云南省石漠化区耕地休耕对策研究
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摘要
我国石漠化得到初步遏制的同时,发生在耕地上的石漠化面积却在增加。石漠化区的云南省和贵州省是我国休耕制度试点区域之一,但传统的石漠化治理缺乏休耕环节,耕地利用方式未能实现根本转型。基于休耕试点区域的实地调研,总结概括了云南省休耕试点工作的主要特点:(1)因地制宜整片推进;(2)签订休耕协议强化约束;(3)政府与农户联动落实休耕区域和面积;(4)休耕培肥方式元化化;(5)与农业结构调整对接;(6)与经济社会发展相统筹。但云南休耕试点也存在一些问题,主要是:(1)休耕区域的选择存在主观性;(2)配套资金缺口大;(3)休耕补助大幅减少造成群众心理落差;(4)休耕工作队伍建设薄弱。基于以上问题,建议:(1)建立休耕地诊断识别技术体系,明确休耕的规模和时序安排;(2)加强涉农项目和资金整合,增加配套资金投入,缓解基层财政压力;(3)建立动态的、反映土地市场价格的休耕补助机制,优化补助方式;(4)充实完善基层休耕组织机构,加强基层休耕工作队伍建设;(5)加快休耕监测体系建设,适时开展休耕制度运行绩效评估。
In spite the situation of China's rocky desertification has been preliminarily controlled, the area of cultivated land with rocky desertification is increasing. Yunnan and Guizhou Province are the important areas of pilot experiments on the fallow system in China, but the traditional patterns of rocky desertification control lack the step of fallow, thus the land use of these regions remain unchanged. Based on the field investigations to the pilot areas, the main characteristics of the fallow pattern in Yunnan Province are summarized in this paper presented as follows. In a region not less than 33.33 hm~2, sign fallow agreements with farmers. The government and farmers confirm the fallow region and area together. It is connected with adjustment of the agricultural structure and consistent with economic and social development goals. Meanwhile, the study found some problems in Yunnan's fallow including subjective regional selection, shortage of supporting funds in county governments, massive reduction in subsidies results in a public psychological gap, and weak construction of work forces. Based on the above problems,it is suggested that, to establish a technical system for the diagnosis and identification of fallow land, to clarify the scale and timing of fallow; ease the financial pressure in county governments by strengthening the integration of agricultural projects and funds, to increase the input of supporting funds; to establish dynamic subsidy mechanism which reflects the land market price, to optimize the mode of subsidization; to improve the organization and construction of work teams; to accelerate the construction of the fallow monitoring system and timely to carry out the performance evaluation of the fallow system.
In spite the situation of China's rocky desertification has been preliminarily controlled, the area of cultivated land with rocky desertification is increasing. Yunnan and Guizhou Province are the important areas of pilot experiments on the fallow system in China, but the traditional patterns of rocky desertification control lack the step of fallow, thus the land use of these regions remain unchanged. Based on the field investigations to the pilot areas, the main characteristics of the fallow pattern in Yunnan Province are summarized in this paper presented as follows. In a region not less than 33.33 hm~2, sign fallow agreements with farmers. The government and farmers confirm the fallow region and area together. It is connected with adjustment of the agricultural structure and consistent with economic and social development goals. Meanwhile, the study found some problems in Yunnan's fallow including subjective regional selection, shortage of supporting funds in county governments, massive reduction in subsidies results in a public psychological gap, and weak construction of work forces. Based on the above problems,it is suggested that, to establish a technical system for the diagnosis and identification of fallow land, to clarify the scale and timing of fallow; ease the financial pressure in county governments by strengthening the integration of agricultural projects and funds, to increase the input of supporting funds; to establish dynamic subsidy mechanism which reflects the land market price, to optimize the mode of subsidization; to improve the organization and construction of work teams; to accelerate the construction of the fallow monitoring system and timely to carry out the performance evaluation of the fallow system.
引文
[1]王宇,张华,张贵,等.云南省石漠化调查及治理综述[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(5):486-496.
[2]苏维词.中国西南岩溶山区石漠化治理的优化模式及对策[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(5):24-27.
[3]苏维词.喀斯特土地石漠化类型划分及其生态治理模式探讨[J].中国土地科学,2008,22(4):32-37.
[4]左太安.贵州喀斯特石漠化治理模式类型及典型治理模式对比研究[D].重庆:重庆师范大学,2010:22-36.
[5]苏维词,杨华.典型喀斯特峡谷石漠化地区生态农业模式探析:以贵州省花江大峡谷顶坛片区为例[J].中国生态农业学报,2005(4):217-220.
[6]刘建民.生态与生计:广西大石山区石漠化治理研究:以马山县古寨瑶族乡古朗屯为例[J].广西民族研究,2013(3):177-182.
[7]邓家富.黔西南州石漠化治理的主要做法及成功模式[J].中国水土保持,2014(1):4-7,23.
[8]肖华,熊康宁,张浩,等.喀斯特石漠化治理模式研究进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(s1):330-334.
[9]瞿姝宁.云南多举措构建粮食流通安全保障体系[N].云南日报,2014-07-27.
[10]刘讯,叶红环,廖佳元,等.喀斯特小流域不同土地利用方式下土壤容重分析[J].山地农业生物学报,2014(4):63-66,75.
[11]毛琴.岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用方式的效益比较研究:以南川区石磬村为例[D].重庆:西南大学,2015:1.
[12]孙治旭.关于云南省实行耕地轮作休耕的思考[J].环境与可持续发展,2016,41(1):148-149.
[13]杨士杰.论云南少数民族的生产方式与生态保护[J].云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(5):119-122.
[14]毕琼仙.石林县石漠化土地现状及治理模式与措施[J].绿色科技,2014(1):21-23.
[15]赵敏慧,陆艳,王婷,等.云南省砚山县石漠化区域植被修复的物种配置研究[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(2):319-325,331.
[16]杨庆媛.西南石漠化地区休耕制度建设刍议[N].中国社会科学报,2018-09-18.
[17]陈展图,杨庆媛.中国耕地休耕制度基本框架构建[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(12):126-136.
(1)云南省林业厅:《云南省石漠化状况公报》,http://www.ynly.gov.cn/8415/8443/91334.html,2012年10月29日。
(2)贵州省粮食局:《贵州省2000—2013年粮食产需情况》,http://www.gzgrain.gov.cn/xxgk/xxgkml/tjsj/201609/t20160905_946422.html,2015年3月5日。
(3)由于与地下水漏斗区的河北省在耕地地形、耕地分布、耕作半径、人均耕地面积等诸多方面存在差异,因而,石漠化区云南省采取的是“整片推进”的休耕模式,而不是河北省的“整村推进”休耕模式(即,整个行政村全部耕地均进行休耕),这两种模式的差异作者将另文详细阐释。
(4)杨静,《云南推进耕地轮作休耕试点休耕面积超20万亩》,新华网,http://www.xinhuanet.com//food/2017-11/29/c_1122026792.htm,2017年11月29日。
(5)云南省在全省休耕区域共布设了282个耕地质量监测点。详见张蕊,《2018年云南全省共设休耕地块耕地质量监测点282个》,云南网,http://yn.yunnan.cn/system/2019/01/22/030184927.shtml,2019年1月22日。
[2]苏维词.中国西南岩溶山区石漠化治理的优化模式及对策[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(5):24-27.
[3]苏维词.喀斯特土地石漠化类型划分及其生态治理模式探讨[J].中国土地科学,2008,22(4):32-37.
[4]左太安.贵州喀斯特石漠化治理模式类型及典型治理模式对比研究[D].重庆:重庆师范大学,2010:22-36.
[5]苏维词,杨华.典型喀斯特峡谷石漠化地区生态农业模式探析:以贵州省花江大峡谷顶坛片区为例[J].中国生态农业学报,2005(4):217-220.
[6]刘建民.生态与生计:广西大石山区石漠化治理研究:以马山县古寨瑶族乡古朗屯为例[J].广西民族研究,2013(3):177-182.
[7]邓家富.黔西南州石漠化治理的主要做法及成功模式[J].中国水土保持,2014(1):4-7,23.
[8]肖华,熊康宁,张浩,等.喀斯特石漠化治理模式研究进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(s1):330-334.
[9]瞿姝宁.云南多举措构建粮食流通安全保障体系[N].云南日报,2014-07-27.
[10]刘讯,叶红环,廖佳元,等.喀斯特小流域不同土地利用方式下土壤容重分析[J].山地农业生物学报,2014(4):63-66,75.
[11]毛琴.岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用方式的效益比较研究:以南川区石磬村为例[D].重庆:西南大学,2015:1.
[12]孙治旭.关于云南省实行耕地轮作休耕的思考[J].环境与可持续发展,2016,41(1):148-149.
[13]杨士杰.论云南少数民族的生产方式与生态保护[J].云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(5):119-122.
[14]毕琼仙.石林县石漠化土地现状及治理模式与措施[J].绿色科技,2014(1):21-23.
[15]赵敏慧,陆艳,王婷,等.云南省砚山县石漠化区域植被修复的物种配置研究[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(2):319-325,331.
[16]杨庆媛.西南石漠化地区休耕制度建设刍议[N].中国社会科学报,2018-09-18.
[17]陈展图,杨庆媛.中国耕地休耕制度基本框架构建[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(12):126-136.
(1)云南省林业厅:《云南省石漠化状况公报》,http://www.ynly.gov.cn/8415/8443/91334.html,2012年10月29日。
(2)贵州省粮食局:《贵州省2000—2013年粮食产需情况》,http://www.gzgrain.gov.cn/xxgk/xxgkml/tjsj/201609/t20160905_946422.html,2015年3月5日。
(3)由于与地下水漏斗区的河北省在耕地地形、耕地分布、耕作半径、人均耕地面积等诸多方面存在差异,因而,石漠化区云南省采取的是“整片推进”的休耕模式,而不是河北省的“整村推进”休耕模式(即,整个行政村全部耕地均进行休耕),这两种模式的差异作者将另文详细阐释。
(4)杨静,《云南推进耕地轮作休耕试点休耕面积超20万亩》,新华网,http://www.xinhuanet.com//food/2017-11/29/c_1122026792.htm,2017年11月29日。
(5)云南省在全省休耕区域共布设了282个耕地质量监测点。详见张蕊,《2018年云南全省共设休耕地块耕地质量监测点282个》,云南网,http://yn.yunnan.cn/system/2019/01/22/030184927.shtml,2019年1月22日。