木瓜榕传粉榕小蜂与一种非传粉榕小蜂核型比较分析
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摘要
【目的】为了明确木瓜榕传粉榕小蜂Ceratosolen emarginatus Mayr及另外一种寄生于木瓜榕雌果内的非传粉小蜂Platyneura sp.染色体核型特征和差异。【方法】本研究采用小牛血清培养脑神经节的方法对寄生于木瓜榕Ficus auriculata Loureiro的两种小蜂进行了染色体核型比较分析。【结果】木瓜榕传粉小蜂的染色体数目为2n(♀)=10,染色体臂指数NF值为20,整个染色体组包含5对中着丝粒染色体,核型类别属Stebbins-1A型;非传粉小蜂Platyneura sp.的染色体数目为2n=12,染色体臂指数NF值为24,染色体组全部为中着丝粒染色体,核型类别属Stebbins-1A型。【结论】两种小蜂除染色体类型和核型类别相同,在其他染色体特征方面均表现出差异。结合前人和本研究结果,我们推测两种小蜂之间染色体核型可能发生了由传粉者向非传粉者的演化,即发生了染色体数目由少到多的演化。
[Objectives] In order to investigate the chromosomal karyotypes of two fig wasps, Ceratosolen emarginatusMayr, a pollinator of Ficus auriculata Loureiro, and a non-pollinating fig wasp Platyneura sp.. [Methods] The karyotype analysis of these species was performed using calf blood serum to culture cerebral ganglia of each species after dissection. [Results] Chromosomes of both wasps were metacentric and their karyotypes were Stebbins-1 A. Some differences between the two species were apparent, for example, the diploid chromosome numbers of C. emarginatus and Platyneura sp.were 2 n(♀)= 10 and 2 n(♀)= 12, respectively, and the corresponding arm numbers(NF) were 20 and 24. [Conclusion] Although the two species share the same chromosome type and karyotype, they differ in some other chromosome features. Taking into consideration the results of previous studies, it is possible that the karyotype of these two fig wasps may have evolved from pollinator to non-pollinator, i.e. that the number of chromosomes increased rather than decreased.
[Objectives] In order to investigate the chromosomal karyotypes of two fig wasps, Ceratosolen emarginatusMayr, a pollinator of Ficus auriculata Loureiro, and a non-pollinating fig wasp Platyneura sp.. [Methods] The karyotype analysis of these species was performed using calf blood serum to culture cerebral ganglia of each species after dissection. [Results] Chromosomes of both wasps were metacentric and their karyotypes were Stebbins-1 A. Some differences between the two species were apparent, for example, the diploid chromosome numbers of C. emarginatus and Platyneura sp.were 2 n(♀)= 10 and 2 n(♀)= 12, respectively, and the corresponding arm numbers(NF) were 20 and 24. [Conclusion] Although the two species share the same chromosome type and karyotype, they differ in some other chromosome features. Taking into consideration the results of previous studies, it is possible that the karyotype of these two fig wasps may have evolved from pollinator to non-pollinator, i.e. that the number of chromosomes increased rather than decreased.
引文
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Bronstein JL,1991.The non-pollinating wasp fauna of Ficus pertusa:exploitation of a mutualism?Oikos,61:175-186.
Chen FM,Zhang XM,Liu Q,2018.Comparison study on the chromosome of two Eupristina species from Ficus altissima Blume.Journal of Environmental Entomology,40(1):193-198.[陈辅铭,张晓明,柳青,2018.高榕果内两种共存榕小蜂染色体比较研究.环境昆虫学报,40(1):193-198.]
Chen HH,Yang DR,Gu D,Compton SG,Peng YQ,2013.Secondary galling:a novel feeding strategy among‘non-pollinating’fig wasps from Ficus curtipes.Ecological Entomology,38(4):381-389.
Compton SG,Hawkins BA,1992.Determinants of species richness in southern African fig wasp assemblages.Oecologia,91:68-74.
Compton SG,Holton KC,Rashbrook VK,van Noort S,Vincent SL,Ware AB,1991.Studies of Ceratosolen galili,a non-pollinating Agaonid fig wasp.Biotropica,2:188-194.
Cook JM,Power SA,1996.Effects of within-tree flowering asynchrony on the dynamics of seed and wasp production in an Australian fig species.Journal of Biogeography,23:487-493.
Cruaud A,Jabbour-Zahab R,Genson G,Cruaud C,Couloux A,Kjellberg F,van Noort S,Rasplus JY,2010.Laying the foundations for a new classification of Agaonidae(Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea),a multilocus phylogenetic approach.Cladistics,26(4):359-387.
Gokhman VE,Mikhailenko AP,Fursov VN,2010.Chromosomes of Blastophaga psenes(Hymenoptera:Agaonidae).Journal of Hymenoptera Research,1:187-188.
Guan JM,Peng YQ,Yang DR,2007.Host sanctions in fig-fig wasp mutualism.Biodiversity Science,6:626-632.[管俊明,彭艳琼,杨大荣,2007.榕-蜂互惠关系中榕树对未传粉榕小蜂的惩罚效应.生物多样性,6:626-632.]
Jander KC,Herre EA,2010.Host sanctions and pollinator cheating in the fig tree-fig wasp mutualism.Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences,1687:1481-1488.
Jousselin E,Rasplus JY,Kjellberg F,2001.Shift to mutualism in parasitic lineages of the fig/fig wasp interaction.Oikos,94:287-294.
KerdelhuéC,Rossi JP,Rasplus JY,2000.Comparative community ecology studies on Old World figs and fig wasps.Ecology,81:2832-2849.
Levan AK,Fredga K,Sandberg AA,1964.Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes.Hereditas,52(2):201-220.
Liu Q,2011.Methods of chromosome preparation and karyotype evolution of pollinating fig wasps.Doctor’s dissertation.Kunming:Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences.[柳青,2011.榕树传粉榕小蜂染色体制备技术及其核型进化研究.博士学位论文.昆明:中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园.]
Liu Q,Ou XH,Compton SG,Yang DR,2011.Chromosome numbers are not fixed in Agaonidae(Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea).Symbiosis,3:131-137.
Peng YQ,Duan ZB,Yang DR,Rasplus JY,2008.Co-occurrence of two Eupristina species on Ficus altissima in Xishuangbanna,SWChina.Symbiosis,45:9-14.
Peng YQ,Yang DR,Duan ZB,2005.The population dynamics of a non-pollinating fig wasp on Ficus auriculata at Xishuangbanna,China.Journal of Tropical Ecology,21:581-584.
Peng YQ,Yang DR,Wang QY,Zhou F,Luo JR,2002.On the structure and distribution of the insect communities of Ficus auriculata.Acta Entomologica Sinica,45(5):629-635.[彭艳琼,杨大荣,王秋艳,周芳,罗进荣,2002.木瓜榕上昆虫群落结构及分布特征.昆虫学报,45(5):629-635.]
Stebbins GL,1971.Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants.Edward Amold,London,(Chapter 5:Morphological,Physiological,and Cytogenetic Significance of Polyploidy).124-154.
van Noort S,Compton SG,1996.Convergent evolution of agaonine and sycoecine(Agaonidae,Chalcidoidea)head shape in response to the constraints of host fig morphology.Journal of Biogeography,23:415-424.
Wang G,Cannon CH,Chen J,2016.Pollinator sharing and gene flow among closely related sympatric dioecious fig taxa.Proceedings of the Royal Society B,283:20152963.
Wu SB,2012.Karyotpe analysis on the pollinators(Hymenoptera:Agaonidae)of eight fig trees.Master thesis.Kunming:Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences.[武士波,2012.八种榕树传粉榕小蜂染色体核型分析.硕士学位论文.昆明:中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园.]
Wu SB,Liu Q,Yang P,Yang DR,2012.Karyotype analysis of pollinating wasps(Hymenoptera:Agaonidae)of three Ficus species.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,49(5):1314-1320.[武士波,柳青,杨培,杨大荣,2012.大果榕亚组三种榕树传粉榕小蜂核型研究.应用昆虫学报,49(5):1314-1320.]
Wu ZY,1995.Yunnan Plant Flora.Vol.6.Beijing:Science Press.595-675.[吴征镒,1995.云南植物志(第六卷).北京:科学出版社.595-675.]
Zhang FP,Peng YQ,Guan JM,Yang DR,2008.A species of fig tree and three unrelated fig wasp pollinators.Evolutionary Ecology Research,10:1-10.
Bronstein JL,1991.The non-pollinating wasp fauna of Ficus pertusa:exploitation of a mutualism?Oikos,61:175-186.
Chen FM,Zhang XM,Liu Q,2018.Comparison study on the chromosome of two Eupristina species from Ficus altissima Blume.Journal of Environmental Entomology,40(1):193-198.[陈辅铭,张晓明,柳青,2018.高榕果内两种共存榕小蜂染色体比较研究.环境昆虫学报,40(1):193-198.]
Chen HH,Yang DR,Gu D,Compton SG,Peng YQ,2013.Secondary galling:a novel feeding strategy among‘non-pollinating’fig wasps from Ficus curtipes.Ecological Entomology,38(4):381-389.
Compton SG,Hawkins BA,1992.Determinants of species richness in southern African fig wasp assemblages.Oecologia,91:68-74.
Compton SG,Holton KC,Rashbrook VK,van Noort S,Vincent SL,Ware AB,1991.Studies of Ceratosolen galili,a non-pollinating Agaonid fig wasp.Biotropica,2:188-194.
Cook JM,Power SA,1996.Effects of within-tree flowering asynchrony on the dynamics of seed and wasp production in an Australian fig species.Journal of Biogeography,23:487-493.
Cruaud A,Jabbour-Zahab R,Genson G,Cruaud C,Couloux A,Kjellberg F,van Noort S,Rasplus JY,2010.Laying the foundations for a new classification of Agaonidae(Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea),a multilocus phylogenetic approach.Cladistics,26(4):359-387.
Gokhman VE,Mikhailenko AP,Fursov VN,2010.Chromosomes of Blastophaga psenes(Hymenoptera:Agaonidae).Journal of Hymenoptera Research,1:187-188.
Guan JM,Peng YQ,Yang DR,2007.Host sanctions in fig-fig wasp mutualism.Biodiversity Science,6:626-632.[管俊明,彭艳琼,杨大荣,2007.榕-蜂互惠关系中榕树对未传粉榕小蜂的惩罚效应.生物多样性,6:626-632.]
Jander KC,Herre EA,2010.Host sanctions and pollinator cheating in the fig tree-fig wasp mutualism.Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences,1687:1481-1488.
Jousselin E,Rasplus JY,Kjellberg F,2001.Shift to mutualism in parasitic lineages of the fig/fig wasp interaction.Oikos,94:287-294.
KerdelhuéC,Rossi JP,Rasplus JY,2000.Comparative community ecology studies on Old World figs and fig wasps.Ecology,81:2832-2849.
Levan AK,Fredga K,Sandberg AA,1964.Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes.Hereditas,52(2):201-220.
Liu Q,2011.Methods of chromosome preparation and karyotype evolution of pollinating fig wasps.Doctor’s dissertation.Kunming:Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences.[柳青,2011.榕树传粉榕小蜂染色体制备技术及其核型进化研究.博士学位论文.昆明:中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园.]
Liu Q,Ou XH,Compton SG,Yang DR,2011.Chromosome numbers are not fixed in Agaonidae(Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea).Symbiosis,3:131-137.
Peng YQ,Duan ZB,Yang DR,Rasplus JY,2008.Co-occurrence of two Eupristina species on Ficus altissima in Xishuangbanna,SWChina.Symbiosis,45:9-14.
Peng YQ,Yang DR,Duan ZB,2005.The population dynamics of a non-pollinating fig wasp on Ficus auriculata at Xishuangbanna,China.Journal of Tropical Ecology,21:581-584.
Peng YQ,Yang DR,Wang QY,Zhou F,Luo JR,2002.On the structure and distribution of the insect communities of Ficus auriculata.Acta Entomologica Sinica,45(5):629-635.[彭艳琼,杨大荣,王秋艳,周芳,罗进荣,2002.木瓜榕上昆虫群落结构及分布特征.昆虫学报,45(5):629-635.]
Stebbins GL,1971.Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants.Edward Amold,London,(Chapter 5:Morphological,Physiological,and Cytogenetic Significance of Polyploidy).124-154.
van Noort S,Compton SG,1996.Convergent evolution of agaonine and sycoecine(Agaonidae,Chalcidoidea)head shape in response to the constraints of host fig morphology.Journal of Biogeography,23:415-424.
Wang G,Cannon CH,Chen J,2016.Pollinator sharing and gene flow among closely related sympatric dioecious fig taxa.Proceedings of the Royal Society B,283:20152963.
Wu SB,2012.Karyotpe analysis on the pollinators(Hymenoptera:Agaonidae)of eight fig trees.Master thesis.Kunming:Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences.[武士波,2012.八种榕树传粉榕小蜂染色体核型分析.硕士学位论文.昆明:中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园.]
Wu SB,Liu Q,Yang P,Yang DR,2012.Karyotype analysis of pollinating wasps(Hymenoptera:Agaonidae)of three Ficus species.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,49(5):1314-1320.[武士波,柳青,杨培,杨大荣,2012.大果榕亚组三种榕树传粉榕小蜂核型研究.应用昆虫学报,49(5):1314-1320.]
Wu ZY,1995.Yunnan Plant Flora.Vol.6.Beijing:Science Press.595-675.[吴征镒,1995.云南植物志(第六卷).北京:科学出版社.595-675.]
Zhang FP,Peng YQ,Guan JM,Yang DR,2008.A species of fig tree and three unrelated fig wasp pollinators.Evolutionary Ecology Research,10:1-10.