四川省典型湿地秋冬季的水鸟多样性及其干扰因素
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摘要
四川省具有丰富的湿地资源,湿地鸟类多样性丰富。为揭示秋冬季四川湿地鸟类组成,于2016年1月、10月和11月对四川省内16个湿地(13个自然湿地,3个人工湿地)的鸟类进行了调查。共记录鸟类74种47 984只,隶属8目13科。其中,IUCN红色名录物种7种,计2 517只;国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类6种,计116只。Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数显示,三江湖、古宇湖、兴隆湖、邛海、构溪河、岷江眉山段以及长江泸州段7个湿地的多样性和均匀度较其他湿地高,面形湿地水鸟的种类和数量均大于线形湿地。10月与11月,水鸟数量与湿地面积成正的线性关系,水鸟种类与湿地面积无明显线性关系。干扰因子调查统计发现,旅游开发因子在全部调查湿地中占最高比例,在自然河段中采砂业占比高且威胁强度大。以上研究发现可为四川秋冬季湿地水鸟自然保护与生态监测提供借鉴与参考。
Sichuan Province is abundant in wetland resources and diversity of wetland birds.To reveal the composition of winter wetland birds in Sichuan Province,the birds of 16 wetlands(13 natural wetlands,and 3 artificial wetlands) in Sichuan province were investigated in January,October and November of 2016.A total of 74 species are recorded with a total number of 47 984,belonging to 8 orders and 13 families.Among them,there are 7 species of IUCN red list with the number of 2 517,and 6 species with the number of 116 classified intoⅠ and Ⅱ level nationally protected birds.The shannon-wiener index and Pielou index show that the seven wetlands of Sanjiang Lake,Guyu Lake,Xinglong Lake,Qionghai Lake,Gouxi River,Meishan section of Minjiang River and Luzhou section of Yangtze River are higher in diversity and evenness than other wetlands,and its waterfowl species and quantity of regular wetland are larger than that of linear wetlands.In October or November,a positive linear relationship between waterfowl quantity and wetland area is detected while no obvious linear relationship between the waterfowl species and the wetland area is found.According to the statistics of disturbance factors,tourism development factors account for the highest proportion in all surveyed wetlands,and sand mining industry with a high threat intensity account for a high proportion in the natural river reach.The above findings can provide some guidelines for the natural protection and ecological monitoring of waterfowls in autumn and winter at the wetlands of Sichuan Province.
Sichuan Province is abundant in wetland resources and diversity of wetland birds.To reveal the composition of winter wetland birds in Sichuan Province,the birds of 16 wetlands(13 natural wetlands,and 3 artificial wetlands) in Sichuan province were investigated in January,October and November of 2016.A total of 74 species are recorded with a total number of 47 984,belonging to 8 orders and 13 families.Among them,there are 7 species of IUCN red list with the number of 2 517,and 6 species with the number of 116 classified intoⅠ and Ⅱ level nationally protected birds.The shannon-wiener index and Pielou index show that the seven wetlands of Sanjiang Lake,Guyu Lake,Xinglong Lake,Qionghai Lake,Gouxi River,Meishan section of Minjiang River and Luzhou section of Yangtze River are higher in diversity and evenness than other wetlands,and its waterfowl species and quantity of regular wetland are larger than that of linear wetlands.In October or November,a positive linear relationship between waterfowl quantity and wetland area is detected while no obvious linear relationship between the waterfowl species and the wetland area is found.According to the statistics of disturbance factors,tourism development factors account for the highest proportion in all surveyed wetlands,and sand mining industry with a high threat intensity account for a high proportion in the natural river reach.The above findings can provide some guidelines for the natural protection and ecological monitoring of waterfowls in autumn and winter at the wetlands of Sichuan Province.
引文
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[16] 姚刚,李艳红,胡杰,等.嘉陵江南充段冬季迁徙水鸟的迁徙时序及数量变化[J].四川动物,2011,30(4):638-643.
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[20] 鲍方印,王松,王梅,等.安徽沿淮湖泊湿地水鸟资源调查[J].动物学杂志,2011,46(4):117-125.
[21] 蔡音亭,干晓静,马志军.鸟类调查的样线法和样点法比较:以崇明东滩春季盐沼鸟类调查为例[J].生物多样性,2010,18(1):44-49.
[22] 孙文婷,赵思琪,马莉丽,等.Distance在样线法和样点法鸟类调查中的结果差异研究[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(27):13383-13384,13436.
[23] 约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[24] 郑光美.中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[25] 四川省林业厅.四川省湿地资源调查技术实施细则[S].2012.
[26] 马克平.生物多样性的测度方法[M]//见:钱迎倩.生物多样性的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994,141-165.
[27] 胡鸿兴,康洪莉,贡国鸿,等.湖北省湿地冬季水鸟多样性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(4):422-428.
[28] 丁平,陈水华.中国湿地水鸟[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2008.
[29] 郝海邦,郭延蜀,于同雷,等.嘉陵江中游冬季水鸟的调查[J].动物学杂志,2006,41(3):96-101.
[30] 马志军,李博,陈家宽.迁徙鸟类对中途停歇地的利用及迁徙对策[J].生态学报,2005,25(6):1404-1412.
[31] 张强,马克明,李金亚,等.不同尺度下停歇点湿地对迁徙水鸟的影响研究综述[J].生态学报,2017,37(8):2520-2529.
[32] 罗子君,周立志,顾长明.阜阳市重要湿地夏季鸟类多样性研究[J].生态科学,2012,31(5):530-537.
[33] 徐玲,李波,袁晓,等.崇明东滩春季鸟类群落特征[J].动物学杂志,2006,41(6):120-126.
[34] 卢松,陆林,林善金,等.人类活动对安庆沿江湖泊湿地影响的初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(1):65-71.
[35] 王卿,阮俊杰,沙晨燕,等.人类活动对上海市生物多样性空间格局的影响[J].生态环境学报,2012,21 (2):279-285.
[2] 陈凡,喻晓钢,罗秀琼,等.德阳市湿地水鸟资源及保护对策[J].四川林业科技,2005,26(3):52-55.
[3] 吴诗宝,柯亚永,吴桂生,等.雷州半岛湿地水鸟区系组成及生态分布的初步研究[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(2):58-62.
[4] 王强,吕宪国.鸟类在湿地生态系统监测与评价中的应用[J].湿地科学,2007,5(3):274-281.
[5] Wilson J W,Van Rensburg B J,Ferguson J W H,et al.The relative importance of environment,human activity and space in explaining species richness of South African bird orders[J].Journal of Biogeography,2008,35(2):342-352.
[6] 宫蕾,张黎黎,周立志,等.长江中下游安庆沿江湖泊湿地夏季鸟类多样性调查[J].湖泊科学,2013,25(6):872-882.
[7] Riffell S K,Keas B E,Burton T M.Area and habitat relationships of birds in great lakes coastal wet meadows[J].Wetlands,2001,21(4):492-507.
[8] MA Z J,CAI Y T,LI B,et al.Managing wetland habitats for waterbirds:an international perspective[J].Wetlands,2010,30(1):15-27.
[9] 国家林业局.第二次全国湿地资源调查结果[J].国土绿化,2014(2):6-7.
[10] 国家林业局.中国湿地资源(四川卷)[M].北京.中国林业出版社,2015.
[11] 胡仕源,冉江洪,窦亮,等.四川省东部和西南部冬季水鸟调查[J].四川动物,2015,34(1):120-125.
[12] 林雯,冉江洪,邓志荣,等.四川凉山彝族自治州湿地鸟类组成及变化探讨[J].四川动物,2007,26(1):32-37.
[13] 崔学振,杨拉珠,陈安康,等.泸沽湖、邛海越冬湿地鸟类调查[J].四川动物,1992,11(4):27-28.
[14] 邓其祥,李海涛.邛海秋冬季鸟类组成[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),1993,14(1): 55-61.
[15] 李海涛,邓其祥.邛海冬候鸟的监测及保护[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,21(2):182-186.
[16] 姚刚,李艳红,胡杰,等.嘉陵江南充段冬季迁徙水鸟的迁徙时序及数量变化[J].四川动物,2011,30(4):638-643.
[17] 李艳红.嘉陵江中游南充段水鸟资源与变迁[J].西华师范大学报(自然科学版),2013,34(3):229-235.
[18] 吴大鹏,姚刚,李艳红,等.嘉陵江武胜段冬季水鸟多样性调查[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,33( 3):240-246.
[19] 李松梧.自然湿地与人工湿地生态功能比较[J].湿地科学与管理,2012,8(2):64-64.
[20] 鲍方印,王松,王梅,等.安徽沿淮湖泊湿地水鸟资源调查[J].动物学杂志,2011,46(4):117-125.
[21] 蔡音亭,干晓静,马志军.鸟类调查的样线法和样点法比较:以崇明东滩春季盐沼鸟类调查为例[J].生物多样性,2010,18(1):44-49.
[22] 孙文婷,赵思琪,马莉丽,等.Distance在样线法和样点法鸟类调查中的结果差异研究[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(27):13383-13384,13436.
[23] 约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[24] 郑光美.中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[25] 四川省林业厅.四川省湿地资源调查技术实施细则[S].2012.
[26] 马克平.生物多样性的测度方法[M]//见:钱迎倩.生物多样性的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994,141-165.
[27] 胡鸿兴,康洪莉,贡国鸿,等.湖北省湿地冬季水鸟多样性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(4):422-428.
[28] 丁平,陈水华.中国湿地水鸟[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2008.
[29] 郝海邦,郭延蜀,于同雷,等.嘉陵江中游冬季水鸟的调查[J].动物学杂志,2006,41(3):96-101.
[30] 马志军,李博,陈家宽.迁徙鸟类对中途停歇地的利用及迁徙对策[J].生态学报,2005,25(6):1404-1412.
[31] 张强,马克明,李金亚,等.不同尺度下停歇点湿地对迁徙水鸟的影响研究综述[J].生态学报,2017,37(8):2520-2529.
[32] 罗子君,周立志,顾长明.阜阳市重要湿地夏季鸟类多样性研究[J].生态科学,2012,31(5):530-537.
[33] 徐玲,李波,袁晓,等.崇明东滩春季鸟类群落特征[J].动物学杂志,2006,41(6):120-126.
[34] 卢松,陆林,林善金,等.人类活动对安庆沿江湖泊湿地影响的初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(1):65-71.
[35] 王卿,阮俊杰,沙晨燕,等.人类活动对上海市生物多样性空间格局的影响[J].生态环境学报,2012,21 (2):279-285.