耕作方式对甘肃引黄灌区灌耕灰钙土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响
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摘要
2014—2017年在连续翻耕8年的玉米地上设置连续翻耕(CT)、旋耕(RT)、深松(ST)、免耕(NT)和翻耕-免耕(CT-NT)、深松-免耕(ST-NT)6个耕作处理,研究不同耕作方式对甘肃引黄灌区灌耕灰钙土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响.结果表明:NT和ST-NT处理促进了0～40 cm土层大团聚体形成,并提高了其稳定性;CT和RT处理由于对土壤的强烈扰动,耕层土壤团聚体大小分布和稳定性都显著降低.机械稳定性团聚体以NT处理最佳,>0.25 mm团聚体含量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)分别比RT处理增加5.8%、8.0%和13.0%,分形维数(D)降低3.6%.水稳性团聚体以ST-NT处理最佳,R_(0.25)、MWD、GMD分别增加55.3%、15.1%和8.7%,D值降低0.8%.NT、ST-NT处理的团聚体破坏率(PAD)和不稳定团粒指数(E_(LT))也最低,PAD分别比RT处理降低了5.9%和7.7%,E_(LT)分别降低了5.8%和7.2%.综合分析认为,深松-免耕(ST-NT)的轮耕模式更有利于土壤团聚体含量和稳定性的增加,也符合当地农民的操作习惯,是比较理想的耕作方式,在该区域农业可持续发展中具有一定的应用价值.
A total of six treatments, including continuous conventional tillage(CT), rotary tillage(RT), subsoiling(ST), no-tillage(NT), conventional-no tillage(CT-NT) and subsoiling-no tillage(ST-NT), were conducted to examine the effects of different tillage types on soil aggregates distribution and stability of irrigated sierozem on continuous 8-year-tillage maize fields in the Gansu Yellow River irrigated area in 2014-2017. The results showed that the aggregation and stability of large aggregates in 0-40 cm soil layer were increased by NT and ST-NT treatments, while the size distribution and stability in plough layer were significantly decreased by CT and RT treatments due to strong soil disturbance. Compared with RT, the mechanical stability of aggregates under dry sieving NT was the best. The contents of >0.25 mm aggregate(R_(0.25)), mean weight diameter(MWD) and geometric mean diameter(GMD) increased by 5.8%, 8.0%, and 13.0%, respectively, and fractal dimension(D) decreased by 3.6%. The water-stable aggregates in ST-NT was the best, with R_(0.25), MWD and GMD increased by 55.3%, 15.1% and 8.7%, respectively, and D value decreased by 0.8%. The percentage of aggregate destruction(PAD) and unstable aggregate index(E_(LT)) of NT and ST-NT treatments were the lowest. PAD was reduced by 5.9% and 7.7% compared with RT, E_(LT) was reduced by 5.8% and 7.2%, respectively. All the results indicated that the subsoiling-notillage(ST-NT) rotation mode was more conducive to the enhancement of soil aggregate content and stability and consistent with the local farmers operating habits, which would be an ideal tillage method and had certain application value for the sustainable agricultural development in this area.
A total of six treatments, including continuous conventional tillage(CT), rotary tillage(RT), subsoiling(ST), no-tillage(NT), conventional-no tillage(CT-NT) and subsoiling-no tillage(ST-NT), were conducted to examine the effects of different tillage types on soil aggregates distribution and stability of irrigated sierozem on continuous 8-year-tillage maize fields in the Gansu Yellow River irrigated area in 2014-2017. The results showed that the aggregation and stability of large aggregates in 0-40 cm soil layer were increased by NT and ST-NT treatments, while the size distribution and stability in plough layer were significantly decreased by CT and RT treatments due to strong soil disturbance. Compared with RT, the mechanical stability of aggregates under dry sieving NT was the best. The contents of >0.25 mm aggregate(R_(0.25)), mean weight diameter(MWD) and geometric mean diameter(GMD) increased by 5.8%, 8.0%, and 13.0%, respectively, and fractal dimension(D) decreased by 3.6%. The water-stable aggregates in ST-NT was the best, with R_(0.25), MWD and GMD increased by 55.3%, 15.1% and 8.7%, respectively, and D value decreased by 0.8%. The percentage of aggregate destruction(PAD) and unstable aggregate index(E_(LT)) of NT and ST-NT treatments were the lowest. PAD was reduced by 5.9% and 7.7% compared with RT, E_(LT) was reduced by 5.8% and 7.2%, respectively. All the results indicated that the subsoiling-notillage(ST-NT) rotation mode was more conducive to the enhancement of soil aggregate content and stability and consistent with the local farmers operating habits, which would be an ideal tillage method and had certain application value for the sustainable agricultural development in this area.
引文
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[8] Huo L (霍琳),Wu T-Y (武天云),Lin H-M (蔺海明),et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on water-stable aggregates in calcic kastanozem of Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2008,19(3) :545-550 (in Chinese)
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[10] Tripathi R,Nayak AK,Bhattacharyya P,et al.Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41 years long-term fertilizer experiment in tropical rice-rice system.Geoderma,2014,213:280-286
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[13] Dalal RC,Chan KY.Soil organic matter in rainfed cropping systems of the Australian cereal belt.Australian Journal of Soil Research,2001,39:435-464
[14] Li J (李景),Wu H-J (吴会军),Wu X-P (武雪萍),et al.Effects of long-term tillage measurements on soil aggregate characteristic and microbial diversity.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2014,25(8):2341-2348 (in Chinese)
[15] Dai J (戴珏),Hu J-L (胡君利),Lin X-G (林先贵),et al.Effects of non-tillage on content of organic carbon and microbial carbolic metabolism of soil aggregates in a Fluvo-aquic soil.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2010,47(5) :923-929 (in Chinese)
[16] Kasper M,Buchan GD,Mentler A,et al.Influence of soil tillage systems on aggregate stability and the distribution of C and N in different aggregate fractions.Soil and Tillage Research,2009,105:192-199
[17] Zhang L-N (张丽娜),Asenso E,Zhang L-Y (张陆勇),et al.Effects of tillage methods on the physical characteristics of red soil of upland.Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究),2018,25(3):46-50 (in Chinese)
[18] Wei Y-W (魏亚伟),Su Y-R (苏以荣),Chen X-B (陈香碧),et al.Effects of human disturbance on soil aggregates content and their organic C stability in Karst regions.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2011,22(4) :971- 978 (in Chinese)
[19] Wang H-X (王海霞),Sun H-X (孙红霞),Han Q-F (韩清芳),et al.Effects of straw mulching on the soil aggregates in dry land wheat field under no-tillage.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2012,23(4):1025-1030 (in Chinese)
[20] The Gansu Countryside Yearbook Editorial Committee (甘肃农村年鉴编委会).The Gansu Rural Areas Yearbook in 2015.Bejing:China Statistics Press,2016 (in Chinese)
[21] Yang S-C (杨思存),Wang C-B (王成宝),Huo L (霍琳),et al.Effects of different tillage practices on soil organic carbon of cultivated land in Gansu Yellow River irrigation district.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报),2019,35(2):114-121 (in Chinese)
[22] Yi Y-L (依艳丽).Soil Physic Research Methods.Beijing:Peking University Press,2009 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhang P (张鹏),Jia Z-K (贾志宽),Wang W (王维),et al.Effects of straw returning on characteristics of soil aggregates in semi-arid areas in Southern Ningxia of China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2012,45(8):1513-1520 (in Chinese)
[24] Li J (李娟),Han J-C (韩霁昌),Chen C (陈超),et al.Effects of different land use patterns on chara-cteristics of soil aggregates under vacancy village renovation in hilly areas.Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究),2017,24(4):174-181 (in Chinese)
[25] Liu X-L (刘晓利),He Y-Q (何园球),Li C-L (李成亮),et al.Distribution and physical properties of soil water-stable aggregates in red soils different in land use and soil fertility.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2008,45(3):459-465 (in Chinese)
[26] Yang P-L (杨培岭),Luo Y-P (罗远培),Shi Y-C (石元春).Use the weight-size distribution to characte-rize the soil fractal features.Chinese Science Bulletin (科学通报),1993,38(20):1896-1899 (in Chinese)
[27] Yang X,Ren W,Sun B,et al.Effects of contrasting soil management regimes on total and labile soil organic carbon fractions in a loess soil in China.Geoderma,2012,177-178:49-56
[28] Pinheiro EFM,Pereira MG,Anjos LHC.Aggregate distribution and soil organic matter under different tillage systems for vegetable crops in a red Latosol from Brazil.Soil and Tillage Research,2004,77:79-84
[29] Cerdá A.Aggregate stability against water forces under different climates on agriculture land and scrubland in southern Bolivia.Soil and Tillage Research,2000,57:159-166
[30] Yan B (严波),Jia Z-K (贾志宽),Han Q-F (韩清芳),et al.Effects of different tillage on soil aggregates in the arid areas of South Ningxia.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究),2010,28(3):58-63 (in Chinese)
[31] Zhao J (赵冀),Wang W (王维),Zhang P (张鹏),et al.Effects of rotation tillage patterns on soil aggregates stability and soil structure of the dry land in winter and spring fallow period.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究),2017,35(6):52-58 (in Chinese)
[32] Wang L (王丽),Li J (李军),Li J (李娟),et al.Effects of tillage rotation and fertilization on soil aggregates and organic carbon content in corn field in Weibei Highland.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2014,25(3):759-768 (in Chinese)
[33] Liu D (刘丹),Zhang X (张霞),Li J (李军),et al.Effects of different tillage patterns on soil properties,maize yield and water use efficiency in Weibei Highland,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(2):573-582 (in Chinese)
[34] Virto I,GartziaBN,FernandezUO.Role of organic matter and carbonates in soil aggregation estimated using laser diffractometry.Pedosphere,2011,21:566-572
[35] Barthes B,Roose E.Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion:Validation at several levels.Catena,2002,47:133-149
[36] Six J,Elliott ET,Paustian K.Soil structure and soil organic matter.Ⅱ.A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64:1042-1049
[37] Nimmo JR,Perkins KS.Aggregates stability and size distribution// Dane JH,Topp GC,eds.Methods of Soil Analysis Part 4:Physical Methods.Madison,WI,USA:Soil Science Society of America,2002:317-328
[38] Huang G-H (黄冠华),Zhan W-H (詹卫华).Fractal property of soil particle size distribution and its application.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2002,39(4):490-496 (in Chinese)
[2] Pirmoradian N,Sepaskhah AR,Hajabbasi MA.Application of fractal theory to quantify soil aggregate stability as influenced by tillage treatments.Biosystems Engineering,2005,90:227-234
[3] Wang Q-K (王清奎),Wang S-L (汪思龙).Farming and stable mechanism of soil aggregate and influencing factors.Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报),2005,36(3):415-421 (in Chinese)
[4] Ge N-N (葛楠楠),Shi Y (石芸),Yang X-L (杨宪龙),et al.Distribution of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and water stable aggregates of cropland with different soil textures on the Loess Pla-teau,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(5):1626-1632 (in Chinese)
[5] Wang Y (王勇),Ji Q (姬强),Liu S (刘帅),et al.Effects of tillage practices on water-stable aggregation and aggregate-associated organic C in soils.Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报),2012,31(7):1365-1373 (in Chinese)
[6] Yu B (于博),Yu X-F (于晓芳),Gao J-L (高聚林),et al.Effects of deep tillage and straw return on soil structure of high-yield spring maize field.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报),2018,26(4):584-592 (in Chinese)
[7] Cheng Y (程乙),Ren H (任昊),Liu P (刘鹏),et al.Effects of different cultivation practices on composition,carbon and nitrogen distribution of soil aggregates in farmlands.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(11):3521-3528 (in Chinese)
[8] Huo L (霍琳),Wu T-Y (武天云),Lin H-M (蔺海明),et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on water-stable aggregates in calcic kastanozem of Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2008,19(3) :545-550 (in Chinese)
[9] Yilmaz E,S?nmez M.The role of organic/bio-fertilizer amendment on aggregate stability and organic carbon content in different aggregate scales.Soil and Tillage Research,2017,168:118-124
[10] Tripathi R,Nayak AK,Bhattacharyya P,et al.Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41 years long-term fertilizer experiment in tropical rice-rice system.Geoderma,2014,213:280-286
[11] Papendick RI,Parr JF.No-till farming:The way of the future for a sustainable dryland agriculture.Annals of Arid Zone,1997,36:193-208
[12] Zhou H (周虎),Lyu Y-Z (吕贻忠),Yang Z-C (杨志臣),et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregates in Huabei Plain,China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2007,40(9):1973-1979 (in Chinese)
[13] Dalal RC,Chan KY.Soil organic matter in rainfed cropping systems of the Australian cereal belt.Australian Journal of Soil Research,2001,39:435-464
[14] Li J (李景),Wu H-J (吴会军),Wu X-P (武雪萍),et al.Effects of long-term tillage measurements on soil aggregate characteristic and microbial diversity.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2014,25(8):2341-2348 (in Chinese)
[15] Dai J (戴珏),Hu J-L (胡君利),Lin X-G (林先贵),et al.Effects of non-tillage on content of organic carbon and microbial carbolic metabolism of soil aggregates in a Fluvo-aquic soil.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2010,47(5) :923-929 (in Chinese)
[16] Kasper M,Buchan GD,Mentler A,et al.Influence of soil tillage systems on aggregate stability and the distribution of C and N in different aggregate fractions.Soil and Tillage Research,2009,105:192-199
[17] Zhang L-N (张丽娜),Asenso E,Zhang L-Y (张陆勇),et al.Effects of tillage methods on the physical characteristics of red soil of upland.Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究),2018,25(3):46-50 (in Chinese)
[18] Wei Y-W (魏亚伟),Su Y-R (苏以荣),Chen X-B (陈香碧),et al.Effects of human disturbance on soil aggregates content and their organic C stability in Karst regions.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2011,22(4) :971- 978 (in Chinese)
[19] Wang H-X (王海霞),Sun H-X (孙红霞),Han Q-F (韩清芳),et al.Effects of straw mulching on the soil aggregates in dry land wheat field under no-tillage.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2012,23(4):1025-1030 (in Chinese)
[20] The Gansu Countryside Yearbook Editorial Committee (甘肃农村年鉴编委会).The Gansu Rural Areas Yearbook in 2015.Bejing:China Statistics Press,2016 (in Chinese)
[21] Yang S-C (杨思存),Wang C-B (王成宝),Huo L (霍琳),et al.Effects of different tillage practices on soil organic carbon of cultivated land in Gansu Yellow River irrigation district.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报),2019,35(2):114-121 (in Chinese)
[22] Yi Y-L (依艳丽).Soil Physic Research Methods.Beijing:Peking University Press,2009 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhang P (张鹏),Jia Z-K (贾志宽),Wang W (王维),et al.Effects of straw returning on characteristics of soil aggregates in semi-arid areas in Southern Ningxia of China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2012,45(8):1513-1520 (in Chinese)
[24] Li J (李娟),Han J-C (韩霁昌),Chen C (陈超),et al.Effects of different land use patterns on chara-cteristics of soil aggregates under vacancy village renovation in hilly areas.Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究),2017,24(4):174-181 (in Chinese)
[25] Liu X-L (刘晓利),He Y-Q (何园球),Li C-L (李成亮),et al.Distribution and physical properties of soil water-stable aggregates in red soils different in land use and soil fertility.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2008,45(3):459-465 (in Chinese)
[26] Yang P-L (杨培岭),Luo Y-P (罗远培),Shi Y-C (石元春).Use the weight-size distribution to characte-rize the soil fractal features.Chinese Science Bulletin (科学通报),1993,38(20):1896-1899 (in Chinese)
[27] Yang X,Ren W,Sun B,et al.Effects of contrasting soil management regimes on total and labile soil organic carbon fractions in a loess soil in China.Geoderma,2012,177-178:49-56
[28] Pinheiro EFM,Pereira MG,Anjos LHC.Aggregate distribution and soil organic matter under different tillage systems for vegetable crops in a red Latosol from Brazil.Soil and Tillage Research,2004,77:79-84
[29] Cerdá A.Aggregate stability against water forces under different climates on agriculture land and scrubland in southern Bolivia.Soil and Tillage Research,2000,57:159-166
[30] Yan B (严波),Jia Z-K (贾志宽),Han Q-F (韩清芳),et al.Effects of different tillage on soil aggregates in the arid areas of South Ningxia.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究),2010,28(3):58-63 (in Chinese)
[31] Zhao J (赵冀),Wang W (王维),Zhang P (张鹏),et al.Effects of rotation tillage patterns on soil aggregates stability and soil structure of the dry land in winter and spring fallow period.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究),2017,35(6):52-58 (in Chinese)
[32] Wang L (王丽),Li J (李军),Li J (李娟),et al.Effects of tillage rotation and fertilization on soil aggregates and organic carbon content in corn field in Weibei Highland.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2014,25(3):759-768 (in Chinese)
[33] Liu D (刘丹),Zhang X (张霞),Li J (李军),et al.Effects of different tillage patterns on soil properties,maize yield and water use efficiency in Weibei Highland,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(2):573-582 (in Chinese)
[34] Virto I,GartziaBN,FernandezUO.Role of organic matter and carbonates in soil aggregation estimated using laser diffractometry.Pedosphere,2011,21:566-572
[35] Barthes B,Roose E.Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion:Validation at several levels.Catena,2002,47:133-149
[36] Six J,Elliott ET,Paustian K.Soil structure and soil organic matter.Ⅱ.A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64:1042-1049
[37] Nimmo JR,Perkins KS.Aggregates stability and size distribution// Dane JH,Topp GC,eds.Methods of Soil Analysis Part 4:Physical Methods.Madison,WI,USA:Soil Science Society of America,2002:317-328
[38] Huang G-H (黄冠华),Zhan W-H (詹卫华).Fractal property of soil particle size distribution and its application.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2002,39(4):490-496 (in Chinese)