵文慧,等.北京市建筑施工裸地的空间分布及扬尘效应[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(5):78-85.Xu Q,Li L J,Zhao W H,et al.Spatial distribution of building sites and related emissions of particulate across Beijing,China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(5):78-85.
[24]中华人民共和国环境保护部.扬尘源颗粒物排放清单编制技术指南(试行)[Z].2014-12-31.
[25]北京市统计局,国家统计局北京调查总队.北京统计年鉴:2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.
[2]Zhao P S,Feng Y C,Zhu T,et al.Characterizations of resuspended dust in six cities of North China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(30):5807-6814.
[3]Bi X H,Feng Y C,Wu J H,et al.Source apportionment of PM10in six cities of Northern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(5):903-912.
[4]马国鑫,韩豫,陆建飞,等.基于无人机的施工扬尘污染源自动监测系统设计与实现[J].中国环境监测,2018,34(1):151-156.Ma G X,Han Y,Lu J F,et al.Design and implementation of automatic monitoring system for constructional fugitive dust pollution sources based on UAV[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2018,34(1):151-156.
[5]Watson J G,Chow J C.Reconciling urban fugitive dust emissions inventory and ambient source contribution estimates:Summary of current knowledge and needed research[R].New York:DRTDocument,2000.
[6]吴丹,刘仕杰,王震宇.城市建筑施工扬尘控制及其标准的研究进展[J].辽宁大学学报(自然科学版),2014,41(4):380-384.Wu D,Liu S J,Wang Z Y.A review on the construction dust control measures and emission standards[J].Journal of Liaoning University(Natural Sciences Edition),2014,41(4):380-384.
[7]刘奥博,吴其重,陈雅婷,等.北京市平原区裸露地风蚀扬尘排放量[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(2):471-477.Liu A B,Wu Q Z,Chen Y T,et al.Estimation of dust emissions from bare soil erosion over Beijing plain area[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(2):471-477.
[8]王海婷,温杰,徐娇,等.天津市城市扬尘及土壤尘单颗粒质谱特征[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(5):844-852.Wang H T,Wen J,Xu J,et al.Characteristics of single urban raised dust and soil dust in Tianjin city[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(5):844-852.
[9]赵静琦,姬亚芹,张蕾,等.基于样方法的天津市春季道路扬尘PM2.5中水溶性离子特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):1994-1999.Zhao J Q,Ji Y Q,Zhang L,et al.Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble inorganic ions in road dust PM2.5during spring in Tianjin using the quadrat sampling method[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):1994-1999.
[10]李贝贝,秦建平,祁丽荣,等.城市道路行道树树池裸地扬尘排放特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1031-1039.Li B B,Qin J P,Qi L R,et al.Emission characteristics of wind erosion dust from topsoil of urban roadside-tree pool[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1031-1039.
[11]王燕,彭林,李丽娟,等.晋城城市扬尘化学组成特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):82-87.Wang Y,Peng L,Li L J,et al.Chemical compositions and sources apportionment of re-suspended dust in Jincheng[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(1):82-87.
[12]赵普生,冯银厂,金晶,等.建筑施工扬尘特征与监控指标[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(8):1618-1623.Zhao P S,Feng Y C,Jin J,et al.Characteristics and control indicators of fugitive dust from building construction sites[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(8):1618-1623.
[13]余南娇,黄渤,李梅,等.大气细颗粒物扬尘源单颗粒质谱特征[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(4):1262-1268.Yu N J,Huang B,Li M,et al.Single particle characteristics of fine particulate matter in dust[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(4):1262-1268.
[14]武媛媛,李如梅,彭林,等.运城市道路扬尘化学组成特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(5):1799-1806.Wu Y Y,Li R H,Peng L,et al.Chemical compositions and source apportionment of road dust in Yuncheng[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(5):1799-1806.
[15]Muleski G E,Cowherd C Jr,Kinsey J S.Particulate emissions from construction activities[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2005,55(6):772-783.
[16]Cowherd C Jr,Axetell K Jr,Guenther C M,et al.Development of emission factors for fugitive dust sources,EPA-450/3-74-037[R].North Carolina:Research Triangle Park,1974.
[17]黄玉虎,田刚,秦建平,等.不同施工阶段扬尘污染特征研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(12):2885-2888.Huang Y H,Tian G,Qin J P,et al.Characteristics of fugitive dust pollution in different construction phases[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(12):2885-2888.
[18]田刚,李钢,闫宝林,等.施工扬尘空间扩散规律研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):259-262.Tian G,Li G,Yan B L,et al.Spatial dispersion laws of fugitive dust from construction sites[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(1):259-262.
[19]赵普生,冯银厂,张裕芬,等.建筑施工扬尘排放因子定量模型研究及应用[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(6):567-573.Zhao P S,Feng Y C,Zhang Y F,et al.Modeling and impact study of fugitive dust emissions from building construction sites[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(6):567-573.
[20]田刚,黄玉虎,李钢.四维通量法施工扬尘排放模型的建立与应用[J].环境科学,2009,30(4):1003-1007.Tian G,Huang Y H,Li G.Establishment and application of four-dimensional fluxes emission factor model for construction fugitive dust[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(4):1003-1007.
[21]薛亦峰,周震,黄玉虎,等.北京市建筑施工扬尘排放特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2231-2237.Xue Y F,Zhou Z,Huang Y H,et al.Fugitive dust emission characteristics from building construction sites of Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2231-2237.
[22]张雯婷,王雪松,刘兆荣,等.贵阳建筑扬尘PM10排放及环境影响的模拟研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(2):258-264.Zhang W T,Wang X S,Liu Z R,et al.Construction fugitive PM10emission and its influences on air quality in Guiyang[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2010,46(2):258-264.
[23]徐谦,李令军,赵文慧,等.北京市建筑施工裸地的空间分布及扬尘效应[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(5):78-85.Xu Q,Li L J,Zhao W H,et al.Spatial distribution of building sites and related emissions of particulate across Beijing,China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(5):78-85.
[24]中华人民共和国环境保护部.扬尘源颗粒物排放清单编制技术指南(试行)[Z].2014-12-31.
[25]北京市统计局,国家统计局北京调查总队.北京统计年鉴:2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.