虾海草的研究进展
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摘要
虾海草属(Phyllospadix)共有五种,其中两种是西北太平洋沿岸的特有种,三种是东北太平洋沿岸的特有种。虾海草草床为鱼类提供产卵、育幼和索饵场所。然而,由于自然条件的变迁和人类活动的影响,几乎所有的虾海草草床都处于衰退状态,山东半岛沿岸曾经十分丰富的虾海草资源也几乎消失殆尽。目前,我国对虾海草的研究很少。以美国为主的学者对虾海草的三个美洲特有种进行了大量研究,而以日本和韩国为主的学者则对其中两个亚洲特有种进行了一些研究。本文通过查阅文献资料,对虾海草形态、生长、生理和繁殖等内容进行了综述,并对我国今后的研究方向进行了展望,旨在为我国今后开展虾海草的研究提供借鉴。
The genus Phyllospadix contains five species, among them two species are endemic to the northwestern Pacific coast and three endemic to the northeastern Pacific coast. Phyllospadix sp. beds serve as spawning, nursing and feeding grounds for fish. However, due to the changes in the natural environments and intensification of human activities, nearly all the Phyllospadix beds have been declining. The ever-abundant Phyllospadix resources along the coast of Shandong Peninsula have disappeared mostly. Less studies have been carried out to investigate Phyllospadix sp. in China. Relatively extensive studies on the American endemic species are conducted mainly by Americans, and some on the Asian endemic species are conducted by Japanese and Koreans mainly. We viewed nearly all the papers documenting the studies on Phyllospadix and compared the morphology, growth, philosophy and reproduction of the species studied previously. We also predicted the studying trend on Phyllospadix sp. in the future in this paper.
The genus Phyllospadix contains five species, among them two species are endemic to the northwestern Pacific coast and three endemic to the northeastern Pacific coast. Phyllospadix sp. beds serve as spawning, nursing and feeding grounds for fish. However, due to the changes in the natural environments and intensification of human activities, nearly all the Phyllospadix beds have been declining. The ever-abundant Phyllospadix resources along the coast of Shandong Peninsula have disappeared mostly. Less studies have been carried out to investigate Phyllospadix sp. in China. Relatively extensive studies on the American endemic species are conducted mainly by Americans, and some on the Asian endemic species are conducted by Japanese and Koreans mainly. We viewed nearly all the papers documenting the studies on Phyllospadix and compared the morphology, growth, philosophy and reproduction of the species studied previously. We also predicted the studying trend on Phyllospadix sp. in the future in this paper.
引文
[1] Shelton A O.Skewed sex ratios,pollen limitation,and reproductive failure in the dioecious seagrass Phyllospadix[J].Washington:Ecology,2008,89(11):3020-3029.
[2] Phillips R C.Ecological notes on Phyllospadix (Potamogetonaceae) in the northeast Pacific[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1979,6:159-170.
[3] Stewart J G,Myers B.Assemblages of algae and invertebrates in Southern California Phyllospadix-dominated intertidal habitats[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1980,9:73-94.
[4] Shelton A O.Temperature and community consequences of the loss of foundation species:Surfgrass (Phyllospadix spp.,Hooker) in tidepools[J].Amsterdam:Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology,2010,391(1):35-42.
[5] Moulton O M.Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) as dynamic foundation species for macroinvertebrates along the Oregon coast.Master Thesis[D].Corvallis:Oregon State University,2010.
[6] Short F T,Polidoro B,Livingstone S R,et al.Extinction risk assessment of the world's seagrass species[J].Barking:Biological Conservation,2011,144(7):1961-1971.
[7] Williams S L.Surfgrass (Phyllospadix torreyi) reproduction:reproductive phenology,resource allocation,and male rarity[J].Washington:Ecology,1995,76(6):1953-1970.
[8] Miki S.On the Sea-Grasses in Japan (I):Zostera and Phyllospadix,with Special Reference to Morphological and Ecological Characters[J].Tokyo:Shokubutsugaku Zasshi,1933,47(564):842-862.
[9] 杨宗岱.中国海草植物地理学的研究[J].青岛:海洋湖沼通报,1979,2(4):41-46.
[10] Turner T,Lucas J.Differences and similarities in the community roles of three rocky intertidal surfgrasses[J].Amsterdam:Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology,1985,89(2-3):175-189.
[11] Stewart J G.Maintenance of a balanced,shifting boundary between the seagrass Phyllospadix and algal turf[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1989,33(3-4):223-241.
[12] Blanchette C A,Worcester S E,Reed D,et al.Algal morphology,flow,and spatially variable recruitment of surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi[J].Halstenbek :Marine Ecology Progress Series,1999,184:119-128.
[13] Gibbs R E.Phyllospadix as a beach-builder[J].United States:The American Naturalist,1902,36(422):101-109.
[14] Turner T.Complexity of early and middle successional stages in a rocky intertidal surfgrass community[J].Berlin:Oecologia,1983,60(1):56-65.
[15] Schlichting C D.Phenotypic plasticity in plants[J].Kyoto:Plant Species Biology,2002,17(2‐3):85-88.
[16] McMillan C,Phillips R C.Morphological variation and isozymes of North American Phyllospadix (Potamogetonaceae) [J].Canada:Canadian Journal of Botany,1981,59(8):1494-1500.
[17] Cooper L W,McRoy C P.Anatomical adaptations to rocky substrates and surf exposure by the seagrass genus Phyllospadix[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic botany,1988,32(4):365-381.
[18] Kuo J,Iizumi H,Nilsen B E,et al.Fruit anatomy,seed germination and seedling development in the Japanese seagrass Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae) [J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1990,37(3):229-245.
[19] Kuo J,Stewart J G.Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of the North American marine angiosperm Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae) [J].Canada:Canadian journal of botany,1995,73(6):827-842.
[20] Moulton O M,Hacker S D.Congeneric variation in surfgrasses and ocean conditions influence macroinvertebrate community structure[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2011,433:53-63.
[21] Den Hartog C,Yang Z.A catalogue of the seagrasses of China[J].Beijing:Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,1990,8(1):74-91.
[22] Shin H,Oh Y S,Choi H K.Taxonomic examination of Korean seagrasses:1.Morphology and distribution of the genus Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae) [J].Korea:Korean J.Pl.Taxon,1993,23(4):189-199.
[23] Lee K S,Lee S Y.The seagrasses of the Republic of Korea.World atlas of seagrasses:present status and future conservation[J].Berkeley:University of California Press,Berkeley,2003:193-198.
[24] Park J I,Lee K S.Development of transplantation method for the restoration of surfgrass,Phyllospadix japonicus,in an exposed rocky shore using an artificial underwater structure[J].Netherlands:Ecological Engineering,2010,36(4):450-456.
[25] Yabe T,Ikusima I,Tsuchiya T.Production and population ecology of Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino.II.Comparative studies on leaf characteristics,foliage structure and biomass change in an intertidal and subtidal zone[J].Iboraki:Ecological Research,1996,11(3):291-297.
[26] 曹政飞,张伟,赵宏.红纤维虾海藻(Phyllospadix iwatensis)形态结构特征及其对海洋环境的适应性[J].青岛:海洋与湖沼,2015,46(6):1326-1332.
[27] Park J I,Lee K S,Son M H.Germination rate of Phyllospadix japonicus seeds relative to storage methods and periods[J].Korea:Ocean Science Journal,2014,49(1):67-72.
[28] Reed D C,Holbrook S J,Solomon E,et al.Studies on germination and root development in the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi:implications for habitat restoration[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic botany,1998,62(2):71-80.
[29] Drysdale F R,Barbour M G.Response of the marine angiosperm Phyllospadix torreyi to certain environmental variables:a preliminary study[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1975,1:97-106.
[30] Ram rez-Garc a P,Lot A,Duarte C M,et al.Bathymetric distribution,biomass and growth dynamics of intertidal Phyllospadix scouleri and Phyllospadix torreyi in Baja California (Mexico) [J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,1998,173:13-23.
[31] Park J I,Lee K S.Peculiar growth dynamics of the surfgrass Phyllospadix japonicus on the southeastern coast of Korea[J].Berlin:Marine biology,2009,156(11):2221-2233.
[32] Forte M K.Some physiological effects of two algal epiphytes on the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi Wats[D].Pacific Grove,CA:Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University,1980.
[33] Dooley F D,Wyllie-Echeverria S,Gupta E,et al.Tolerance of Phyllospadix scouleri seedlings to hydrogen sulfide[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,2015,123:72-75.
[34] Terrados J,Williams S L.Leaf versus root nitrogen uptake by the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,1997,149:267-277.
[35] Hasegawa N,Iizumi H,Mukai H.Nitrogen dynamics of the surfgrass Phyllospadix iwatensis[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,293:59-68.
[36] Buckel C A,Blanchette C A,Warner R R,et al.Where a male is hard to find:consequences of male rarity in the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2012,449:121-132.
[37] Crouch C A.Infaunal polychaetes of a rocky intertidal surfgrass bed in southern California[J].Miami:Bulletin of Marine Science,1991,48(2):386-394.
[38] Hori M.Intertidal surfgrass as an allochthonous resource trap from the subtidal habitat[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2006,314:89-96.
[39] Galst C J,Anderson T W.Fish habitat associations and the role of disturbance in surfgrass beds[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2008,365:177-186.
[40] Bull J S,Reed D C,Holbrook S J.An experimental evaluation of different methods of restoring Phyllospadix torreyi (surfgrass) [J].Washington:Restoration Ecology,2004,12(1):70-79.
[41] Holbrook S J,Reed D C,Bull J S.Survival experiments with outplanted seedlings of surfgrass (Phyllospadix torreyi) to enhance establishment on artificial structures[J].London:ICES Journal of Marine Science:Journal du Conseil,2002,59(suppl):S350-S355.
[2] Phillips R C.Ecological notes on Phyllospadix (Potamogetonaceae) in the northeast Pacific[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1979,6:159-170.
[3] Stewart J G,Myers B.Assemblages of algae and invertebrates in Southern California Phyllospadix-dominated intertidal habitats[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1980,9:73-94.
[4] Shelton A O.Temperature and community consequences of the loss of foundation species:Surfgrass (Phyllospadix spp.,Hooker) in tidepools[J].Amsterdam:Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology,2010,391(1):35-42.
[5] Moulton O M.Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) as dynamic foundation species for macroinvertebrates along the Oregon coast.Master Thesis[D].Corvallis:Oregon State University,2010.
[6] Short F T,Polidoro B,Livingstone S R,et al.Extinction risk assessment of the world's seagrass species[J].Barking:Biological Conservation,2011,144(7):1961-1971.
[7] Williams S L.Surfgrass (Phyllospadix torreyi) reproduction:reproductive phenology,resource allocation,and male rarity[J].Washington:Ecology,1995,76(6):1953-1970.
[8] Miki S.On the Sea-Grasses in Japan (I):Zostera and Phyllospadix,with Special Reference to Morphological and Ecological Characters[J].Tokyo:Shokubutsugaku Zasshi,1933,47(564):842-862.
[9] 杨宗岱.中国海草植物地理学的研究[J].青岛:海洋湖沼通报,1979,2(4):41-46.
[10] Turner T,Lucas J.Differences and similarities in the community roles of three rocky intertidal surfgrasses[J].Amsterdam:Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology,1985,89(2-3):175-189.
[11] Stewart J G.Maintenance of a balanced,shifting boundary between the seagrass Phyllospadix and algal turf[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1989,33(3-4):223-241.
[12] Blanchette C A,Worcester S E,Reed D,et al.Algal morphology,flow,and spatially variable recruitment of surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi[J].Halstenbek :Marine Ecology Progress Series,1999,184:119-128.
[13] Gibbs R E.Phyllospadix as a beach-builder[J].United States:The American Naturalist,1902,36(422):101-109.
[14] Turner T.Complexity of early and middle successional stages in a rocky intertidal surfgrass community[J].Berlin:Oecologia,1983,60(1):56-65.
[15] Schlichting C D.Phenotypic plasticity in plants[J].Kyoto:Plant Species Biology,2002,17(2‐3):85-88.
[16] McMillan C,Phillips R C.Morphological variation and isozymes of North American Phyllospadix (Potamogetonaceae) [J].Canada:Canadian Journal of Botany,1981,59(8):1494-1500.
[17] Cooper L W,McRoy C P.Anatomical adaptations to rocky substrates and surf exposure by the seagrass genus Phyllospadix[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic botany,1988,32(4):365-381.
[18] Kuo J,Iizumi H,Nilsen B E,et al.Fruit anatomy,seed germination and seedling development in the Japanese seagrass Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae) [J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1990,37(3):229-245.
[19] Kuo J,Stewart J G.Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of the North American marine angiosperm Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae) [J].Canada:Canadian journal of botany,1995,73(6):827-842.
[20] Moulton O M,Hacker S D.Congeneric variation in surfgrasses and ocean conditions influence macroinvertebrate community structure[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2011,433:53-63.
[21] Den Hartog C,Yang Z.A catalogue of the seagrasses of China[J].Beijing:Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,1990,8(1):74-91.
[22] Shin H,Oh Y S,Choi H K.Taxonomic examination of Korean seagrasses:1.Morphology and distribution of the genus Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae) [J].Korea:Korean J.Pl.Taxon,1993,23(4):189-199.
[23] Lee K S,Lee S Y.The seagrasses of the Republic of Korea.World atlas of seagrasses:present status and future conservation[J].Berkeley:University of California Press,Berkeley,2003:193-198.
[24] Park J I,Lee K S.Development of transplantation method for the restoration of surfgrass,Phyllospadix japonicus,in an exposed rocky shore using an artificial underwater structure[J].Netherlands:Ecological Engineering,2010,36(4):450-456.
[25] Yabe T,Ikusima I,Tsuchiya T.Production and population ecology of Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino.II.Comparative studies on leaf characteristics,foliage structure and biomass change in an intertidal and subtidal zone[J].Iboraki:Ecological Research,1996,11(3):291-297.
[26] 曹政飞,张伟,赵宏.红纤维虾海藻(Phyllospadix iwatensis)形态结构特征及其对海洋环境的适应性[J].青岛:海洋与湖沼,2015,46(6):1326-1332.
[27] Park J I,Lee K S,Son M H.Germination rate of Phyllospadix japonicus seeds relative to storage methods and periods[J].Korea:Ocean Science Journal,2014,49(1):67-72.
[28] Reed D C,Holbrook S J,Solomon E,et al.Studies on germination and root development in the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi:implications for habitat restoration[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic botany,1998,62(2):71-80.
[29] Drysdale F R,Barbour M G.Response of the marine angiosperm Phyllospadix torreyi to certain environmental variables:a preliminary study[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,1975,1:97-106.
[30] Ram rez-Garc a P,Lot A,Duarte C M,et al.Bathymetric distribution,biomass and growth dynamics of intertidal Phyllospadix scouleri and Phyllospadix torreyi in Baja California (Mexico) [J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,1998,173:13-23.
[31] Park J I,Lee K S.Peculiar growth dynamics of the surfgrass Phyllospadix japonicus on the southeastern coast of Korea[J].Berlin:Marine biology,2009,156(11):2221-2233.
[32] Forte M K.Some physiological effects of two algal epiphytes on the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi Wats[D].Pacific Grove,CA:Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University,1980.
[33] Dooley F D,Wyllie-Echeverria S,Gupta E,et al.Tolerance of Phyllospadix scouleri seedlings to hydrogen sulfide[J].Amsterdam:Aquatic Botany,2015,123:72-75.
[34] Terrados J,Williams S L.Leaf versus root nitrogen uptake by the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,1997,149:267-277.
[35] Hasegawa N,Iizumi H,Mukai H.Nitrogen dynamics of the surfgrass Phyllospadix iwatensis[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,293:59-68.
[36] Buckel C A,Blanchette C A,Warner R R,et al.Where a male is hard to find:consequences of male rarity in the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2012,449:121-132.
[37] Crouch C A.Infaunal polychaetes of a rocky intertidal surfgrass bed in southern California[J].Miami:Bulletin of Marine Science,1991,48(2):386-394.
[38] Hori M.Intertidal surfgrass as an allochthonous resource trap from the subtidal habitat[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2006,314:89-96.
[39] Galst C J,Anderson T W.Fish habitat associations and the role of disturbance in surfgrass beds[J].Halstenbek:Marine Ecology Progress Series,2008,365:177-186.
[40] Bull J S,Reed D C,Holbrook S J.An experimental evaluation of different methods of restoring Phyllospadix torreyi (surfgrass) [J].Washington:Restoration Ecology,2004,12(1):70-79.
[41] Holbrook S J,Reed D C,Bull J S.Survival experiments with outplanted seedlings of surfgrass (Phyllospadix torreyi) to enhance establishment on artificial structures[J].London:ICES Journal of Marine Science:Journal du Conseil,2002,59(suppl):S350-S355.