确定道路交通氨排放因子方法研究与应用
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摘要
近年来,来自城市道路交通的氨(NH3)排放污染越来越严重,加剧了PM2. 5颗粒物的形成,严重危害到人体健康。因此,建立高时空分辨的城市道路交通的氨排放清单对于城市大气污染防治与清洁空气的管理十分重要。目前,来自于道路交通的氨排放主要使用排放因子法进行估算,因此获得符合城市道路交通特点的氨排放因子对建立高时空分辨的排放清单尤为重要。本文系统阐述了5种获取氨排放因子方法的国内外研究现状及最新进展,总结和评价了每种方法的适用性和优缺点,并对其在高时空分辨排放清单的应用进行了展望,期望为建立道路交通的高时空分辨氨排放清单提供方法参考。
Ammonia( NH3) pollution from urban road transportation has been becoming more and more serious,which aggravates the formation of PM2. 5 particles and seriously harms human health. Therefore,it is a key issue to establish an ammonia emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution in order to control the urban air pollution and clean air management. Currently,the method of building the ammonia emission inventory from road transportation is mainly based on the emission factor method. Therefore,obtaining ammonia emission factor according to the transportation characteristics from urban roads is a key for establishing high-resolution emission inventories. This paper comprehensively introduced the research status and developments of five methods of obtaining ammonia emission factors; And it summarized and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each method; The application of the methods in the establishment of the high spatial and temporal resolution emission inventory was discussed in detail. We hopefully provide methodological references for establishing a high-time-spaceresolved ammonia emission inventory.
Ammonia( NH3) pollution from urban road transportation has been becoming more and more serious,which aggravates the formation of PM2. 5 particles and seriously harms human health. Therefore,it is a key issue to establish an ammonia emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution in order to control the urban air pollution and clean air management. Currently,the method of building the ammonia emission inventory from road transportation is mainly based on the emission factor method. Therefore,obtaining ammonia emission factor according to the transportation characteristics from urban roads is a key for establishing high-resolution emission inventories. This paper comprehensively introduced the research status and developments of five methods of obtaining ammonia emission factors; And it summarized and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each method; The application of the methods in the establishment of the high spatial and temporal resolution emission inventory was discussed in detail. We hopefully provide methodological references for establishing a high-time-spaceresolved ammonia emission inventory.
引文
[1] Yu L.,Wang G.,Zhang R.,et al. Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2. 5 in an Urban Environment in Beijing[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2013,13(14):7053-7074.
[2] Clairotte M.,Adam T. W.,Chirico R.,et al. Online characterization of regulated and unregulated gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from two-stroke mopeds:A chemometric approach[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2012,717:28-38.
[3] Paulot F.,Jacob D. J. Hidden Cost of U. S. Agricultural Exports:Particulate Matter from Ammonia Emissions[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(2):903-908.
[4] Pui D. Y. H., Chen S., Zuo Z. PM2.5in China:Measurements, sources,visibility and health effects,and mitigation[J]. Particuology,2014,13:1-26.
[5]国家大气污染防治攻关联合中心．专家解读:目前已基本弄清京津冀及周边地区大气重污染的成因．2019.
[6]北京市环境保护局．2017年北京市环境状况公报[R]．北京:北京市环保局，2018.
[7] Ianniello A.,Spataro F.,Esposito G.,et al. Occurrence of gas phase ammonia in the area of Beijing(China)[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2010,10(19):9487-9503.
[8]常运华．大气氮沉降中非农业源NH3排放对PM10的污染影响及PM2.5溯源研究[D]．北京:中国科学院大学，2013:1-86.
[9] Pan Y.,Tian S.,Liu D.,et al. Fossil Fuel Combustion-Related Emissions Dominate Atmospheric Ammonia Sources during Severe Haze Episodes:Evidence from15N-Stable Isotope in Size-Resolved Aerosol Ammonium[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(15):8049-8056.
[10] Link M. F.,Kim J.,Park G.,et al. Elevated production of NH4NO3from the photochemical processing of vehicle exhaust:Implications for air quality in the Seoul Metropolitan Region[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,156:95-101.
[11] Zhang R.,Khalizov A.,Wang L.,et al. Nucleation and Growth of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere[J]. Chemical Reviews,2011,112(3):1957-2011.
[12] Yue D. L.,Hu M.,Zhang R. Y.,et al. The roles of sulfuric acid in new particle formation and growth in the mega-city of Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2010,10(10):4953-4960.
[13] Baek B. H.,Aneja V. P. Measurement and Analysis of the Relationship between Ammonia,Acid Gases,and Fine Particles in Eastern North Carolina[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2004,54(5):623.
[14] Bishop G. A.,Stedman D. H. Reactive Nitrogen Species Emission Trends in Three Light-/Medium-Duty United States Fleets[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(18):11234-11240.
[15] Suarez-Bertoa R.,Astorga C. Isocyanic acid and ammonia in vehicle emissions[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2016,49:259-270.
[16] Lflund M.,Kasper-Giebl A.,Stopper S.,et al. Monitoring ammonia in urban,inner alpine and pre-alpine ambient air[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2002,4(2):205-209.
[17] Cape J. N.,Tang Y. S.,van Dijk N.,et al. Concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at roadside verges, and their contribution to nitrogen deposition[J]. Environmental Pollution,2004,132(3):469-478.
[18] Suarez-Bertoa R.,Mendoza-Villafuerte P.,Riccobono F.,et al. On-road measurement of NH3emissions from gasoline and diesel passenger cars during real world driving conditions[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,166:488-497.
[19] Suarez-Bertoa R., Mendoza-Villafuerte P., Bonnel P., et al. On-road measurement of NH3and N2O emissions from a Euro V heavy-duty vehicle[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,139:167-175.
[20] Vojtíek-Lom M.,Beránek V.,Klír V.,et al. On-road and laboratory emissions of NO,NO2,NH3,N2O and CH4from late-model EU light utility vehicles:Comparison of diesel and CNG[J]. Science of The Total Environment,2018,616-617:774-784.
[21] Burgard D. A.,Bishop G. A.,Stedman D. H. Remote Sensing of Ammonia and Sulfur Dioxide from On-Road Light Duty Vehicles[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(22):7018-7022.
[22] Heeb N. V.,Forss A.,Brühlmann S.,et al. Three-way catalyst-induced formation of ammonia—velocity-and acceleration-dependent emission factors[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(31):5986-5997.
[23] Mejía-Centeno I.,Martínez-Hernández A.,Fuentes G. A. Effect of low-sulfur fuels upon NH3and N2O emission during operation of commercial three-way catalytic converters[J]. Topics in Catalysis,2007,42-43(1-4):381-385.
[24] Durbin T. D.,Pisano J. T.,Younglove T.,et al. The effect of fuel sulfur on NH3and other emissions from 2000–2001 model year vehicles[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(17):2699-2708.
[25] Durbin T. D.,Wilson R. D.,Norbeck J. M.,et al. Estimates of the emission rates of ammonia from light-duty vehicles using standard chassis dynamometer test cycles[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(9):1475-1482.
[26] Sun K.,Tao L.,Miller D. J.,et al. On-Road Ammonia Emissions Characterized by Mobile,Open-Path Measurements[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(7):3943-3950.
[27] Whittington B. I.,Jiang C. J.,Trimm D. L. Vehicle exhaust catalysis:I. The relative importance of catalytic oxidation, steam reforming and water-gas shift reactions[J]. Catalysis Today,1995,26(1):41-45.
[28] Plerson W. R., Brachaczek W. W. Emissions of ammonia and amines from vehicles on the road[J]. Environ Sci Technol,1983,17(12):757-760.
[29] Kean A. J.,Littlejohn D.,Ban-Weiss G. A.,et al. Trends in on-road vehicle emissions of ammonia[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 43(8):1565-1570.
[30] Kean A. J.,Harley R. A.,Littlejohn D.,et al. On-Road Measurement of Ammonia and Other Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(17):3535-3539.
[31] Fraser M. P.,Cass G. R. Detection of Excess Ammonia Emissions from In-Use Vehicles and the Implications for Fine Particle Control[J]. Environ. Sci.Technol,1998,32(8):1053-1057.
[32]邹忠，常运华．基于隧道法的机动车对上海城市大气环境中氨的源排放贡献研究[J]．环境监控与预警，2018,10(1):6-9.
[33] Stedman D. H.,Bishop G. A.,Pitchford M. L. Evaluation of a remote sensor for mobile source CO emissions[R]. Denver university,1991.
[34] Baum M. M.,Kiyomiya E. s.,Kumar S.,et al. Multicomponent Remote Sensing of Vehicle Exhaust by Dispersive Absorption Spectroscopy. 2. Direct On-Road Ammonia Measurements[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2001, 35(18):3735-3741.
[35]程刚，李金香，王欣，等．北京市交通环境春季大气氨污染水平分析[J]．环境科学学报，2016,36(8):2803-2810.
[36] Borsari V.,Assunco J. V. D. Ammonia emissions from a light-duty vehicle[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2017,51:53-61.
[37] Livingston C.,Rieger P.,Winer A. Ammonia emissions from a representative inuse fleet of light and medium-duty vehicles in the California South Coast Air Basin[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(21):3326-3333.
[38]杨俊．广州市机动车尾气中氨气的排放因子研究[D]．广州:暨南大学，2011:1-57.
[39]姚欣灿，黄如娜，农加进，等．广州市2010年道路机动车排放清单研究[J]．广州环境科学，2012,27(2):20-24.
[40]李晓玲，吴烨，姚欣灿，等．广州市实施I/M简易瞬态工况检测方法的环境效果分析[J]．环境科学学报，2012,32(1):101-108.
[41]吴烨，郝吉明，傅立新，等．澳门机动车排放清单[J]．清华大学学报(自然科学版)．2002,42(12):1601-1604.
[42]高涛．基于MOBILE模型的机动车尾气排放影响因素比较与灵敏度分析[D]．北京:北京交通大学，2011.
[43]郭慧，张清宇，施耀，等．杭州市区机动车危险气态污染物排放的模型计算[J]．浙江大学学报(工学版)，2007,41(7):1223-1228.
[44]曹杨，郭园园，曹罡，等．MOVES模型微观层次参数的深圳本土化研究[J]．交通信息与安全，2017,35(2):100-108.
[45]于雷，岳园园，宋国华，等．MOVES在微观层次交通排放评价中的应用研究[J]．交通信息与安全，2013,31(6):47-53.
[46]谢荣富，陈振斌，邓小康，等．基于MOVES2014a的海口市机动车污染物排放特征及分担率研究[J]．海南大学学报(自然科学版)，2017,35(3):282-289.
[47]郝艳召，邓顺熙，邱兆文，等．基于MOVES模型的西安市机动车排放清单研究[J]．环境污染与防治，2017(3):227-231.
[48]刘强．关中地区高时空分辨率机动车污染排放清单研究[D]．西安:长安大学，2015.
[49] Wallace H. W.,Jobson B. T.,Erickson M. H.,et al. Comparison of wintertime CO to NOx ratios to MOVES and MOBILE6. 2 on-road emissions inventories[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,63:289-297.
[50] Chan T. L.,Ning Z.,Leung C. W.,et al. On-road remote sensing of petrol vehicle emissions measurement and emission factors estimation in Hong Kong.Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(14):2055-2066.
[51]胡友波，李孟良，徐达．机动车排放因子模型研究综述[J]．机动车科技，2010(1):11-14.
[52]宫密秘．河南省典型城市高时空分辨率机动车污染物排放清单及特征识别[D]．郑州:郑州大学，2017.
[2] Clairotte M.,Adam T. W.,Chirico R.,et al. Online characterization of regulated and unregulated gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from two-stroke mopeds:A chemometric approach[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2012,717:28-38.
[3] Paulot F.,Jacob D. J. Hidden Cost of U. S. Agricultural Exports:Particulate Matter from Ammonia Emissions[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(2):903-908.
[4] Pui D. Y. H., Chen S., Zuo Z. PM2.5in China:Measurements, sources,visibility and health effects,and mitigation[J]. Particuology,2014,13:1-26.
[5]国家大气污染防治攻关联合中心．专家解读:目前已基本弄清京津冀及周边地区大气重污染的成因．2019.
[6]北京市环境保护局．2017年北京市环境状况公报[R]．北京:北京市环保局，2018.
[7] Ianniello A.,Spataro F.,Esposito G.,et al. Occurrence of gas phase ammonia in the area of Beijing(China)[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2010,10(19):9487-9503.
[8]常运华．大气氮沉降中非农业源NH3排放对PM10的污染影响及PM2.5溯源研究[D]．北京:中国科学院大学，2013:1-86.
[9] Pan Y.,Tian S.,Liu D.,et al. Fossil Fuel Combustion-Related Emissions Dominate Atmospheric Ammonia Sources during Severe Haze Episodes:Evidence from15N-Stable Isotope in Size-Resolved Aerosol Ammonium[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(15):8049-8056.
[10] Link M. F.,Kim J.,Park G.,et al. Elevated production of NH4NO3from the photochemical processing of vehicle exhaust:Implications for air quality in the Seoul Metropolitan Region[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,156:95-101.
[11] Zhang R.,Khalizov A.,Wang L.,et al. Nucleation and Growth of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere[J]. Chemical Reviews,2011,112(3):1957-2011.
[12] Yue D. L.,Hu M.,Zhang R. Y.,et al. The roles of sulfuric acid in new particle formation and growth in the mega-city of Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2010,10(10):4953-4960.
[13] Baek B. H.,Aneja V. P. Measurement and Analysis of the Relationship between Ammonia,Acid Gases,and Fine Particles in Eastern North Carolina[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2004,54(5):623.
[14] Bishop G. A.,Stedman D. H. Reactive Nitrogen Species Emission Trends in Three Light-/Medium-Duty United States Fleets[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(18):11234-11240.
[15] Suarez-Bertoa R.,Astorga C. Isocyanic acid and ammonia in vehicle emissions[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2016,49:259-270.
[16] Lflund M.,Kasper-Giebl A.,Stopper S.,et al. Monitoring ammonia in urban,inner alpine and pre-alpine ambient air[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2002,4(2):205-209.
[17] Cape J. N.,Tang Y. S.,van Dijk N.,et al. Concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at roadside verges, and their contribution to nitrogen deposition[J]. Environmental Pollution,2004,132(3):469-478.
[18] Suarez-Bertoa R.,Mendoza-Villafuerte P.,Riccobono F.,et al. On-road measurement of NH3emissions from gasoline and diesel passenger cars during real world driving conditions[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017,166:488-497.
[19] Suarez-Bertoa R., Mendoza-Villafuerte P., Bonnel P., et al. On-road measurement of NH3and N2O emissions from a Euro V heavy-duty vehicle[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,139:167-175.
[20] Vojtíek-Lom M.,Beránek V.,Klír V.,et al. On-road and laboratory emissions of NO,NO2,NH3,N2O and CH4from late-model EU light utility vehicles:Comparison of diesel and CNG[J]. Science of The Total Environment,2018,616-617:774-784.
[21] Burgard D. A.,Bishop G. A.,Stedman D. H. Remote Sensing of Ammonia and Sulfur Dioxide from On-Road Light Duty Vehicles[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(22):7018-7022.
[22] Heeb N. V.,Forss A.,Brühlmann S.,et al. Three-way catalyst-induced formation of ammonia—velocity-and acceleration-dependent emission factors[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(31):5986-5997.
[23] Mejía-Centeno I.,Martínez-Hernández A.,Fuentes G. A. Effect of low-sulfur fuels upon NH3and N2O emission during operation of commercial three-way catalytic converters[J]. Topics in Catalysis,2007,42-43(1-4):381-385.
[24] Durbin T. D.,Pisano J. T.,Younglove T.,et al. The effect of fuel sulfur on NH3and other emissions from 2000–2001 model year vehicles[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(17):2699-2708.
[25] Durbin T. D.,Wilson R. D.,Norbeck J. M.,et al. Estimates of the emission rates of ammonia from light-duty vehicles using standard chassis dynamometer test cycles[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(9):1475-1482.
[26] Sun K.,Tao L.,Miller D. J.,et al. On-Road Ammonia Emissions Characterized by Mobile,Open-Path Measurements[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(7):3943-3950.
[27] Whittington B. I.,Jiang C. J.,Trimm D. L. Vehicle exhaust catalysis:I. The relative importance of catalytic oxidation, steam reforming and water-gas shift reactions[J]. Catalysis Today,1995,26(1):41-45.
[28] Plerson W. R., Brachaczek W. W. Emissions of ammonia and amines from vehicles on the road[J]. Environ Sci Technol,1983,17(12):757-760.
[29] Kean A. J.,Littlejohn D.,Ban-Weiss G. A.,et al. Trends in on-road vehicle emissions of ammonia[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 43(8):1565-1570.
[30] Kean A. J.,Harley R. A.,Littlejohn D.,et al. On-Road Measurement of Ammonia and Other Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(17):3535-3539.
[31] Fraser M. P.,Cass G. R. Detection of Excess Ammonia Emissions from In-Use Vehicles and the Implications for Fine Particle Control[J]. Environ. Sci.Technol,1998,32(8):1053-1057.
[32]邹忠，常运华．基于隧道法的机动车对上海城市大气环境中氨的源排放贡献研究[J]．环境监控与预警，2018,10(1):6-9.
[33] Stedman D. H.,Bishop G. A.,Pitchford M. L. Evaluation of a remote sensor for mobile source CO emissions[R]. Denver university,1991.
[34] Baum M. M.,Kiyomiya E. s.,Kumar S.,et al. Multicomponent Remote Sensing of Vehicle Exhaust by Dispersive Absorption Spectroscopy. 2. Direct On-Road Ammonia Measurements[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2001, 35(18):3735-3741.
[35]程刚，李金香，王欣，等．北京市交通环境春季大气氨污染水平分析[J]．环境科学学报，2016,36(8):2803-2810.
[36] Borsari V.,Assunco J. V. D. Ammonia emissions from a light-duty vehicle[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2017,51:53-61.
[37] Livingston C.,Rieger P.,Winer A. Ammonia emissions from a representative inuse fleet of light and medium-duty vehicles in the California South Coast Air Basin[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(21):3326-3333.
[38]杨俊．广州市机动车尾气中氨气的排放因子研究[D]．广州:暨南大学，2011:1-57.
[39]姚欣灿，黄如娜，农加进，等．广州市2010年道路机动车排放清单研究[J]．广州环境科学，2012,27(2):20-24.
[40]李晓玲，吴烨，姚欣灿，等．广州市实施I/M简易瞬态工况检测方法的环境效果分析[J]．环境科学学报，2012,32(1):101-108.
[41]吴烨，郝吉明，傅立新，等．澳门机动车排放清单[J]．清华大学学报(自然科学版)．2002,42(12):1601-1604.
[42]高涛．基于MOBILE模型的机动车尾气排放影响因素比较与灵敏度分析[D]．北京:北京交通大学，2011.
[43]郭慧，张清宇，施耀，等．杭州市区机动车危险气态污染物排放的模型计算[J]．浙江大学学报(工学版)，2007,41(7):1223-1228.
[44]曹杨，郭园园，曹罡，等．MOVES模型微观层次参数的深圳本土化研究[J]．交通信息与安全，2017,35(2):100-108.
[45]于雷，岳园园，宋国华，等．MOVES在微观层次交通排放评价中的应用研究[J]．交通信息与安全，2013,31(6):47-53.
[46]谢荣富，陈振斌，邓小康，等．基于MOVES2014a的海口市机动车污染物排放特征及分担率研究[J]．海南大学学报(自然科学版)，2017,35(3):282-289.
[47]郝艳召，邓顺熙，邱兆文，等．基于MOVES模型的西安市机动车排放清单研究[J]．环境污染与防治，2017(3):227-231.
[48]刘强．关中地区高时空分辨率机动车污染排放清单研究[D]．西安:长安大学，2015.
[49] Wallace H. W.,Jobson B. T.,Erickson M. H.,et al. Comparison of wintertime CO to NOx ratios to MOVES and MOBILE6. 2 on-road emissions inventories[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,63:289-297.
[50] Chan T. L.,Ning Z.,Leung C. W.,et al. On-road remote sensing of petrol vehicle emissions measurement and emission factors estimation in Hong Kong.Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(14):2055-2066.
[51]胡友波，李孟良，徐达．机动车排放因子模型研究综述[J]．机动车科技，2010(1):11-14.
[52]宫密秘．河南省典型城市高时空分辨率机动车污染物排放清单及特征识别[D]．郑州:郑州大学，2017.