美国-墨西哥-加拿大协定数字贸易规则的内容评述及影响评价
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摘要
在所有已签署的双边或多边自由贸易协定中,美国-墨西哥-加拿大协定(USMCA)第一次将数字贸易独立成章。这一新规则是在全球数字经济迅速崛起,北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)必须现代化,特朗普政府坚定奉行所谓"美国优先"政策及重塑贸易新秩序等背景下产生的。USMCA包含数字贸易范畴的最全最强措施规范,其核心条款有第19.12条禁止数据本地化和第19.16条禁止强制披露源代码。与跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(TPP)电子商务章节比较,有移植也有创新之处,它增强了区域数字经济发展的"可预测"性,却也冲击了数字贸易多边主义。USMCA数字贸易新规则所反映的国际数字贸易新动向值得跟踪研究。
Among all signed bilateral or multilateral free trade agreements, the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement(USMCA) makes digital trade an independent chapter for the first time. This new rule is generated under the background that the global digital economy rises rapidly, the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)must be modernized, and the Trump administration firmly adheres to the so-called "US priority" policy and reshapes the new trade order. The USMCA contains the most comprehensive and strongest measures in the digital trade category, and its core provisions are Article 19.12 Prohibition on data localization and Article 19.16 Prohibition on mandatory disclosure of source code. Compared with the Chapter of E-commerce in Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement(TPP), there are transplants but also innovations; it enhances the "predictability"of regional digital economy development, but also impacts digital trade multilateralism. The new trend of international digital trade reflected in the new digital trade rules of USMCA is worthy of follow-up research.
Among all signed bilateral or multilateral free trade agreements, the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement(USMCA) makes digital trade an independent chapter for the first time. This new rule is generated under the background that the global digital economy rises rapidly, the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)must be modernized, and the Trump administration firmly adheres to the so-called "US priority" policy and reshapes the new trade order. The USMCA contains the most comprehensive and strongest measures in the digital trade category, and its core provisions are Article 19.12 Prohibition on data localization and Article 19.16 Prohibition on mandatory disclosure of source code. Compared with the Chapter of E-commerce in Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement(TPP), there are transplants but also innovations; it enhances the "predictability"of regional digital economy development, but also impacts digital trade multilateralism. The new trend of international digital trade reflected in the new digital trade rules of USMCA is worthy of follow-up research.
引文
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[3]USTR.Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada Text[EB/OL].OFFICE of the UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE,2018-11-30.https://u str.gov/trade-agreements/free-trad e-agreements/united-states-me-x ico-canada-agreement/agreeme-n t-between.
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[5]Anupam C.The Coming North American Digital Trade Zone[EB/OL].Washington International Trade Association,2018-10-09.https://w ww.wita.org/nextgentrade/the-comi ng-north-american-digital-tradezone/.
[6]Will R.How the USMCA Affects Digital Trade[EB/OL].American Action Forum,2018-10-24.https://w ww.americanactionforum.org/insig ht/how-the-usmca-affects-digital-trade/.
[7]Joshua N.Here’s What the USMCA Does for Data Innovation[EB/OL].Center For Data Innovation,2018-10-05.https://www.datainnov ation.org/2018/10/heres-what-theusmca-does-for-data-innovation/.
[8]Gavin E.Digital Trade in the U.SMexico-Canada Agreement[EB/OL].JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE,2018-12-21.https://www.jec.seate.gov/public/index.cfm/analysis?ID=67610B24-1623-434E-A8AB-822ECB296E2F.
[9]Anastasia G.NAFTA 2.0 WILL BENEFIT THE DIGITAL ECONOMY[EB/OL].Niskanen Center,2018-10-09.https://niskanencenter.org/blog/nafta-2-0-will-benefit-the-di gital-economy/.
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[11]Marc D. F.Digital Trade and Dispute Settlement in RTAs:An Evolving Standard[EB/OL].PAPER S,2018-11-26.https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?astract_id=3290392.
[12]USTR.USTR Releases 2018 Natio nal Trade Estimate Report[EB/OL].OFFICE of the UNITED STATE S TRADE REPRESENTATIVE,2018-03-30.https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/fac t-sheets/2018/march/ustr-releases-2018-national-trade.