云南省农耕区小型兽类群落结构及分布格局
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摘要
为了解云南省农耕区小型兽类群落结构及空间分布特征,根据云南不同经纬度、海拔等自然环境条件,于2010年8月—2018年4月,选取云南省25个调查样区中104块农耕地,采用铗夜法开展小型兽类调查,运用群落生态学指标对农耕区小型兽类的群落特征和沿环境梯度的空间分布进行研究.结果表明:共捕获小型兽类3240头,隶属4目9科21属42种,其中啮齿目最多,以齐氏姬鼠和黄胸鼠为代表.25个样区聚类为三大类.小兽在纬度和垂直分布上类似,低纬度和低海拔范围的种类相对较少,以家鼠属和小鼠属为主,而高纬度和高海拔地区以姬鼠属、白腹鼠属和绒鼠属为主.小兽物种多样性指数随着海拔的增加呈现先增后降的单峰分布格局,峰值出现在中海拔地区;经度水平分布上,小兽多样性指数呈V型分布格局,在98°—99°E最高;而纬度水平上,小兽多样性指数由南到北总体呈上升趋势.广义可加模型(GAM)分析表明,各因子对农耕区小型兽类多样性指数分布格局的影响程度为经度>海拔>纬度.相似性分析表明,相邻梯度带之间小兽群落结构为中等相似,相似性最高出现在中海拔带、中纬度带、低经度带之间,不同梯度带距离越远,小兽相似性越低.云南省农耕区小兽群落结构在不同维度上存在较高的空间异质性,物种多样性的地理分布随环境梯度变化呈现出不同的分布格局.
To understand the characteristics of community structure and spatial distribution of small mammals in agricultural area of Yunnan Province, a systematic investigation was carried out in 104 quadrats of 25 regions in Yunnan Province from August 2010 to April 2018 by rat trap night method. The spatial variation of community characteristics along environmental gradients was analyzed by community ecological indicators. The results showed that a total of 3240 small mammals were captured and cold be classified into 42 species in 21 genera, 9 families, and 4 orders. The largest number of small mammal was rodents, dominated by Apodemus chevrieri and Rattus tanezumi. The 25 regions were clustered into three classes. The altitudinal distribution of small mammals was similar to the latitudinal distribution in agricultural areas. The number of species was relatively less in the low latitude and altitude range, with Rattus spp. and Mus spp. as the dominant species. In the high latitude and altitude region, the dominant species changed into Apodemus, Niviventer and Eothenomys. With the increases of altitude, the diversity index showed unimodal distribution, with the highe-st species diversity occurred in the mid-altitude area. The diversity index of small mammal showed the "V" type pattern in longitude, being the highest in the 98°-99° E gra-dient zone. At the latitude level, it showed an overall upward trend from south to north. Results from the GAM analysis showed that the degree of influence on the small animals in the agricultural area was in order of longitude, altitude and latitude. The similarity analysis in the composition of small mammals showed that the moderate similarity occurred in the adjacent gradient zone, and the highest similarity occurred in middle altitude zone, middle latitude zone, and low longitude zone. The farther the distance between different gradient zones, the lower the similarity of community structure. There was high spatial heterogeneity in different dimensions of small mammals' community structure in Yunnan Province. The geographical distribution trend of species diversity showed different distribution patterns across environmental gradients.
To understand the characteristics of community structure and spatial distribution of small mammals in agricultural area of Yunnan Province, a systematic investigation was carried out in 104 quadrats of 25 regions in Yunnan Province from August 2010 to April 2018 by rat trap night method. The spatial variation of community characteristics along environmental gradients was analyzed by community ecological indicators. The results showed that a total of 3240 small mammals were captured and cold be classified into 42 species in 21 genera, 9 families, and 4 orders. The largest number of small mammal was rodents, dominated by Apodemus chevrieri and Rattus tanezumi. The 25 regions were clustered into three classes. The altitudinal distribution of small mammals was similar to the latitudinal distribution in agricultural areas. The number of species was relatively less in the low latitude and altitude range, with Rattus spp. and Mus spp. as the dominant species. In the high latitude and altitude region, the dominant species changed into Apodemus, Niviventer and Eothenomys. With the increases of altitude, the diversity index showed unimodal distribution, with the highe-st species diversity occurred in the mid-altitude area. The diversity index of small mammal showed the "V" type pattern in longitude, being the highest in the 98°-99° E gra-dient zone. At the latitude level, it showed an overall upward trend from south to north. Results from the GAM analysis showed that the degree of influence on the small animals in the agricultural area was in order of longitude, altitude and latitude. The similarity analysis in the composition of small mammals showed that the moderate similarity occurred in the adjacent gradient zone, and the highest similarity occurred in middle altitude zone, middle latitude zone, and low longitude zone. The farther the distance between different gradient zones, the lower the similarity of community structure. There was high spatial heterogeneity in different dimensions of small mammals' community structure in Yunnan Province. The geographical distribution trend of species diversity showed different distribution patterns across environmental gradients.
引文
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[4] Tu F-Y (涂飞云),Liu Y (刘洋),Sun Z-Y (孙治宇),et al.Study on the Diversity of Non-flying Small Animal Species in Jiajin Mountain,Sichuan.Sichuan Animal Society Academic Seminar,Chengdu,2011:1 (in Chinese)
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[7] Ma K-P (马克平).Principles and Methodologies of Biodiversity Studies.Beijing:Science Press,1994 (in Chinese)
[8] Preston FW.The commonness and rarity of species.Ecology,1948,29:254-283
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[10] Deng J-M (邓建明),Qin B-Q (秦伯强),Wang B-W (王博雯).Quick implementing of generalized additive models using R and its application in blue-green algal bloom forecasting.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2015,34(3):835-842 (in Chinese)
[11] Xu Z-H (徐正会),Yang B-L (杨比伦),Hu G (胡刚).Study on formicidae ant communities fragments of montane rain forest in Xishuangbanna.Zoological Research (动物学研究),1999,20(4):288-293 (in Chinese)
[12] Duan X (段旭),Tao Y (陶云),Duan C-C (段长春).A fine mesh climate division and the selection of representative climate stations in Yunan Province.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences (大气科学学报),2011,34(3):336-342 (in Chinese)
[13] Dai S-W (代姝玮),Yang X-G (杨晓光),Zhao M (赵孟),et al.Changes of China agricultural climate resources under the background of climate change.Ⅱ.Spatiotemporal change characteristics of agricultural climate resources in Southwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2011,22(2):442-452 (in Chinese)
[14] Wu D-F (吴大付),Wu Y-B (吴艳兵),Ren X-J (任秀娟),et al.Agricultural intensification’s impaction on the biodiversity.Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences (吉林农业科学),2010,35(2):61-64 (in Chinese)
[15] Mcgill BJ,Etienne RS,Gray JS,et al.Species abundance distributions:Moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework.Ecology Letters,2007,10:995-1015
[16] Yan Y (闫琰),Zhang C-Y (张春雨),Zhao X-H (赵秀海).Species-abundance distribution patterns at different successional stages of conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest communities in Changbai Mountains,China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2012,36(9):923-934 (in Chinese)
[17] Ma J (马俊),Wu Y-J (吴永杰),Xia L (夏霖),et al.Elevational diversity of small mammals in Luoji Mt.Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province.Acta Thcriologica Sinica (兽类学报),2010,30(4):400-410 (in Chinese)
[18] Quan S-Y (权寿瑛),Yue R-P (岳仁苹),Zhang L-Y (张丽云),et al.The composition and spatial distribution of small mammals in the Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan,China.Chinese Journal of Vector Biology (中国媒介生物学及控制杂志),2010,21(1):16-22 (in Chinese)
[19] Ru W-M (茹文明),Zhang J-T (张金屯),Zhang F (张峰),et al.Species diversity and community structure of forest community in Lishan Mountain.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2006,17(4):4561-4566 (in Chinese)
[20] Wu Y-J (吴永杰),Yang Q-S (杨奇森),Xia L (夏霖),et al.Species diversity and distribution pattern of non-volant small mammals along the elevation gradient on eastern slope of Gongga Mountain.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2012,32(14):4318-4328 (in Chinese )
[21] Jiang X-L (江小雷),Zhang W-G (张卫国).Functional diversity and its research method.Acta Ecolgica Sinica (生态学报),2010,30(10):2766-2773 (in Chinese)
[22] Huang J-X (黄婧雪),Yang S-J (杨士剑),Shao Y-P (邵曰派).Mammal diversity and protected species in Yunnan Province.Forest Inventory and Planning (林业调查规划),2018,43(1):39-45 (in Chinese)
[23] Yang Y-M (杨宇明),Wang J (王娟),Wang J-H (王建皓),et al.Studies on the Biodiversity and Its Conservation in Yunnan.Beijing:Science Press,2008:21-122 (in Chinese)
[24] Liu Y-H (刘云慧),Yu Z-R (宇振荣),Liu Y (刘云).Temporal and special structure of carabid community in agricultural landscape of Dongbeiwang,Beijing.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(1):85-90 (in Chinese)
[25] Li Q (李强).Researches on Eco-Environment Features and Vegetation Restoration Eechnologies in Dry-Hot Valley of Jinshajiang River.Master Thesis.Xi’an:Xi’an University of Technology,2008 (in Chinese)
[26] Chang X-X (常学向),Zhao W-Z (赵文智),Zhao A-F (赵爱芬).Species diversity of pasture community at different altitude levels in Qilian Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(9):1599-1603 (in Chinese)
[27] Liu S-H (刘思慧).Studies on the Species Diversity of Mammals in Southern Hengduanshan:Spatial Patterson of Species Richness of Mammals in Nature Reserves in Southern Yunnan.PhD Thesis.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2004 (in Chinese)
[28] Li T (李汀),Ju J-H (琚建华).Comparison of climate feature between the southwest summer sonsoon of the bay of the Bengal and the South China Sea summer monsoon.Chinese Journal of Geophysics (地球物理学报),2013,56(1):27-37 (in Chinese)
[29] Hu J-M (胡金明),He D-M (何大明),Li Y-G (李运刚).Discussion on the monsoon intersection of Ailao Mountain from the wet season precipitation differences.Advance in Earth Science (地球科学进展),2011,26(2):183-192 (in Chinese)
[2] Editorial Committee of Agricultural Geography of Yunnan (云南农业地理编写组).Agricultural Geography of Yunnan.Kunming:Yunnan People’s Press,1981 (in Chinese)
[3] Fei L (费蕾),Wang Z-G (汪祖国),Yao Y (姚瑶),et al.Population change of farmland rodent and the influences of climate and cultivation factors in Fengxian District of Shanghai,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(2):579-587 (in Chinese)
[4] Tu F-Y (涂飞云),Liu Y (刘洋),Sun Z-Y (孙治宇),et al.Study on the Diversity of Non-flying Small Animal Species in Jiajin Mountain,Sichuan.Sichuan Animal Society Academic Seminar,Chengdu,2011:1 (in Chinese)
[5] Luo Z-X (罗泽珣),Chen W (陈卫),Gao W (高武),et al.Fauna Sinica Mammalia (6):Rodentia.Beijing:Science Press,2000:188-273,388-457 (in Chinese)
[6] Zhan Y-Z (詹银珠),Guo X-G (郭宪国),Zuo X-H (左小华),et al.Preliminary survey on the distribution of Leptotrombidium deliense in some areas of Yunnan province.Chinese Journal of Epidemiology (中华流行病学杂志),2011,32(1):13-16 (in Chinese)
[7] Ma K-P (马克平).Principles and Methodologies of Biodiversity Studies.Beijing:Science Press,1994 (in Chinese)
[8] Preston FW.The commonness and rarity of species.Ecology,1948,29:254-283
[9] Wang Z-Y (王宗英),Lu Y-C (路有成),Li J-K (李景科).Ecological distribution of soil beetles in Jiuhua Mountain.Zoological Research (动物学研究),1994,15(2):23-31 (in Chinese)
[10] Deng J-M (邓建明),Qin B-Q (秦伯强),Wang B-W (王博雯).Quick implementing of generalized additive models using R and its application in blue-green algal bloom forecasting.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2015,34(3):835-842 (in Chinese)
[11] Xu Z-H (徐正会),Yang B-L (杨比伦),Hu G (胡刚).Study on formicidae ant communities fragments of montane rain forest in Xishuangbanna.Zoological Research (动物学研究),1999,20(4):288-293 (in Chinese)
[12] Duan X (段旭),Tao Y (陶云),Duan C-C (段长春).A fine mesh climate division and the selection of representative climate stations in Yunan Province.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences (大气科学学报),2011,34(3):336-342 (in Chinese)
[13] Dai S-W (代姝玮),Yang X-G (杨晓光),Zhao M (赵孟),et al.Changes of China agricultural climate resources under the background of climate change.Ⅱ.Spatiotemporal change characteristics of agricultural climate resources in Southwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2011,22(2):442-452 (in Chinese)
[14] Wu D-F (吴大付),Wu Y-B (吴艳兵),Ren X-J (任秀娟),et al.Agricultural intensification’s impaction on the biodiversity.Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences (吉林农业科学),2010,35(2):61-64 (in Chinese)
[15] Mcgill BJ,Etienne RS,Gray JS,et al.Species abundance distributions:Moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework.Ecology Letters,2007,10:995-1015
[16] Yan Y (闫琰),Zhang C-Y (张春雨),Zhao X-H (赵秀海).Species-abundance distribution patterns at different successional stages of conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest communities in Changbai Mountains,China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2012,36(9):923-934 (in Chinese)
[17] Ma J (马俊),Wu Y-J (吴永杰),Xia L (夏霖),et al.Elevational diversity of small mammals in Luoji Mt.Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province.Acta Thcriologica Sinica (兽类学报),2010,30(4):400-410 (in Chinese)
[18] Quan S-Y (权寿瑛),Yue R-P (岳仁苹),Zhang L-Y (张丽云),et al.The composition and spatial distribution of small mammals in the Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan,China.Chinese Journal of Vector Biology (中国媒介生物学及控制杂志),2010,21(1):16-22 (in Chinese)
[19] Ru W-M (茹文明),Zhang J-T (张金屯),Zhang F (张峰),et al.Species diversity and community structure of forest community in Lishan Mountain.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2006,17(4):4561-4566 (in Chinese)
[20] Wu Y-J (吴永杰),Yang Q-S (杨奇森),Xia L (夏霖),et al.Species diversity and distribution pattern of non-volant small mammals along the elevation gradient on eastern slope of Gongga Mountain.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2012,32(14):4318-4328 (in Chinese )
[21] Jiang X-L (江小雷),Zhang W-G (张卫国).Functional diversity and its research method.Acta Ecolgica Sinica (生态学报),2010,30(10):2766-2773 (in Chinese)
[22] Huang J-X (黄婧雪),Yang S-J (杨士剑),Shao Y-P (邵曰派).Mammal diversity and protected species in Yunnan Province.Forest Inventory and Planning (林业调查规划),2018,43(1):39-45 (in Chinese)
[23] Yang Y-M (杨宇明),Wang J (王娟),Wang J-H (王建皓),et al.Studies on the Biodiversity and Its Conservation in Yunnan.Beijing:Science Press,2008:21-122 (in Chinese)
[24] Liu Y-H (刘云慧),Yu Z-R (宇振荣),Liu Y (刘云).Temporal and special structure of carabid community in agricultural landscape of Dongbeiwang,Beijing.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(1):85-90 (in Chinese)
[25] Li Q (李强).Researches on Eco-Environment Features and Vegetation Restoration Eechnologies in Dry-Hot Valley of Jinshajiang River.Master Thesis.Xi’an:Xi’an University of Technology,2008 (in Chinese)
[26] Chang X-X (常学向),Zhao W-Z (赵文智),Zhao A-F (赵爱芬).Species diversity of pasture community at different altitude levels in Qilian Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(9):1599-1603 (in Chinese)
[27] Liu S-H (刘思慧).Studies on the Species Diversity of Mammals in Southern Hengduanshan:Spatial Patterson of Species Richness of Mammals in Nature Reserves in Southern Yunnan.PhD Thesis.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2004 (in Chinese)
[28] Li T (李汀),Ju J-H (琚建华).Comparison of climate feature between the southwest summer sonsoon of the bay of the Bengal and the South China Sea summer monsoon.Chinese Journal of Geophysics (地球物理学报),2013,56(1):27-37 (in Chinese)
[29] Hu J-M (胡金明),He D-M (何大明),Li Y-G (李运刚).Discussion on the monsoon intersection of Ailao Mountain from the wet season precipitation differences.Advance in Earth Science (地球科学进展),2011,26(2):183-192 (in Chinese)