生态系统服务的三元价值理论及在大尺度生态补偿上的应用探讨
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摘要
传统的生态系统服务价值评估方法在生态补偿具体实践中仍存在一些困境。本研究提出生态系统服务功能的三元价值理论,通过能值方法剥离纯自然贡献带来的服务价值、自然贡献和人类投入共同作用形成的服务价值及基于人类偏好的存在价值这三类价值,通过自然贡献可以确定生态补偿的理论基线,而人工投入(基于人类投入绩效的支付)和存在价值(基于偏好的支付)可对基线进行二级修正,进一步提出了利用三元价值理论系统解决"生态系统服务—受益区—补偿方式—补偿标准—受偿主体"问题的生态补偿路径。
The traditional ecosystem service value assessment method still has some difficulties in the practice of eco-compensation. This study proposes the ternary value theory of ecosystem service, and uses the emergy-based method to split the service value into three types: pure natural contribution, the service value formed by the combination of natural contribution and human input, and the existence value based on human preference. The theoretical baseline of eco-compensation can be determined by pure natural contribution, while the artificial input(based on human input performance payment) and the existence value(based on preference payment) can make a secondary correction to the baseline. Furthermore, the ecological compensation path of "ecosystem servicebeneficiary area-compensation method-compensation standard-recipient subject" is proposed by using the ternary value theory system.
The traditional ecosystem service value assessment method still has some difficulties in the practice of eco-compensation. This study proposes the ternary value theory of ecosystem service, and uses the emergy-based method to split the service value into three types: pure natural contribution, the service value formed by the combination of natural contribution and human input, and the existence value based on human preference. The theoretical baseline of eco-compensation can be determined by pure natural contribution, while the artificial input(based on human input performance payment) and the existence value(based on preference payment) can make a secondary correction to the baseline. Furthermore, the ecological compensation path of "ecosystem servicebeneficiary area-compensation method-compensation standard-recipient subject" is proposed by using the ternary value theory system.
引文
[1]ENGEL S,PAGIOLA S,WUNDER S.Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice:an overview of the issues[J].Ecological economics,2008,65(4):663-674.
[2]柳荻,胡振通,靳乐山.生态保护补偿的分析框架研究综述[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):380-392.
[3]LANDELL-MILLS N,PORRAS I T.Silver Bullet or Fools’Gold:A global Review of Markets for Forest Environmental Services and Their Impact on the Poor[R].London:IIED,2002.
[4]POLANYI K.The Great Transformation:the Political and Economic Origins of Our Time[M].Boston,MA:Beacon Press,2000:209-212.
[5]BROMLEY D W.Rethinking markets[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1997,79(5):1383-1393.
[6]李晓光,苗鸿,郑华,等.生态补偿标准确定的主要方法及其应用[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4431-4440.
[7]ROYCHAUDHURI P S,BANDYOPADHYAY S.Financial pinch analysis:minimum opportunity cost targeting algorithm[J].Journal of environmental management,2018,212:88-98.
[8]黄立洪.生态补偿量化方法及其市场运作机制研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2013.
[9]MEA.Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:Synthesis[M].Washington,DC:Island Press,2005.
[10]COSTANZA R,D’ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[11]SEPPELT R,DORMANN C F,EPPINK F V,et al.A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies:approaches,shortcomings and the road ahead[J].Journal of applied ecology,2011,48(3):630-636.
[12]CARPENTER S R,MOONEY H A,AGARD J,et al.Science for managing ecosystem services:beyond the millennium ecosystem assessment[J].Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(5):1305-1312.
[13]RODRIGUEZ J P,BEARD JR T D,BENNETT E M,et al.Trade-offs across space,time,and ecosystem services[J].Ecology and society,2006,11(1):28.
[14]ANANDA J,HERATH G.A critical review of multi-criteria decision making methods with special reference to forest management and planning[J].Ecological economics,2009,68(10):2535-2548.
[15]王兴杰,张骞之,刘晓雯,等.生态补偿的概念、标准及政府的作用--基于人类活动对生态系统作用类型分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(5):41-50.
[16]张辉.我国林业生态补偿的绩效评价[D].杭州:浙江理工大学,2016.
[17]LIU J G,YANG W.Water sustainability for China and beyond[J].Science,2012,337(6095):649-650.
[18]LIU M C,XIONG Y,YUAN Z,et al.Standards of ecological compensation for traditional Eco-agriculture:taking rice-fish system in Hani terrace as an example[J].Journal of mountain science,2014,11(4):1049-1059.
[19]DíAZ S,PASCUAL U,STENSEKE M,et al.Assessing nature’s contributions to people[J].Science,2018,359(6373):270-272.
[20]KEMKES R J,FARLEY J,KOLIBA C J.Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision[J].Ecological economics,2010,69(11):2069-2074.
[21]MURADIAN R,CORBERA E,PASCUAL U,et al.Reconciling theory and practice:an alternative conceptual framework for understanding payments for environmental services[J].Ecological economics,2010,69(6):1202-1208.
[22]国家环境保护总局.关于开展生态补偿试点工作的指导意见[R].北京:国家环境保护总局,2007.
[23]SHANG W X,GONG Y C,WANG Z J,et al.Eco-compensation in China:theory,practices and suggestions for the future[J].Journal of environmental management,2018,210:162-170.
[24]BADE R,PARKIN M.Foundations of Macroeconomics[M].5th ed.Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,Inc.,2010.
[25]WUNDER S.Payments for environmental services:some nuts and bolts[M].https://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-42.Pdf.
[26]KOSOY N,MARTINEZ-TUNA M,MURADIAN R,et al.Payments for environmental services in watersheds:insights from a comparative study of three cases in Central America[J].Ecological economics,2006,61(2-3):446-455.
[27]FERRARO P J.Asymmetric information and contract design for payments for environmental services[J].Ecological economics,2008,65(4):810-821.
[28]VATN A.An institutional analysis of payments for environmental services[J].Ecological economics,2010,69(6):1245-1252.
[29]PAN X L,XU L Y,YANG Z F,et al.Payments for ecosystem services in China:policy,practice,and progress[J].Journal of cleaner production,2017,158:200-208.
[30]欧阳志云,郑华,岳平.建立我国生态补偿机制的思路与措施[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):686-692.
[31]YIN X A,LIU Y M,YANG Z F,et al.Eco-compensation standards for sustaining high flow events below hydropower plants[J].Journal of cleaner production,2018,182:1-7.
[32]肖建红,王敏,于庆东,等.基于生态足迹的大型水电工程建设生态补偿标准评价模型--以三峡工程为例[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2726-2740.
[33]张悦.生态补偿框架的构建及其基于多主体的仿真研究[D].北京:北京科技大学,2018.
[34]戴君虎,王焕炯,王红丽,等.生态系统服务价值评估理论框架与生态补偿实践[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(7):963-969.
[35]ACHARYA G.Approaches to valuing the hidden hydrological services of wetland ecosystems[J].Ecological economics,2000,35(1):63-74.
[36]FARBER S C,COSTANZA R,WILSON M A.Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services[J].Ecological economics,2002,41(3):375-392.
[37]仲俊涛,米文宝.基于生态系统服务价值的宁夏区域生态补偿研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(10):19-24.
[38]WACKERNAGEL M,ONISTO L,BELLO P,et al.National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept[J].Ecological economics,1999,29(3):375-390.
[39]BORUCKE M,MOORE D,CRANSTON G,et al.Accounting for demand and supply of the biosphere’s regenerative capacity:the National Footprint Accounts’underlying methodology and framework[J].Ecological indicators,2013,24:518-533.
[40]刘耕源.生态系统服务功能非货币量核算研究[J].生态学报,2018,38(4):1487-1499.
[41]刘耕源,杨青.生态系统服务价值非货币量核算:理论框架与方法学[J].中国环境管理,2018,10(4):10-20.
[42]ODUM H T.Environmental Accounting:Emergy and Environmental Decision Making[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1996.
[43]BROWN M T,ULGIATI S.Energy quality,emergy,and transformity:H.T.Odum’s contributions to quantifying and understanding systems[J].Ecological modelling,2004,178(1-2):201-213.
[44]GENG Y,SARKIS J,ULGIATI S.Sustainability,well-being,and the circular economy in China and worldwide[J].Science,2016,6278(S1):73-76.
[45]GENG Y,SARKIS J,ULGIATI S,et al.Measuring China’s circular economy[J].Science,2013,339(6127):1526-1527.
[46]杨青,刘耕源.森林生态系统服务价值非货币量核算:以京津冀城市群为例[J].应用生态学报,2018,doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201811.019.
[47]杨青,刘耕源.湿地生态系统服务价值评估:以珠江三角洲为例[J].环境科学学报,2018,doi:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2018.0265.
[48]COSTANZA R,DE GROOT R,BRAAT L,et al.Twenty years of ecosystem services:how far have we come and how far do we still need to go?[J].Ecosystem services,2017,28:1-16.
[49]ZABEL A,ROE B.Optimal design of pro-conservation incentives[J].Ecological economics,2009,69(1):126-134.
[50]DERISSEN S,QUAAS M F.Combining performance-based and action-based payments to provide environmental goods under uncertainty[J].Ecological economics,2013,85:77-84.
[51]MAHANTY S,SUICH H,TACCONI L.Access and benefits in payments for environmental services and implications for REDD+:lessons from seven PES schemes[J].Land use policy,2013,31:38-47.
[52]WUNDER S,ENGEL S,PAGIOLA S.Taking stock:a comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries[J].Ecological economics,2008,65(4):834-852.
[53]PATTANAYAK S K,WUNDER S,FERRARO P J.Show me the money:do payments supply environmental services in developing countries?[J].Review of environmental economics and policy,2010,4(2):254-274.
[54]CLAASSEN R,CATTANEO A,JOHANSSON R.Cost-effective design of agri-environmental payment programs:U.S.experience in theory and practice[J].Ecological economics,2008,65(4):737-752.
[55]金波.区域生态补偿机制研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[56]ZHANG Q F,LIN T,BENNETT M T,et al.An Eco-Compensation Policy Framework for the People’s Republic of China:Challenges and Opportunities[R].Asian Development Bank,ISBN:978-92-9092-049-6.2010.
[57]ZHENG H,ROBINSON B E,LIANG Y C,et al.Benefits,costs,and livelihood implications of a regional payment for ecosystem service program[J].Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(41):16681-16686.
[58]陆阳,胡晓斌,李倩.浙江提高公益林补偿标准每亩补偿二十五元[N].浙江日报,2013-11-27.
[59]张志强,程莉,尚海洋,等.流域生态系统补偿机制研究进展[J].生态学报,2012,32(20):6543-6552.
[60]刘桂环,文一惠,张惠远.基于生态系统服务的官厅水库流域生态补偿机制研究[J].资源科学,2010,32(5):856-863.
(1)中国市制土地面积单位,1亩=666.667平方米。
[2]柳荻,胡振通,靳乐山.生态保护补偿的分析框架研究综述[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):380-392.
[3]LANDELL-MILLS N,PORRAS I T.Silver Bullet or Fools’Gold:A global Review of Markets for Forest Environmental Services and Their Impact on the Poor[R].London:IIED,2002.
[4]POLANYI K.The Great Transformation:the Political and Economic Origins of Our Time[M].Boston,MA:Beacon Press,2000:209-212.
[5]BROMLEY D W.Rethinking markets[J].American journal of agricultural economics,1997,79(5):1383-1393.
[6]李晓光,苗鸿,郑华,等.生态补偿标准确定的主要方法及其应用[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4431-4440.
[7]ROYCHAUDHURI P S,BANDYOPADHYAY S.Financial pinch analysis:minimum opportunity cost targeting algorithm[J].Journal of environmental management,2018,212:88-98.
[8]黄立洪.生态补偿量化方法及其市场运作机制研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2013.
[9]MEA.Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:Synthesis[M].Washington,DC:Island Press,2005.
[10]COSTANZA R,D’ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[11]SEPPELT R,DORMANN C F,EPPINK F V,et al.A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies:approaches,shortcomings and the road ahead[J].Journal of applied ecology,2011,48(3):630-636.
[12]CARPENTER S R,MOONEY H A,AGARD J,et al.Science for managing ecosystem services:beyond the millennium ecosystem assessment[J].Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(5):1305-1312.
[13]RODRIGUEZ J P,BEARD JR T D,BENNETT E M,et al.Trade-offs across space,time,and ecosystem services[J].Ecology and society,2006,11(1):28.
[14]ANANDA J,HERATH G.A critical review of multi-criteria decision making methods with special reference to forest management and planning[J].Ecological economics,2009,68(10):2535-2548.
[15]王兴杰,张骞之,刘晓雯,等.生态补偿的概念、标准及政府的作用--基于人类活动对生态系统作用类型分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(5):41-50.
[16]张辉.我国林业生态补偿的绩效评价[D].杭州:浙江理工大学,2016.
[17]LIU J G,YANG W.Water sustainability for China and beyond[J].Science,2012,337(6095):649-650.
[18]LIU M C,XIONG Y,YUAN Z,et al.Standards of ecological compensation for traditional Eco-agriculture:taking rice-fish system in Hani terrace as an example[J].Journal of mountain science,2014,11(4):1049-1059.
[19]DíAZ S,PASCUAL U,STENSEKE M,et al.Assessing nature’s contributions to people[J].Science,2018,359(6373):270-272.
[20]KEMKES R J,FARLEY J,KOLIBA C J.Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision[J].Ecological economics,2010,69(11):2069-2074.
[21]MURADIAN R,CORBERA E,PASCUAL U,et al.Reconciling theory and practice:an alternative conceptual framework for understanding payments for environmental services[J].Ecological economics,2010,69(6):1202-1208.
[22]国家环境保护总局.关于开展生态补偿试点工作的指导意见[R].北京:国家环境保护总局,2007.
[23]SHANG W X,GONG Y C,WANG Z J,et al.Eco-compensation in China:theory,practices and suggestions for the future[J].Journal of environmental management,2018,210:162-170.
[24]BADE R,PARKIN M.Foundations of Macroeconomics[M].5th ed.Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,Inc.,2010.
[25]WUNDER S.Payments for environmental services:some nuts and bolts[M].https://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-42.Pdf.
[26]KOSOY N,MARTINEZ-TUNA M,MURADIAN R,et al.Payments for environmental services in watersheds:insights from a comparative study of three cases in Central America[J].Ecological economics,2006,61(2-3):446-455.
[27]FERRARO P J.Asymmetric information and contract design for payments for environmental services[J].Ecological economics,2008,65(4):810-821.
[28]VATN A.An institutional analysis of payments for environmental services[J].Ecological economics,2010,69(6):1245-1252.
[29]PAN X L,XU L Y,YANG Z F,et al.Payments for ecosystem services in China:policy,practice,and progress[J].Journal of cleaner production,2017,158:200-208.
[30]欧阳志云,郑华,岳平.建立我国生态补偿机制的思路与措施[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):686-692.
[31]YIN X A,LIU Y M,YANG Z F,et al.Eco-compensation standards for sustaining high flow events below hydropower plants[J].Journal of cleaner production,2018,182:1-7.
[32]肖建红,王敏,于庆东,等.基于生态足迹的大型水电工程建设生态补偿标准评价模型--以三峡工程为例[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2726-2740.
[33]张悦.生态补偿框架的构建及其基于多主体的仿真研究[D].北京:北京科技大学,2018.
[34]戴君虎,王焕炯,王红丽,等.生态系统服务价值评估理论框架与生态补偿实践[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(7):963-969.
[35]ACHARYA G.Approaches to valuing the hidden hydrological services of wetland ecosystems[J].Ecological economics,2000,35(1):63-74.
[36]FARBER S C,COSTANZA R,WILSON M A.Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services[J].Ecological economics,2002,41(3):375-392.
[37]仲俊涛,米文宝.基于生态系统服务价值的宁夏区域生态补偿研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(10):19-24.
[38]WACKERNAGEL M,ONISTO L,BELLO P,et al.National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept[J].Ecological economics,1999,29(3):375-390.
[39]BORUCKE M,MOORE D,CRANSTON G,et al.Accounting for demand and supply of the biosphere’s regenerative capacity:the National Footprint Accounts’underlying methodology and framework[J].Ecological indicators,2013,24:518-533.
[40]刘耕源.生态系统服务功能非货币量核算研究[J].生态学报,2018,38(4):1487-1499.
[41]刘耕源,杨青.生态系统服务价值非货币量核算:理论框架与方法学[J].中国环境管理,2018,10(4):10-20.
[42]ODUM H T.Environmental Accounting:Emergy and Environmental Decision Making[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1996.
[43]BROWN M T,ULGIATI S.Energy quality,emergy,and transformity:H.T.Odum’s contributions to quantifying and understanding systems[J].Ecological modelling,2004,178(1-2):201-213.
[44]GENG Y,SARKIS J,ULGIATI S.Sustainability,well-being,and the circular economy in China and worldwide[J].Science,2016,6278(S1):73-76.
[45]GENG Y,SARKIS J,ULGIATI S,et al.Measuring China’s circular economy[J].Science,2013,339(6127):1526-1527.
[46]杨青,刘耕源.森林生态系统服务价值非货币量核算:以京津冀城市群为例[J].应用生态学报,2018,doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201811.019.
[47]杨青,刘耕源.湿地生态系统服务价值评估:以珠江三角洲为例[J].环境科学学报,2018,doi:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2018.0265.
[48]COSTANZA R,DE GROOT R,BRAAT L,et al.Twenty years of ecosystem services:how far have we come and how far do we still need to go?[J].Ecosystem services,2017,28:1-16.
[49]ZABEL A,ROE B.Optimal design of pro-conservation incentives[J].Ecological economics,2009,69(1):126-134.
[50]DERISSEN S,QUAAS M F.Combining performance-based and action-based payments to provide environmental goods under uncertainty[J].Ecological economics,2013,85:77-84.
[51]MAHANTY S,SUICH H,TACCONI L.Access and benefits in payments for environmental services and implications for REDD+:lessons from seven PES schemes[J].Land use policy,2013,31:38-47.
[52]WUNDER S,ENGEL S,PAGIOLA S.Taking stock:a comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries[J].Ecological economics,2008,65(4):834-852.
[53]PATTANAYAK S K,WUNDER S,FERRARO P J.Show me the money:do payments supply environmental services in developing countries?[J].Review of environmental economics and policy,2010,4(2):254-274.
[54]CLAASSEN R,CATTANEO A,JOHANSSON R.Cost-effective design of agri-environmental payment programs:U.S.experience in theory and practice[J].Ecological economics,2008,65(4):737-752.
[55]金波.区域生态补偿机制研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[56]ZHANG Q F,LIN T,BENNETT M T,et al.An Eco-Compensation Policy Framework for the People’s Republic of China:Challenges and Opportunities[R].Asian Development Bank,ISBN:978-92-9092-049-6.2010.
[57]ZHENG H,ROBINSON B E,LIANG Y C,et al.Benefits,costs,and livelihood implications of a regional payment for ecosystem service program[J].Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(41):16681-16686.
[58]陆阳,胡晓斌,李倩.浙江提高公益林补偿标准每亩补偿二十五元[N].浙江日报,2013-11-27.
[59]张志强,程莉,尚海洋,等.流域生态系统补偿机制研究进展[J].生态学报,2012,32(20):6543-6552.
[60]刘桂环,文一惠,张惠远.基于生态系统服务的官厅水库流域生态补偿机制研究[J].资源科学,2010,32(5):856-863.
(1)中国市制土地面积单位,1亩=666.667平方米。