美国公共牧草地的市场化管理过程及启示
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摘要
当前中国草原管理制度存在不能很好适应市场经济的缺点,而深化中国草原经济体制改革是全面建设草原现代化经济体系的基本途径。本文探讨了美国草原管理体系建立过程,重点分析了以征收放牧费为核心的近代美国市场化管理体系建立过程,阐述了美国草原管理制度依据市场变化调节放牧费的调节机理,指出美国放牧费管理体系中仍存在放牧费偏低等体制性问题。最后结合美国草原管理体系的历史经验和教训,对中国草原经济体制改革提出了一些初步建议,并认为建立市场化管理体系是全面建设草原现代化经济体系的当务之急。
引文
[1]杨理,侯向阳.弹性与草畜平衡管理关系初探[J].草业科学,2004,21(S1):77-80.
[2]郝益东.探究美国草原放牧演进改革牧区放牧方式[J].草原与草业,2013,25(2):2-6.
[3]ANDERSON D P,RICHARDSON J W,KNUTSON R D,et al.Alternative grazing fee formula impacts on representative public land ranches[J]. Journal of Range Management,1993,46(6):548-554.
[4]TAL A.The logic and logistics of grazing regulations[J]. Land Degradation & Development,2009,20(4):455-467.
[5]FALEN F J,BUDD-FALEN K.The right to graze livestock on the federal lands:the historical development of western grazing rights[J]. Idaho Law Review,1994,30:505-524.
[6]戎郁萍,白可喻,张智山.美国草原管理法律法规发展状况[J].草业学报,2007,16(5):133-139.
[7]POLING M.Legal milestones in range management[J]. Renewable Resources Journal,1991,9(2):7-10.
[8]TORELL L A,DOLL J P.Public land policy and the value of grazing permits[J]. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics,1991,16(1):174-184.
[9]HOLECHEK J L,JR K H.Government policy influences on rangeland conditions in the United States:a case example[J]. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,1995,37(1-3):179-187.
[10]ROSS J V H.Managing the public rangelands:50 years since the Taylor Grazing Act[J]. Rangelands,1984,6(4):147-151.
[11]Bureau of Land Management.Livestock Grazing [DB/OL]. [2015-12-14]. http://www.blm.gov /wo/ st/en/ prog/ grazing.html.
[12]HANSEN Z K,LIBECAP G D.The allocation of property rights to land:US land policy and farm failure in the northern Great Plains[J]. Explorations in Economic History,2004,41(2):103-129.
[13]RIMBEY N R,TANAKA J A,TORELL L A.Economic considerations of livestock grazing on public lands in the United States of America[J]. Animal Frontiers,2015,5(4):32-35.
[14]缪建明,李维薇.美国草地资源管理与借鉴[J].草业科学,2006,23(5):20-23.
[15]HESS J K,HOLECHEK J L.Beyond the grazing fee:an agenda for range land reform[R]. Cato Policy Analysis 234,1995.
[16]VINCENT C H.Grazing fees:overview and issues[R]. CRS Report for Congress,RS21232,2012.
[17]GLASER C,ROMANIELLO C,MOSKOWITZ K.Cost and consequences:the real price of livestock grazing on American’s public lands[R]. The Center for Biological Diversity,2015.
[18]TORELL L A,TASSELL L W V.An evaluation of the federal grazing fee formula[J]. Journal of Range Management,2003,56(6):577-584.
[19]LAFRANCE J T,WATTS M J.Public grazing in the West and “Rangeland Reform '94”[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1995,77(3):447-461.
[20]TASSELL L W V,TORELL L A.Comparison of forage value on private and public grazing leases[J]. Journal of Range Management,1997,50(3):300-306.
[21]Government Accountability Office.Livestock grazing:federal expenditures and receipts vary,depending on the agency and the purpose of the fee charged[J]. Government Accountability Office Reports,2005,22(8):656-659.
[22]LAMBERT D K.Grazing on public rangelands:an evolving problem of property rights[J]. Contemporary Economic Policy,2010,13(2):119-128.
[23]GENTNER B J,TANAKA J A.Classifying federal public land grazing permittees[J]. Journal of Range Management,2002,55(1):2-11.
[24]LAMBERT D K,SHONKWILER J S.Property rights,grazing permits,and rancher welfare[J]. Journal of Agricultural & Resource Economics,1995,20(1):146-164.
[25]FLEISCHNER T L.Ecological costs of livestock grazing in Western North America[J]. Conservation Biology,2010,8(3):629-644.
[26]MCCARL B A,BROKKEN R F.An economic analysis of alternative grazing fee systems[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1985,67(4):769-778.
[27]RITTEN J P,BASTIAN C T,FRASIER W M.Economically optimal stocking rates:a bioeconomic grazing model[J]. Rangeland Ecology & Management,2010,63(4):407-414.
[28]曹晔.市场经济体制下牧区草地资源经营机制初探[J].中国草地,1994(6):53-56.
[29]党国英.以市场化为目标改造农村社会经济制度——当前农村政策的一个评论[J].中国农村观察,2002(3):72-79.
[30]杨理.草原治理:如何进一步完善草原家庭承包制[J].中国农村经济,2007(12):62-67.
[31]LAURENT-LUCCHETTI J,SANTUGINI M.Ownership risk and the use of common-pool natural resources[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2012,63(2):242-259.
[32]杨理.基于市场经济的草权制度改革研究[J].农业经济问题,2011(10):102-108.
[33]GONGBUZEREN,ZHUANG M,LI W.Market-based grazing land transfers and customary institutions in the management of rangelands:two case studies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Land Use Policy,2016,57:287-295.
[2]郝益东.探究美国草原放牧演进改革牧区放牧方式[J].草原与草业,2013,25(2):2-6.
[3]ANDERSON D P,RICHARDSON J W,KNUTSON R D,et al.Alternative grazing fee formula impacts on representative public land ranches[J]. Journal of Range Management,1993,46(6):548-554.
[4]TAL A.The logic and logistics of grazing regulations[J]. Land Degradation & Development,2009,20(4):455-467.
[5]FALEN F J,BUDD-FALEN K.The right to graze livestock on the federal lands:the historical development of western grazing rights[J]. Idaho Law Review,1994,30:505-524.
[6]戎郁萍,白可喻,张智山.美国草原管理法律法规发展状况[J].草业学报,2007,16(5):133-139.
[7]POLING M.Legal milestones in range management[J]. Renewable Resources Journal,1991,9(2):7-10.
[8]TORELL L A,DOLL J P.Public land policy and the value of grazing permits[J]. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics,1991,16(1):174-184.
[9]HOLECHEK J L,JR K H.Government policy influences on rangeland conditions in the United States:a case example[J]. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,1995,37(1-3):179-187.
[10]ROSS J V H.Managing the public rangelands:50 years since the Taylor Grazing Act[J]. Rangelands,1984,6(4):147-151.
[11]Bureau of Land Management.Livestock Grazing [DB/OL]. [2015-12-14]. http://www.blm.gov /wo/ st/en/ prog/ grazing.html.
[12]HANSEN Z K,LIBECAP G D.The allocation of property rights to land:US land policy and farm failure in the northern Great Plains[J]. Explorations in Economic History,2004,41(2):103-129.
[13]RIMBEY N R,TANAKA J A,TORELL L A.Economic considerations of livestock grazing on public lands in the United States of America[J]. Animal Frontiers,2015,5(4):32-35.
[14]缪建明,李维薇.美国草地资源管理与借鉴[J].草业科学,2006,23(5):20-23.
[15]HESS J K,HOLECHEK J L.Beyond the grazing fee:an agenda for range land reform[R]. Cato Policy Analysis 234,1995.
[16]VINCENT C H.Grazing fees:overview and issues[R]. CRS Report for Congress,RS21232,2012.
[17]GLASER C,ROMANIELLO C,MOSKOWITZ K.Cost and consequences:the real price of livestock grazing on American’s public lands[R]. The Center for Biological Diversity,2015.
[18]TORELL L A,TASSELL L W V.An evaluation of the federal grazing fee formula[J]. Journal of Range Management,2003,56(6):577-584.
[19]LAFRANCE J T,WATTS M J.Public grazing in the West and “Rangeland Reform '94”[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1995,77(3):447-461.
[20]TASSELL L W V,TORELL L A.Comparison of forage value on private and public grazing leases[J]. Journal of Range Management,1997,50(3):300-306.
[21]Government Accountability Office.Livestock grazing:federal expenditures and receipts vary,depending on the agency and the purpose of the fee charged[J]. Government Accountability Office Reports,2005,22(8):656-659.
[22]LAMBERT D K.Grazing on public rangelands:an evolving problem of property rights[J]. Contemporary Economic Policy,2010,13(2):119-128.
[23]GENTNER B J,TANAKA J A.Classifying federal public land grazing permittees[J]. Journal of Range Management,2002,55(1):2-11.
[24]LAMBERT D K,SHONKWILER J S.Property rights,grazing permits,and rancher welfare[J]. Journal of Agricultural & Resource Economics,1995,20(1):146-164.
[25]FLEISCHNER T L.Ecological costs of livestock grazing in Western North America[J]. Conservation Biology,2010,8(3):629-644.
[26]MCCARL B A,BROKKEN R F.An economic analysis of alternative grazing fee systems[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1985,67(4):769-778.
[27]RITTEN J P,BASTIAN C T,FRASIER W M.Economically optimal stocking rates:a bioeconomic grazing model[J]. Rangeland Ecology & Management,2010,63(4):407-414.
[28]曹晔.市场经济体制下牧区草地资源经营机制初探[J].中国草地,1994(6):53-56.
[29]党国英.以市场化为目标改造农村社会经济制度——当前农村政策的一个评论[J].中国农村观察,2002(3):72-79.
[30]杨理.草原治理:如何进一步完善草原家庭承包制[J].中国农村经济,2007(12):62-67.
[31]LAURENT-LUCCHETTI J,SANTUGINI M.Ownership risk and the use of common-pool natural resources[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2012,63(2):242-259.
[32]杨理.基于市场经济的草权制度改革研究[J].农业经济问题,2011(10):102-108.
[33]GONGBUZEREN,ZHUANG M,LI W.Market-based grazing land transfers and customary institutions in the management of rangelands:two case studies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Land Use Policy,2016,57:287-295.