唐家河国家级自然保护区林麝排便点偏好
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摘要
林麝(Moschusberezovskii)是重要的资源动物,也是生态系统中的重要一员,由于过度捕猎和栖息地破碎化等导致其种群急剧下降。恢复林麝种群的根本方法是保护和恢复其栖息地。林麝的排便点分布在其整个活动区内,且有很好的指示作用。本研究通过分析林麝排便点位置,了解林麝栖息地选择偏好。在唐家河国家级自然保护区内不同海拔梯度布置17个1 km×1 km的样方,每个样方内至少1条样线,样线每隔400 m设置搜索样线,以发现排便点为中心设置1个10 m×10 m利用样方,若未发现排便点,在搜索样线中部设置1个10 m×10 m对照样方,并记录样方内的生境因子。采用Ivlev的选择性指数、广义线性模型及多重对应法分析林麝对生境因子的偏好。结果发现,林麝最为偏好的植被类型为针阔混交林(E=0.528),而规避常绿阔叶林(E=﹣1)、次生落叶阔叶林(E=﹣0.816)和常绿落叶阔叶林(E=﹣0.585)。此外,海拔、灌丛盖度和坡度也显著影响林麝栖息地偏好,其排便点集中分布在海拔2 000～2 600 m区间,并且偏好有一定灌丛盖度且坡度陡的生境。
Forest Musk Deer(Moschus berezovskii) is an important member of ecosystem and has great commercial value also. Forest musk deer is threatened by poaching for musk pod and habitat fragmentation.Therefore, Studying on Musk Deer's habitat preferences plays a crucial role in protecting their habitat. Musk Deer is a solitary mammal and is not easily found in the field. However, Musk deer has a specific defecation behavior that they uses repeatedly one or more specific defecation sites. Those latrines can be found through out its habitat. In order understand the habitat preference of Forest Musk Deer in Tangjiahe National Nature reserve, we selected 17 quadrats of 1 km × 1 km in size through out the elevation gradient 2 300﹣3 200 m(Fig.1). Within each quadrat, we checked the deer latrine by walking a transect of 2.5 km length and 10 meter width. We also recorded both biotic and abiotic factors within the transcetion. Ivlev's electivity index,generalized linear model and multiple correspondence analysis were used to analyze the data. We found that the forest musk deer prefers to use latrine sites in coniferous and broad leaf forests(E = 0.528) and avoid evergreen broad-leaved forest(E =﹣1),secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest(E =﹣0.816) and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest(E =﹣0.585). Latrines of musk deer were densely distributed between 2000 m and 2 600 m altitude. Further more,shrub coverage and slope have a crucially influence in latrine preference of forest musk deer(Table 2, 3).
Forest Musk Deer(Moschus berezovskii) is an important member of ecosystem and has great commercial value also. Forest musk deer is threatened by poaching for musk pod and habitat fragmentation.Therefore, Studying on Musk Deer's habitat preferences plays a crucial role in protecting their habitat. Musk Deer is a solitary mammal and is not easily found in the field. However, Musk deer has a specific defecation behavior that they uses repeatedly one or more specific defecation sites. Those latrines can be found through out its habitat. In order understand the habitat preference of Forest Musk Deer in Tangjiahe National Nature reserve, we selected 17 quadrats of 1 km × 1 km in size through out the elevation gradient 2 300﹣3 200 m(Fig.1). Within each quadrat, we checked the deer latrine by walking a transect of 2.5 km length and 10 meter width. We also recorded both biotic and abiotic factors within the transcetion. Ivlev's electivity index,generalized linear model and multiple correspondence analysis were used to analyze the data. We found that the forest musk deer prefers to use latrine sites in coniferous and broad leaf forests(E = 0.528) and avoid evergreen broad-leaved forest(E =﹣1),secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest(E =﹣0.816) and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest(E =﹣0.585). Latrines of musk deer were densely distributed between 2000 m and 2 600 m altitude. Further more,shrub coverage and slope have a crucially influence in latrine preference of forest musk deer(Table 2, 3).
引文
Aadrean,Usio N.2017.Small-clawed otters(Aonyx cinereus)in Indonesian rice fields:latrine site characteristics and visitation frequency.Ecological Research,32(6):1-10.
Allen-Rowlandson T S.1986.An autecological study of bushbuck and common duiker in relation to forest management.Pietermaritzburg:PhD Thesis,University of Natal.
Eppley T M,Ganzhorn J U,Donati G.2016.Latrine behaviour as a multimodal communicatory signal station in wild lemurs:the case of Hapalemur meridionalis.Animal Behaviour,111:57-67.
Gilbert K A.1997.Red howling monkey use of specific defecation sites as a parasite avoidance strategy.Animal Behaviour,54(2):451-455.
Green M J B.1986.The distribution,status and conservation of the Himalayan musk deer Moschus chrysogaster.Biological Conservation,35(4):347-375.
Green M J B.1987.Scent-marking in the Himalayan musk deer(Moschus chrysogaster).Journal of Zoology,1(4):721-737.
Irwin M T,Samonds K E,Raharison J L,et al.2004.Lemur latrines:Observations of latrine behavior in wild primates and possible ecological significance.Journal of Mammalogy,85(3):420-427.
Khadka K K,James D A.2016.Habitat selection by endangered Himalayan musk deer(Moschus chrysogaster)and impacts of livestock grazing in Nepal Himalaya:Implications for conservation.Journal for Nature Conservation,31:38-42.
Meng X,Zhou C,Hu J,et al.2006.Musk deer farming in China.Animal Science,82(1):1-6.
Shresth B B,Meng X.2014.Spring habitat preference,association and threats of Himalayan musk deer(Moschus leucogaster)in Gaurishankar Conservation Area,Nepal.International Journal of Conservation Science,5(4):535-546.
Singh P B,Shrestha B B,Thapa A,et al.2018.Selection of latrine sites by Himalayan musk deer(Moschus leucogaster)in Neshyang Valley,Annapurna Conservation Area,Nepal.Journal of Applied Animal Research,46(1):920-926.
Sokolov V E,Kagan M Z,Vasilieva V S,et al.1987.Musk deer(Moschus moschiferus):Reinvestigation of main lipid components from preputial gland secretion.Journal of Chemical Ecology,13(1):71.
Wronski T,Plath M.2010.Characterization of the spatial distribution of latrines in reintroduced mountain gazelles:do latrines demarcate female group home ranges?Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,280(1):92-101.
Yang Q,Meng X,Xia L,et al.2003.Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China.Biological Conservation,109(3):333-342.
郭建,程晓峰,巨云为,等.2001.冶勒自然保护区林麝对生境选择研究.应用与环境生物学报,7(2):183-185.
胡锦矗.2005.四川唐家河自然保护区综合科学考察报告.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
胡忠军,王淯,薛文杰,等.2007.陕西紫柏山自然保护区林麝种群密度.浙江农林大学学报,24(1):65-71.
黄尤优,刘守江,张鹤,等.2008.唐家河自然保护区植被景观空间格局分析.中南林业科技大学学报,28(1):108-112.
鲁庆彬,胡锦矗.2005.四川石渠县藏原羚夏季数量集群及分布特点.内江师范学院学报,20(2):77-82.
盛和林.1996.我国麝资源现状及救护措施.野生动物学报,(3):10-12.
盛和林.2007.中国麝科动物.上海:上海科学技术出版社,188-192.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理.北京:北京师范大学出版社,258-259
佟梦,潘世秀,王向伟,等.2010.甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝夏季栖息地特征及生境选择格局.动物学研究,31(6):610-616.
王会志,盛和林.1988.四川盆地西北缘林麝种群密度及保护与利用.兽类学报,8(4):241-249.
魏辅文,王维.1995.四川马边大风顶自然保护区林麝种群密度初步分析.四川动物,(2):66-67.
向长兴.1974.广西壮族自治区麝的生态和活捕方法的调查.动物学杂志,9(2):9-10.
杨萃,马光,孟秀祥,等.2011.凉山山系林麝夏季利用生境特征.生态学杂志,30(1):18-23.
杨奇森,彭基泰.1990.横断山脉北部林麝的种群生态研究.西华师范大学学报:自然科学版,10(4):255-262.
Allen-Rowlandson T S.1986.An autecological study of bushbuck and common duiker in relation to forest management.Pietermaritzburg:PhD Thesis,University of Natal.
Eppley T M,Ganzhorn J U,Donati G.2016.Latrine behaviour as a multimodal communicatory signal station in wild lemurs:the case of Hapalemur meridionalis.Animal Behaviour,111:57-67.
Gilbert K A.1997.Red howling monkey use of specific defecation sites as a parasite avoidance strategy.Animal Behaviour,54(2):451-455.
Green M J B.1986.The distribution,status and conservation of the Himalayan musk deer Moschus chrysogaster.Biological Conservation,35(4):347-375.
Green M J B.1987.Scent-marking in the Himalayan musk deer(Moschus chrysogaster).Journal of Zoology,1(4):721-737.
Irwin M T,Samonds K E,Raharison J L,et al.2004.Lemur latrines:Observations of latrine behavior in wild primates and possible ecological significance.Journal of Mammalogy,85(3):420-427.
Khadka K K,James D A.2016.Habitat selection by endangered Himalayan musk deer(Moschus chrysogaster)and impacts of livestock grazing in Nepal Himalaya:Implications for conservation.Journal for Nature Conservation,31:38-42.
Meng X,Zhou C,Hu J,et al.2006.Musk deer farming in China.Animal Science,82(1):1-6.
Shresth B B,Meng X.2014.Spring habitat preference,association and threats of Himalayan musk deer(Moschus leucogaster)in Gaurishankar Conservation Area,Nepal.International Journal of Conservation Science,5(4):535-546.
Singh P B,Shrestha B B,Thapa A,et al.2018.Selection of latrine sites by Himalayan musk deer(Moschus leucogaster)in Neshyang Valley,Annapurna Conservation Area,Nepal.Journal of Applied Animal Research,46(1):920-926.
Sokolov V E,Kagan M Z,Vasilieva V S,et al.1987.Musk deer(Moschus moschiferus):Reinvestigation of main lipid components from preputial gland secretion.Journal of Chemical Ecology,13(1):71.
Wronski T,Plath M.2010.Characterization of the spatial distribution of latrines in reintroduced mountain gazelles:do latrines demarcate female group home ranges?Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,280(1):92-101.
Yang Q,Meng X,Xia L,et al.2003.Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China.Biological Conservation,109(3):333-342.
郭建,程晓峰,巨云为,等.2001.冶勒自然保护区林麝对生境选择研究.应用与环境生物学报,7(2):183-185.
胡锦矗.2005.四川唐家河自然保护区综合科学考察报告.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
胡忠军,王淯,薛文杰,等.2007.陕西紫柏山自然保护区林麝种群密度.浙江农林大学学报,24(1):65-71.
黄尤优,刘守江,张鹤,等.2008.唐家河自然保护区植被景观空间格局分析.中南林业科技大学学报,28(1):108-112.
鲁庆彬,胡锦矗.2005.四川石渠县藏原羚夏季数量集群及分布特点.内江师范学院学报,20(2):77-82.
盛和林.1996.我国麝资源现状及救护措施.野生动物学报,(3):10-12.
盛和林.2007.中国麝科动物.上海:上海科学技术出版社,188-192.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理.北京:北京师范大学出版社,258-259
佟梦,潘世秀,王向伟,等.2010.甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝夏季栖息地特征及生境选择格局.动物学研究,31(6):610-616.
王会志,盛和林.1988.四川盆地西北缘林麝种群密度及保护与利用.兽类学报,8(4):241-249.
魏辅文,王维.1995.四川马边大风顶自然保护区林麝种群密度初步分析.四川动物,(2):66-67.
向长兴.1974.广西壮族自治区麝的生态和活捕方法的调查.动物学杂志,9(2):9-10.
杨萃,马光,孟秀祥,等.2011.凉山山系林麝夏季利用生境特征.生态学杂志,30(1):18-23.
杨奇森,彭基泰.1990.横断山脉北部林麝的种群生态研究.西华师范大学学报:自然科学版,10(4):255-262.