覆盖作物在玉米/大豆间作模式中的效应分析
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摘要
在玉米/大豆2∶2型间作模式中以大豆作为覆盖作物,从生物覆盖的角度对玉米根际土壤、田间气候的温湿度变化、玉米农艺性状及产量进行分析,研究间作系统中覆盖作物对主作物所产生的效应。结果表明,在玉米行间种植覆盖作物,土壤含水量在玉米乳熟期比玉米单作平均提高15.1%,10～30 cm土壤温度平均提升1.4℃,田间气温提高1℃。与单作相比,玉米各农艺性状有所改善,产量明显增加,土壤水分利用率最高可达10.5%。覆盖作物对主作物所产生的效应是覆盖、互作、叠加、互补等多种效应的复合表现,对主作物根际土壤及田间气候的温度、湿度具有调节作用,可有效提高光能和土壤水分利用率。通过覆盖作物和主作物间作的有机结合,可达到旱作农业用地与养地有效统一。
In order to study the effects of cover crop on the main crop in intercropping system, one maize variety(Changdan510) and four soybean varieties(Changdou 006, Changdou 18, Jindou 19, and Jindou 25) were planted in six patterns, including soybean monoculture(CK_1), maize monoculture(CK_2), and four 2∶2-type maize-soybean intercropping patterns of Changdan 510-Changdou 006, Changdan 510-Changdou 18, Changdan 510-Jindou 19, and Changdan 510-Jindou 25, and soybean was the cover crop in all the four intercropping patterns. Then we analyzed the temperature and humidity of maize rhizosphere soil and field, together with maize agronomic traits and grain yield from the perspective of biological coverage. In crop intercropping patterns, the soil moisture content at maize milk stage was increased by an average of 15.1%; the temperature of 10, 20, and 30 cm soil depth were increased by an average of 1.4℃, and the field temperature was increased by 1℃, when compared with those in two monoculture patterns. In addition, compared with CK_2, maize agronomic traits were improved and the yield was increased significantly, and the utilization efficiency of soil water could reach up to 10.5%. These result indicate that the effects of cover crop on the main crop was comprehensive performance of coverage, interaction, overlay and complementarity,etc., which could regulate the temperature and humidity of main crops rhizosphere soil and field, and effectively improve the utilization of light energy and soil water. Through the combination of cover crop and main crop in intercropping system, cultivation and nourishing the dryland can be united effectively.
In order to study the effects of cover crop on the main crop in intercropping system, one maize variety(Changdan510) and four soybean varieties(Changdou 006, Changdou 18, Jindou 19, and Jindou 25) were planted in six patterns, including soybean monoculture(CK_1), maize monoculture(CK_2), and four 2∶2-type maize-soybean intercropping patterns of Changdan 510-Changdou 006, Changdan 510-Changdou 18, Changdan 510-Jindou 19, and Changdan 510-Jindou 25, and soybean was the cover crop in all the four intercropping patterns. Then we analyzed the temperature and humidity of maize rhizosphere soil and field, together with maize agronomic traits and grain yield from the perspective of biological coverage. In crop intercropping patterns, the soil moisture content at maize milk stage was increased by an average of 15.1%; the temperature of 10, 20, and 30 cm soil depth were increased by an average of 1.4℃, and the field temperature was increased by 1℃, when compared with those in two monoculture patterns. In addition, compared with CK_2, maize agronomic traits were improved and the yield was increased significantly, and the utilization efficiency of soil water could reach up to 10.5%. These result indicate that the effects of cover crop on the main crop was comprehensive performance of coverage, interaction, overlay and complementarity,etc., which could regulate the temperature and humidity of main crops rhizosphere soil and field, and effectively improve the utilization of light energy and soil water. Through the combination of cover crop and main crop in intercropping system, cultivation and nourishing the dryland can be united effectively.
引文
[1]张锐,孟宪昌,赵小凤.生物覆盖的历史和发展趋势[J].山西农业科学,2007,35(9):15-18.Zhang R,Meng X C,Zhao X F.History and development trend of biological cover[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2007,35(9):15-18.(in Chinese)
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[7]王丽宏,胡跃高,杨光立,等.农田冬季覆盖作物对土壤有机碳含量和主作物产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(6):64-67.Wang L H,Hu Y G,Yang G L,et al.The effect of winter cover crop on soil organic carbon and crop yield[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2006,24(6):64-67.(in Chinese)
[8]唐海明,汤文光,帅细强,等.不同冬季覆盖作物对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(12):3191-3199.Tang H M,Tang W G,Shuai X Q,et al.Effects of different winter cover crops on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice fields[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(12):3191-3199.(in Chinese)
[9]马骥,马淑云,程寅生,等.玉米大豆间作效应分析[J].西北农业大学学报,1994(4):30-34.Ma J,Ma S Y,Cheng Y S,et al.Analysis on intercropped effect in maize/soybean intercropping system[J].Acta Univ.Agric.Borealioccidentalis,1994(4):30-34.(in Chinese)
[10]毕元洪,李妍妍,丰光.玉米大豆间作系统在灌浆期生理生态指标的分析[J].现代农业科技,2007(14):101-102.Bi Y H,Li Y Y,Feng G.Analysis of physiological and ecological indicators of corn and soybean intercropping system in grain filling period[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2007(14):101-102.(in Chinese)
[11]杨守明.玉米-大豆间作套种栽培模式分析[J].河北农业科学,2012,16(11):16-17.Yang S M.Analysis on the cultivation mode of intercropping maize and soybean[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2012,16(11):16-17.(in Chinese)
[12]刘天学,王振河,董朋飞,等.玉米间作系统的生理生态效应研究进展[J].玉米科学,2007,15(5):114-116,124.Liu T X,Wang Z H,Dong P F,et al.Research progress of physiologicaland ecological effects in maize intercropping system[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2007,15(5):114-116,124.(in Chinese)
[13]张建华,马义勇,王振南,等.间作系统中玉米光合作用指标改善的研究[J].玉米科学,2006,14(4):104-106.Zhang J H,Ma Y Y,Wang Z N,et al.Research on the improvement of photosynthesis indices of maize in the intercropping system[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2006,14(4):104-106.(in Chinese)
[14]李隆.间作作物种间促进与竞争作用研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,1999.
[15]刘天学,李潮海,马新明,等.不同基因型玉米间作对叶片衰老、子粒产量和品质的营养[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(4):914-921.Liu T X,Li C H,Ma X M,et al.Effects of maize intercropping with different genotypes on leaf senescence and grain yield and quality[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(4):914-921.(in Chinese)
[16]李勇杰,陈远学,汤利,等.地下部分隔对间作小麦养分吸收和白粉病发生的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(5):929-934.Li Y J,Chen Y X,Tang L,et al.Effects of root separation on nutrient uptake of wheat and occurrence of powdery mildew under wheat-fababean intercropping[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(5):929-934.(in Chinese)
[17]Evans J,Fettell N A,Conventry D R,et al.Wheat response after temperate crop legumes in South-eastern Australia[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1991,42:31-43.
[18]Ogindo H O,Walker S.Comparison of measured changes in seasonal soil water content by rained maize-bean intercrop and component cropping systems in a semi-arid region of southern Africa[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005,30:799-808
[19]郭江,郭新宇,郭程瑾,等.密度对不同株型玉米群体结构的调控效应[J].华北农学报,2008,23(1):149-153.Guo J,Guo X Y,Guo C J,et al.The effects of density on population structure of maize with different plant types[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(1):149-153.(in Chinese)
[20]高阳,段爱旺,刘浩,等.间作条件下水分在作物间的分配与利用研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(7):281-285.Gao Y,Duan A W,Liu H,et al.Research progress of water partitioning and use in intercropping systems[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(7):281-285.(in Chinese)
[21]高阳,段爱旺,刘战东,等.玉米/大豆间作条件下的作物根系生长及水分吸收[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(2):307-313.Gao Y,Duan A W,Liu Z D,et al.Crop root growth and water up take in maize/soybean strip intercropping[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(2):307-313.(in Chinese)
[22]管建慧,刘克礼,郭新宇.玉米根系构型的研究进展[J].玉米科学,2006,14(6):162-166.Guan J H,Liu K L,Guo X Y.Advances of research on maize root system architecture[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2006,14(6):162-166.(in Chinese)
[23]刘晶淼,安顺清,廖荣伟,等.玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2009,17(3):5173521.Liu J M,An S Q,Liao R W,et al.Temporal variation and spatial distribution of the root system of corn in a soil profile[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2009,17(3):517-521.(in Chinese)
[24]张莹,孙占祥,李爽,等.辽西半干旱区玉米/大豆单间作田间耗水规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(5):43-46.Zhang Y,Sun Z X,Li S,et al.Study on water consumption of con and soybean in different cropping patterns on the semi-arid region of western Liaoning province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(5):43-46.(in Chinese)
[25]费槐林,章秀福,金千瑜,等.应用栽培措施叠加效应发挥水稻超高产潜力[J].西南农业学报,1998,11(s3):6-14.Fei H L,Zhang X F,Jin Q Y,et al.Multiple overlap efficiency of different culture measurements on increase of super-high yielding potential of rice[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,1998,11(s3):6-14.(in Chinese)
[26]师朝霞.浅析温度对玉米产质量的影响[J].中国农业信息,2012,16(8):28-29.Shi C X.Analysis of temperature influence on corn yield and quality[J].China Agricutural Information,2012,16(8):28-29.(in Chinese)
[27]王琪,马树庆,郭建平,等.温度对玉米生长和产量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(2):255-260.Wang Q,Ma S Q,Guo J P,et al.Effects of air temperature on maize growth and its yield[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(2):255-260.(in Chinese)
[28]朱之根.光温条件对大豆器官建成及生长的影响[J].大豆科学,1984(1):27-35.Zhu Z G.Light and temperature effects on morphogenesis and growth of soybeans[J].Soybeans Science,1984(1):27-35.(in Chinese)
[2]Bugg R L.Cover crops and control of arthropod pests of agriculture[J].Hargroveed WL ed.Cover Crops for Clean Water,Soil and Water Conservation Society.Ankeny,IA,USA.1991:157-162.
[3]Shepherd M A,Webb J.Effects of overwinter cover on nitrate lossand drainage from a sandy soil consequences for water management[J].Soil Use Manage,1999,5:109-116.
[4]Wrland L J,Jackson L E,Chaney W E,et al.Winter cover crops in vegetable cropping system,impacts on nitrate leaching,soil water,crop yield,pess and management costs[J].Agric.Ecosyst Environ,1996,59:1-17.
[5]赵秋,高贤彪,宁晓光,等.华北地区几种冬闲覆盖作物碳氮蓄积及其对土壤理化性质的影响[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):750-753.Zhao Q,Gao X B,Ning X G,et al.Carbon-nitrogen fixation and effects on the physical and chemical properties in winter cover crop in north China[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(4):750-753.(in Chinese)
[6]刘晓冰,宋春雨,HERBET S J,等.覆盖作物的生态效应[J].应用生态学报,2002,l3(3):365-368.Liu X B,Song C Y,Herbert S J,et al.Ecological effects of cover crops[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(3):365-368.(in Chinese)
[7]王丽宏,胡跃高,杨光立,等.农田冬季覆盖作物对土壤有机碳含量和主作物产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(6):64-67.Wang L H,Hu Y G,Yang G L,et al.The effect of winter cover crop on soil organic carbon and crop yield[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2006,24(6):64-67.(in Chinese)
[8]唐海明,汤文光,帅细强,等.不同冬季覆盖作物对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(12):3191-3199.Tang H M,Tang W G,Shuai X Q,et al.Effects of different winter cover crops on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice fields[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(12):3191-3199.(in Chinese)
[9]马骥,马淑云,程寅生,等.玉米大豆间作效应分析[J].西北农业大学学报,1994(4):30-34.Ma J,Ma S Y,Cheng Y S,et al.Analysis on intercropped effect in maize/soybean intercropping system[J].Acta Univ.Agric.Borealioccidentalis,1994(4):30-34.(in Chinese)
[10]毕元洪,李妍妍,丰光.玉米大豆间作系统在灌浆期生理生态指标的分析[J].现代农业科技,2007(14):101-102.Bi Y H,Li Y Y,Feng G.Analysis of physiological and ecological indicators of corn and soybean intercropping system in grain filling period[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2007(14):101-102.(in Chinese)
[11]杨守明.玉米-大豆间作套种栽培模式分析[J].河北农业科学,2012,16(11):16-17.Yang S M.Analysis on the cultivation mode of intercropping maize and soybean[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2012,16(11):16-17.(in Chinese)
[12]刘天学,王振河,董朋飞,等.玉米间作系统的生理生态效应研究进展[J].玉米科学,2007,15(5):114-116,124.Liu T X,Wang Z H,Dong P F,et al.Research progress of physiologicaland ecological effects in maize intercropping system[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2007,15(5):114-116,124.(in Chinese)
[13]张建华,马义勇,王振南,等.间作系统中玉米光合作用指标改善的研究[J].玉米科学,2006,14(4):104-106.Zhang J H,Ma Y Y,Wang Z N,et al.Research on the improvement of photosynthesis indices of maize in the intercropping system[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2006,14(4):104-106.(in Chinese)
[14]李隆.间作作物种间促进与竞争作用研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,1999.
[15]刘天学,李潮海,马新明,等.不同基因型玉米间作对叶片衰老、子粒产量和品质的营养[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(4):914-921.Liu T X,Li C H,Ma X M,et al.Effects of maize intercropping with different genotypes on leaf senescence and grain yield and quality[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(4):914-921.(in Chinese)
[16]李勇杰,陈远学,汤利,等.地下部分隔对间作小麦养分吸收和白粉病发生的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(5):929-934.Li Y J,Chen Y X,Tang L,et al.Effects of root separation on nutrient uptake of wheat and occurrence of powdery mildew under wheat-fababean intercropping[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(5):929-934.(in Chinese)
[17]Evans J,Fettell N A,Conventry D R,et al.Wheat response after temperate crop legumes in South-eastern Australia[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1991,42:31-43.
[18]Ogindo H O,Walker S.Comparison of measured changes in seasonal soil water content by rained maize-bean intercrop and component cropping systems in a semi-arid region of southern Africa[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2005,30:799-808
[19]郭江,郭新宇,郭程瑾,等.密度对不同株型玉米群体结构的调控效应[J].华北农学报,2008,23(1):149-153.Guo J,Guo X Y,Guo C J,et al.The effects of density on population structure of maize with different plant types[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(1):149-153.(in Chinese)
[20]高阳,段爱旺,刘浩,等.间作条件下水分在作物间的分配与利用研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(7):281-285.Gao Y,Duan A W,Liu H,et al.Research progress of water partitioning and use in intercropping systems[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(7):281-285.(in Chinese)
[21]高阳,段爱旺,刘战东,等.玉米/大豆间作条件下的作物根系生长及水分吸收[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(2):307-313.Gao Y,Duan A W,Liu Z D,et al.Crop root growth and water up take in maize/soybean strip intercropping[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(2):307-313.(in Chinese)
[22]管建慧,刘克礼,郭新宇.玉米根系构型的研究进展[J].玉米科学,2006,14(6):162-166.Guan J H,Liu K L,Guo X Y.Advances of research on maize root system architecture[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2006,14(6):162-166.(in Chinese)
[23]刘晶淼,安顺清,廖荣伟,等.玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2009,17(3):5173521.Liu J M,An S Q,Liao R W,et al.Temporal variation and spatial distribution of the root system of corn in a soil profile[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2009,17(3):517-521.(in Chinese)
[24]张莹,孙占祥,李爽,等.辽西半干旱区玉米/大豆单间作田间耗水规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(5):43-46.Zhang Y,Sun Z X,Li S,et al.Study on water consumption of con and soybean in different cropping patterns on the semi-arid region of western Liaoning province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(5):43-46.(in Chinese)
[25]费槐林,章秀福,金千瑜,等.应用栽培措施叠加效应发挥水稻超高产潜力[J].西南农业学报,1998,11(s3):6-14.Fei H L,Zhang X F,Jin Q Y,et al.Multiple overlap efficiency of different culture measurements on increase of super-high yielding potential of rice[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,1998,11(s3):6-14.(in Chinese)
[26]师朝霞.浅析温度对玉米产质量的影响[J].中国农业信息,2012,16(8):28-29.Shi C X.Analysis of temperature influence on corn yield and quality[J].China Agricutural Information,2012,16(8):28-29.(in Chinese)
[27]王琪,马树庆,郭建平,等.温度对玉米生长和产量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(2):255-260.Wang Q,Ma S Q,Guo J P,et al.Effects of air temperature on maize growth and its yield[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(2):255-260.(in Chinese)
[28]朱之根.光温条件对大豆器官建成及生长的影响[J].大豆科学,1984(1):27-35.Zhu Z G.Light and temperature effects on morphogenesis and growth of soybeans[J].Soybeans Science,1984(1):27-35.(in Chinese)