垄作覆膜对旱地春玉米生长前期水分利用的影响
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摘要
旱作地区具有降雨少、分布不均等特点,导致春玉米生长前期易受干旱影响造成减产,通过垄作覆膜可以改善旱作地区春玉米水分利用状况,增强期抗旱能力。本试验设置垄作覆膜、起垄覆膜(未播种)、露地平作及撂荒4个种植模式处理,分别测定各处理在播种前、苗期、拔节期和大喇叭口期0～20 cm,20～40 cm,40～60 cm土壤含水量和储水量,分析春玉米地上干物质量和水分利用效率,研究垄作覆膜栽培对春玉米生长及水分利用的影响。结果表明,垄作覆膜可以改善春玉米生育前期(苗期—大喇叭口期)根系水分状况,其中覆膜处理苗期和拔节期0～40 cm及大喇叭口期20～40 cm土壤含水量和储水量均显著高于未覆膜处理(P<0.05),且垄作覆膜处理在大喇叭口期40～60 cm土壤含水量和储水量亦显著高于露地平作处理(P<0.05);与露地平作比较,播前—大喇叭口期,垄作覆膜水分利用率提高69.48%,干物质量提高27.52%。综合说明垄作覆膜栽培模式可以减少土壤水分蒸发,起到保墒作用,缓解旱作地区春玉米早期干旱现象,同时也可以提高春玉米地上部干物质量积累,为后期增产打下基础,适宜在旱作地区推广应用。
The dry farming area has the characteristics of less rainfall and uneven distribution, which leads to the reduction of yield caused by drought in the early stage of spring maize growth. The film mulching could improve the water utilization of spring maize in the dryland area and enhance the drought resistance. The experiment was conducted to study the effects of the ridge tillage and film mulching on growth and water use of spring maize, four treatments were set, including ridge tillage and film mulching, film mulching without sown, flat-planting without film mulching and abandoned farmland, soil water content and water storage capacity of three soil layers(0～20 cm, 20～40 cm and 40～60 cm) under four period(before sowing, seedling stage, jointing stage and big trumpet stage) were measured, the dry matter biomass and water use efficiency of spring maize were analyzed. The results showed that the mulching film could improve the root water condition of the spring maize in the early growth period(seedling stage-big trumpet stage), in which the soil water content and water storage capacity of the seedling stage and the jointing stage in 0 ～40 cm soil layer and the big trumpet stage in 20～40 cm soil layer were significant higher than no film mulching treatments(P<0.05), the soil water content and water storage capacity of big trumpet stage in 40 ～60 cm soil layer were also significant higher than flat-planting without film mulching treatment(P<0.05). From pre-sowing to big trumpet stage, compared with flat-planting without film mulching, the water use efficiency and the dry matter biomass in ridge tillage and film mulching increased by 69.48% and 27.52%, respectively. In general, the mode of ridge tillage and film mulching could reduce soil water evaporation, preserve the soil moisture, alleviate the early drought phenomenon of spring maize in dry farming areas, and also improve the accumulation of dry matter in aboveground, laying a foundation for later yield increase, which was suitable for the application in dry farming areas.
The dry farming area has the characteristics of less rainfall and uneven distribution, which leads to the reduction of yield caused by drought in the early stage of spring maize growth. The film mulching could improve the water utilization of spring maize in the dryland area and enhance the drought resistance. The experiment was conducted to study the effects of the ridge tillage and film mulching on growth and water use of spring maize, four treatments were set, including ridge tillage and film mulching, film mulching without sown, flat-planting without film mulching and abandoned farmland, soil water content and water storage capacity of three soil layers(0～20 cm, 20～40 cm and 40～60 cm) under four period(before sowing, seedling stage, jointing stage and big trumpet stage) were measured, the dry matter biomass and water use efficiency of spring maize were analyzed. The results showed that the mulching film could improve the root water condition of the spring maize in the early growth period(seedling stage-big trumpet stage), in which the soil water content and water storage capacity of the seedling stage and the jointing stage in 0 ～40 cm soil layer and the big trumpet stage in 20～40 cm soil layer were significant higher than no film mulching treatments(P<0.05), the soil water content and water storage capacity of big trumpet stage in 40 ～60 cm soil layer were also significant higher than flat-planting without film mulching treatment(P<0.05). From pre-sowing to big trumpet stage, compared with flat-planting without film mulching, the water use efficiency and the dry matter biomass in ridge tillage and film mulching increased by 69.48% and 27.52%, respectively. In general, the mode of ridge tillage and film mulching could reduce soil water evaporation, preserve the soil moisture, alleviate the early drought phenomenon of spring maize in dry farming areas, and also improve the accumulation of dry matter in aboveground, laying a foundation for later yield increase, which was suitable for the application in dry farming areas.
引文
[1]谢永春.不同地膜覆盖种植方式和施肥对旱地春玉米生产的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2015.
[2]李强,王朝辉,李富翠,等.氮肥管理与地膜覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2014(1):93-100.
[3]刘恩科,姜春霞,黄学芳,等.覆膜方式对土壤环境及玉米产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015(27):46-52.
[4]王罕博,龚道枝,梅旭荣,等.覆膜和露地旱作春玉米生长与蒸散动态比较[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(22):88-94.
[5]李荣,侯贤清,贾志宽,等.沟垄全覆盖种植方式对旱地玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].生态学报,2013(7):2282-2291.
[6]白秀梅,卫正新,郭汉清.旱地起垄覆膜微集水种植玉米技术研究[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2011(1):13-17.
[7]王秀领,闫旭东,徐玉鹏,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地春玉米生长和产量的影响[J].天津农业科学,2016(9):126-128.
[8]胡敏,苗庆丰,史海滨,等.不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤水热及春玉米产量的影响[J].土壤,2018,50(3):628-632.
[9]张宏,周建斌,刘瑞,等.不同栽培模式及施氮对半旱地冬小麦/夏玉米氮素累积、分配及氮肥利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):1-8.
[10]谢孟林,查丽,郭萍,等.垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):31-38.
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[12]阎旭东,王秀领,徐玉鹏,等.旱地春玉米不同覆膜种植模式的增产效应[J].中国生态农业学报,2018(1):75-82.
[13]赵冀.垄沟集雨种植覆盖比对土壤水温和春玉米光合效率的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.
[14]吕厚荃,于贵瑞.几种实际蒸散计算方法在土壤水分模拟中的应用[J].资源科学,2001(6):85-90.
[15]郭映,董阳,党慧慧,等.基于不同时间尺度玉米蒸散蒸腾量及其影响因素[J].资源科学,2014,36(7):1501-1508.
[16]徐英,李曼华,李辉,等.不同发育期的干旱对华北地区夏玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].气象与环境学报,2017(1):108-112.
[17]吴锦奎,丁永建,王根绪,等.干旱区制种玉米农田蒸散研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(1):14-17.
[18]董放,王媛,关维刚,等.旱地不同栽培模式和施氮对土壤水分、温度及氮素矿化的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2008(12):108-114.
[19]周宝元,孙雪芳,丁在松,等.土壤耕作和施肥方式对夏玉米干物质积累与产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017(11):2129-2140.
[20]李伟伟,王永亮,郭军玲,等.不同覆盖对盐碱土水分动态及玉米产量的研究[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(11):1801-1805.
[21]王克全,王国栋,梁飞,等.灌溉定额对膜下滴灌春玉米土壤水热空间分布及产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2017,46(11):25-29,41.
[22]杨彦,韩旭平,赵兴杰,等.丘陵区膜下滴灌与水肥一体化共用的玉米效应分析[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(10):1620-1622,1650.
[2]李强,王朝辉,李富翠,等.氮肥管理与地膜覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2014(1):93-100.
[3]刘恩科,姜春霞,黄学芳,等.覆膜方式对土壤环境及玉米产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015(27):46-52.
[4]王罕博,龚道枝,梅旭荣,等.覆膜和露地旱作春玉米生长与蒸散动态比较[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(22):88-94.
[5]李荣,侯贤清,贾志宽,等.沟垄全覆盖种植方式对旱地玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].生态学报,2013(7):2282-2291.
[6]白秀梅,卫正新,郭汉清.旱地起垄覆膜微集水种植玉米技术研究[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2011(1):13-17.
[7]王秀领,闫旭东,徐玉鹏,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地春玉米生长和产量的影响[J].天津农业科学,2016(9):126-128.
[8]胡敏,苗庆丰,史海滨,等.不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤水热及春玉米产量的影响[J].土壤,2018,50(3):628-632.
[9]张宏,周建斌,刘瑞,等.不同栽培模式及施氮对半旱地冬小麦/夏玉米氮素累积、分配及氮肥利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):1-8.
[10]谢孟林,查丽,郭萍,等.垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):31-38.
[11]王泽林.覆膜和施氮量对旱作春玉米产量及水氮利用的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2018.
[12]阎旭东,王秀领,徐玉鹏,等.旱地春玉米不同覆膜种植模式的增产效应[J].中国生态农业学报,2018(1):75-82.
[13]赵冀.垄沟集雨种植覆盖比对土壤水温和春玉米光合效率的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.
[14]吕厚荃,于贵瑞.几种实际蒸散计算方法在土壤水分模拟中的应用[J].资源科学,2001(6):85-90.
[15]郭映,董阳,党慧慧,等.基于不同时间尺度玉米蒸散蒸腾量及其影响因素[J].资源科学,2014,36(7):1501-1508.
[16]徐英,李曼华,李辉,等.不同发育期的干旱对华北地区夏玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].气象与环境学报,2017(1):108-112.
[17]吴锦奎,丁永建,王根绪,等.干旱区制种玉米农田蒸散研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(1):14-17.
[18]董放,王媛,关维刚,等.旱地不同栽培模式和施氮对土壤水分、温度及氮素矿化的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2008(12):108-114.
[19]周宝元,孙雪芳,丁在松,等.土壤耕作和施肥方式对夏玉米干物质积累与产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017(11):2129-2140.
[20]李伟伟,王永亮,郭军玲,等.不同覆盖对盐碱土水分动态及玉米产量的研究[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(11):1801-1805.
[21]王克全,王国栋,梁飞,等.灌溉定额对膜下滴灌春玉米土壤水热空间分布及产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2017,46(11):25-29,41.
[22]杨彦,韩旭平,赵兴杰,等.丘陵区膜下滴灌与水肥一体化共用的玉米效应分析[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(10):1620-1622,1650.