生物质热解过程中含氮模型化合物研究进展
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摘要
由于生物质成分的复杂性,直接热解生物质很难获得其氮转化机理,利用含氮模型化合物热解成为近年来研究生物质NO_x生成机理的主要方式。首先总结了燃料氮在生物质中的赋存形态及其常用的模型化合物,综述了蛋白质、环二肽、氨基酸等模型化合物热解的一般机理,并对影响模型化合物热解路径的化学成分、热解温度、升温速率、含氧量等因素做了分析。目前,通过模型化合物热解研究,研究人员可以得到生物质中燃料氮的转化机理,但有些机理还存在一些争议,结合计算化学理论分析可能获得更清晰的NO_x生成机理。
Due to the complexity of biomass composition,it is difficult to obtain nitrogen transform mechanism by direct pyrolysis of biomass,and nitrogen-containing model compounds were often used to research the generation mechanism of NOxin recent years.The occurrence patterns of fuel nitrogen in biomass and its commonly used model compounds were summarized,and the general mechanism of pyrolysis of model compounds such as protein,cyclic dipeptide and amino acid was reviewed.The chemical composition,pyrolysis temperature,heating rate,oxygen content and other factors influencing the pyrolysis path of the model compound were analyzed.At present,The mechanism of nitrogen conversion during pyrolysis of biomass still exist a lot of controversy,and more accurate reaction mechanism will be confirmed by experiments coupled with theoretical studies of quantum chemical computation.
Due to the complexity of biomass composition,it is difficult to obtain nitrogen transform mechanism by direct pyrolysis of biomass,and nitrogen-containing model compounds were often used to research the generation mechanism of NOxin recent years.The occurrence patterns of fuel nitrogen in biomass and its commonly used model compounds were summarized,and the general mechanism of pyrolysis of model compounds such as protein,cyclic dipeptide and amino acid was reviewed.The chemical composition,pyrolysis temperature,heating rate,oxygen content and other factors influencing the pyrolysis path of the model compound were analyzed.At present,The mechanism of nitrogen conversion during pyrolysis of biomass still exist a lot of controversy,and more accurate reaction mechanism will be confirmed by experiments coupled with theoretical studies of quantum chemical computation.
引文
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[2] WILLIAMS A,JONES J M,MA L,et al.Pollutants from the combustion of solid biomass fuels[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2012,38(2).
[3] CHEN H,SI Y,CHEN Y,et al.NOxprecursors from biomass pyrolysis:distribution of amino acids in biomass and Tar-N during devolatilization using model compounds[J].Fuel,2017,187(1).
[4] CAO J P,LI L Y,MORISHITA K,et al.Nitrogen transformations during fast pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Fuel,2013,104(2):1-6.
[5] BECIDAN M.Experimental studies on municipal solid waste and biomass pyrolysis[D].Trondheim:Norwegian University of Science and Technology,2007.
[6] ZHOU J Q,GAO P,DONG C Q,et al.TG-FTIR analysis of nitrogen conversion during straw pyrolysis:a model compound study[J].Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2015,43(12).
[7]任强强.秸秆热利用过程中氮的迁移机理研究[D].南京:东南大学,2010.
[8]詹昊,张晓鸿,阴秀丽,等.生物质热化学转化过程含N污染物形成研究[J].化学进展,2016,28(12):1880-1890.
[9] REN Q Q,ZHAO C S.NOx and N2O precursors(NH3and HCN)from biomass pyrolysis:interaction between amino acid and mineral matter[J].Applied Energy,2013,112(24):170-174.
[10] HANSSON K M,SAMUELSSON J,AMAND L E,et al.The temperature’s influence on the selectivity between HNCO and HCN from pyrolysis of 2,5-diketopiperazine and 2-pyridone[J].Fuel,2003,82(18).
[11] HANSSON K M,AMAND L,HABERMANN A,et al.Pyrolysis of poly-L-leucine under combustion-like conditions[J].Fuel,2003,82(6).
[12] REN Q Q,ZHAO C S.Evolution of fuel-N in gas phase during biomass pyrolysis[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,50(10):408-418.
[13] HAO J,GUO J,DING L,et al.TG-FTIR,Py-two-dimensional GC-MS with heart-cutting and LC-MS/MS to reveal hydrocyanic acid formation mechanisms during glycine pyrolysis[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2014,115(1):667-673.
[14] HANSSON K M,SAMUELSSON J,TULLIN C,et al.Formation of HNCO,HCN,and NH3from the pyrolysis of bark and nitrogen-containing model compounds[J].Combustion and Flame,2004,137(3):265-277.
[15] CHENG L,MA F,RANWALA D.Nitrogen storage and its interaction with carbohydrates of young apple trees in response to nitrogen supply[J].Tree Physiology,2004,24(1):91-98.
[16] SAUTER J J,WELLENKAMP S.Seasonal changes in content of starch,protein and sugars in the twig wood of Salix caprea L.[J].Holzforschung-International Journal of the Biology,Chemistry,Physics and Technology of Wood,1998,52(3):255-262.
[17] RODANTE F,MARROSU G,CATALANI G.Thermal analysis of someα-amino acids with similar structures[J].Thermochimica Acta,1992,194(3).
[18] SHARMA R K,CHAN W G,HAJALIGOL M R.Effect of reaction conditions on product distribution from the co-pyrolysis ofα-amino acids with glucose[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2009,86(1).
[19] SHARMA R K,CHAN W G,HAJALIGOL M R.Product compositions from pyrolysis of some aliphaticα-amino acids[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2006,75(2).
[20] YAMAMOTO T,KUWAHARA T,NAKASO K,et al.Kinetic study of fuel NO formation from pyrrole type nitrogen[J].Fuel,2012,93(Suppl.C):213-220.
[21] TIAN F J,JIANG Y,MAKENZIE L,et al.Formation of HCN and NH3during the reforming of quinoline with steam in a fluidized-bed reactor[J].Energy&Fuels,2006,20(1).
[22] JELLINEK H H G.Aspects of degradation and stabilization of polymers[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier Publishing Company,1977.
[23] BOON J J,DE LEEUW J W.Amino acid sequence information in proteins and complex proteinaceous material revealed by pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography-low and high resolution mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1987,11(5):313-327.
[24] RATCLIFF M A,MEDLEY E,SIMMONDS P.Pyrolysis of amino acids.Mechanistic considerations[J].The Journal of Organic Chemistry,1974,39(11):1481-1490.
[25] SIMMONDS P G,MEDLEY E E,RATCLIFF M A,et al.Thermal decomposition of aliphatic monoamino-monocarboxylic acids[J].Analytical Chemistry,1972,44(12):2060-2066.
[26] MUNSON T O,VICK J.Comparison of human hair by pyrolysis-capillary column gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1985,8(Suppl.C):493-501.
[27] SHARMA R K,CHAN W G,WANG J,et al.On the role of peptides in the pyrolysis of amino acids[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2004,72(1):153-163.
[28] ORSINI S,PARLANTI F,BONADUCE I.Analytical pyrolysis of proteins in samples from artistic and archaeological objects[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2017,124(3).
[29] CHEN Y H,LIOU S E,CHEN C C.Two-step mass spectrometric approach for the identification of diketopiperazines in chicken essence[J].European Food Research and Technology,2004,218(6):589-597.
[30] LEICHTNAM J N,SCHWARTZ D,GADIOU R.The behaviour of fuel-nitrogen during fast pyrolysis of polyamide at high temperature[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2000,55(2):255-268.
[31] NABEEL F,HAIDAR J M P,MICHAEL M,et al.Effects of structure on pyrolysis gases from amino acids[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1981,29(1).
[32] CHIAVARI G,GALLETTI G C.Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of amino acids[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1992,24(2).
[33] SMITH G G,REDDY G S,BOON J J.Gas chromatographicmass spectrometric analysis of the Curie-point pyrolysis products of some dipeptides and their diketopiperazine[J].Journal of the Chemical Society,Perkin Transactions 2,1988,2(2):203-211.
[34] KAMBARA S,TAKARADA T,YAMAMOTO Y,et al.Relation between functional forms of coal nitrogen and formation of nitrogen oxide(NOx)precursors during rapid pyrolysis[J].Energy&Fuels,1993,7(6):1013-1020.
[35] LEDESMA E B,LI C Z,NELSON P F,et al.Release of HCN,NH3,and HNCO from the thermal gas-phase cracking of coal pyrolysis tars[J].Energy&fuels,1998,12(3):536-541.
[36] HAMALANEN J P,AHO M J,TUMMAVUORI J L.Formation of nitrogen oxides from fuel-N through HCN and NH3:a model-compound study[J].Fuel,1994,73(12):1894-1898.
[37] LI J,WANG Z,YANG X,et al.Evaluate the pyrolysis pathway of glycine and glycylglycine by TG-FTIR[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2007,80(1):247-253.
[38] LI J,LIU Y,SHI J,et al.The investigation of thermal decomposition pathways of phenylalanine and tyrosine by TG-FTIR[J].Thermochimica Acta,2008,467(1/2).
[39]李菲斐,郝菊芳,郭吉兆.5种氨基酸热失重行为及其热解生成氢氰酸的研究[J].烟草科技,2012(3):31-34.
[40] REN Q Q,ZHAO C S.NOx and N2O precursors from biomass pyrolysis:nitrogen transformation from amino acid[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(7):4236-4240.
[41] TSUGE S,MATSUBARA H.High-resolution pyrolysis-gas chromatography of proteins and related materials[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1985,8(1):49-64.
[42]苟进胜.生物质热解过程中氮元素迁移规律研究进展[J].科技导报,2012,30(14):70-74.
[43]周建强,高攀,董长青,等.秸秆含氮模型化合物热解氮转化规律的实验研究[J].燃料化学学报,2015,43(12):1427-1432.
[44] CHIAVARI G,FABBRI D,PRATI S.Gas chromatographicmass spectrometric analysis of products arising from pyrolysis of amino acids in the presence of hexamethyldisilazane[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2001,922(1):235-241.
[45] GLAVIN D P,SCHUBERT M,BOTTA O,et al.Detecting pyrolysis products from bacteria on Mars[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2001,185(1):1-5.
[46] LI J,WANG Z,YANG X,et al.Decomposing or subliming?An investigation of thermal behavior of L-leucine[J].Thermochimica Acta,2006,447(2):147-153.
[47] MOLDOVEANU S C.Techniques and instrumentation in analytical chemistry[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier Publishing Company,2010.
[48] DEMIRBAS A.Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2000,41(6):633-646.
[49] REN Q,ZHAO C,CHEN X,et al.NOxand N2O precursors(NH3and HCN)from biomass pyrolysis:Co-pyrolysis of amino acids and cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2011,33(2):1715-1722.
[50] TIAN F J,YU J L,MCKENZIE L J,et al.Conversion of fuel-N into HCN and NH3during the pyrolysis and gasification in steam:a comparative study of coal and biomass[J].Energy&Fuels,2007,21(2):517-523.
[51] YANG H,YAN R,CHEN H,et al.Characteristics of hemicellulose,cellulose and lignin pyrolysis[J].Fuel,2007,86(12):1781-1788.
[52] REN Q,ZHAO C.NOx and N2O precursors from biomass pyrolysis:role of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(15):8955-8961.
[53] JONES J,DARVELL L,BRIDGEMAN T,et al.An investigation of the thermal and catalytic behaviour of potassium in biomass combustion[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2007,31(2):1955-1963.
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