贵州草海岩溶湿地沉积物磷的赋存特征及释放风险
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摘要
磷是淡水水体富营养化关键性限制因子之一.本研究采用化学连续提取法,分析贵州草海岩溶湿地不同水位下沉积物总磷(TP)与不同形态磷含量及分布特征,试图揭示水位抬升对草海沉积物磷释放风险的影响.结果表明:草海沉积物总磷(TP)含量在206.30—577.30 mg·kg~(-1)之间,均值为378.60 mg·kg~(-1),在水位梯度下呈两端高中间低分布特征;磷形态组成以有机磷(Or-p)为主,自生钙磷(ACa-p)、碎屑钙磷(De-p)和闭蓄态磷(Oc-p)次之,交换态磷(Ex-p)、铝磷(Al-p)和铁磷(Fe-p)为最低,即草海沉积物磷活性以潜在释放和非活性为主,活性部分比重较低;活性磷(Act-p)含量在不同水位梯度下分布变化不大,潜在释放磷(Or-p)含量沿着水深加大呈逐渐增加趋势,非活性磷(Ina-p)含量稳定并与水位无明显相关性;可见,草海水位抬升将不会显著增加沉积物磷的直接释放风险,但会积累一定水平的潜在磷释放风险.
Phosphorus is one of key factors leading eutrophication of fresh water bodies. In this study, the chemical continuous extraction procedure was used to analyze the content and distribution of total phosphorus(TP) and different forms of phosphorus in sediments of Caohai, a karst wetland in Guizhou Province. It was trying to reveal the impact of water level uplift on the risk of phosphorus release from the sediments of Caohai wetland. The results showed that the content of TP in sediments of Caohai wetland ranged from 206.30 to 577.30 mg·kg~(-1), with an average value of 378.60 mg·kg~(-1). Under the water level gradient, the distribution of TP concentration is in the shape of "U" with high concetrations at both ends and low concentrations in middle. The composition of phosphorus forms is dominated by organic phosphorus(Or-p), followed by autogenous calcium phosphate(ACa-p), detrital calcium phosphate(De-p) and closed storage phosphorus(Oc-p), and the least part is exchangeable phosphorus(Ex-p), aluminum-bound phosphorus(Al-p) and iron-bound phosphorus(Fe-p). Therefore, phosphorus in the sediments of Caohai wetland mainly existed as potential release and inactivity forms, while the active part presented little effect to the cover water. The gradient distribution of Act-p was relatively uniform, and the Or-p increased gradually along with the variation of water depth. The Ina-p content was stable and had no significant correlation with water level.Therefore, there would be no significant increase in the direct release risk of phosphorus with the water level uplift. However, there might be an accumulation of potential release risk.
Phosphorus is one of key factors leading eutrophication of fresh water bodies. In this study, the chemical continuous extraction procedure was used to analyze the content and distribution of total phosphorus(TP) and different forms of phosphorus in sediments of Caohai, a karst wetland in Guizhou Province. It was trying to reveal the impact of water level uplift on the risk of phosphorus release from the sediments of Caohai wetland. The results showed that the content of TP in sediments of Caohai wetland ranged from 206.30 to 577.30 mg·kg~(-1), with an average value of 378.60 mg·kg~(-1). Under the water level gradient, the distribution of TP concentration is in the shape of "U" with high concetrations at both ends and low concentrations in middle. The composition of phosphorus forms is dominated by organic phosphorus(Or-p), followed by autogenous calcium phosphate(ACa-p), detrital calcium phosphate(De-p) and closed storage phosphorus(Oc-p), and the least part is exchangeable phosphorus(Ex-p), aluminum-bound phosphorus(Al-p) and iron-bound phosphorus(Fe-p). Therefore, phosphorus in the sediments of Caohai wetland mainly existed as potential release and inactivity forms, while the active part presented little effect to the cover water. The gradient distribution of Act-p was relatively uniform, and the Or-p increased gradually along with the variation of water depth. The Ina-p content was stable and had no significant correlation with water level.Therefore, there would be no significant increase in the direct release risk of phosphorus with the water level uplift. However, there might be an accumulation of potential release risk.
引文
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[2] MARTINS G, PEIXOTO L, BRITO A G, et al. Phosphorus-iron interaction in sediments: can an electrode minimize phosphorus release from sediments[J]. Reviews in Environmental Science & Bio/technology, 2014, 13(3):265-275.
[3] 史静, 俎晓静, 张乃明,等. 滇池草海沉积物磷形态、空间分布特征及影响因素[J]. 中国环境科学, 2013, 33(10):1808-1813.SHI J, ZU X J, ZHANG N M, et al. Sediment phosphorus form, space distribution characteristic and influencing factor of Caohai in Dian Lake,Yunnan, China[J]. China Environmental Science, 2013, 33(10):1808-1813(in Chinese).
[4] 朱广伟, 秦伯强, 高光,等. 长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及其与水相磷的关系[J]. 环境科学学报, 2004, 24(3):381-388.ZHU G W, QIN B Q, GAO G,et al. Fractionation of phosphorus in sediments and its relation with soluble phosphorus contents in shallow lakes located in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang river,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Sciences,2004, 24(3):381-388(in Chinese).
[5] 胡凯, 柯鹏振, 吴永红,等. 高原浅水湖泊沉积物中磷、氮形态化学研究[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2005, 14(4):507-511.HU K, KE P Z, WU Y H, et al. Forms of chemicals nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments in a shallow,plateau lake,China[J]. Resources and Environment of the Yangtze River Basin, 2005, 14(4): 507-511(in Chinese).
[6] 胡俊, 丰民义, 吴永红,等. 沉水植物对沉积物中磷赋存形态影响的初步研究[J]. 环境化学, 2006, 25(1):28-31.HU J, FENG M Y, WU Y H, et al. Study on submerged macrophyte effect on phosphorus pools in the sediment,China[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2006, 25(1): 28-31(in Chinese).
[7] HIELTJES A H M, LIJKLEMA L. Fractionation of inorganic phosphates in calcareous sediments[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1980, 9(3):405-407.
[8] RUTTENBERG K C. Development of a sequential extraction method for different forms of phosphorus in marine sediments[J]. Limnology & Oceanography, 1992, 37(7):1460-1482.
[9] GOLTERMAN H L. Sediments as a source of phosphate for algal growth// Interactions between sediments and freshwater: Proceedings of an international symposium held at Amsterdam[C].the Netherlands, September 6-10, 1976. Junk [etc.], 1977.
[10] PERYER-FURSDON J, ABELL J M, CLARKE D, et al. Spatial variability in sediment phosphorus characteristics along a hydrological gradient upstream of Lake Rotorua, New Zealand[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2015, 73(4):1573-1585.
[11] 马双丽, 倪兆奎, 王圣瑞,等.鄱阳湖沉积物有机磷形态及对水位变化响应[J]. 环境科学学报, 2016, 36(10):3607-3614.MA S L, NI Z K, WANG S R, et al.Organic phosphorus forms in sediments and their relationship with the change of water level in Poyang lake,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science, 2016, 36(10): 3607-3614(in Chinese).
[12] 钢迪嘎, 齐维晓, 刘会娟,等. 南水北调对密云水库水位变幅带土壤磷释放量的影响[J]. 环境科学学报, 2017, 37(10):3813-3822.GANG D G, QI W X, LIU H J, et al. Impact of south-to-north water diversion project on phosphorus release from water level fluctuating zone at Miyun reservior,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science, 2017, 37(10): 3813-3822(in Chinese).
[13] 夏品华, 喻理飞, 寇永珍,等. 贵州高原草海湿地土壤有机碳分布特征及其与酶活性的关系[J]. 环境科学学报,2017,37(4):1479-1485.XIA P H, YU L F, QI Y Z, et al. Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and its relationship with enzyme activity in the Caohai wetland of the Guizhou Plateau,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science, 2017, 37(4): 1479-1485(in Chinese).
[14] WETZEL R G. Limnology: Lake and River Systems[J]. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2001, 21(2):1-9.
[15] 李悦, 薛永先. 沉积物中不同形态磷提取方法的改进及其环境地球化学意义[J]. 海洋环境科学, 1998,17(1):15-20.LI Y, XUE Y X. A development sequential extraction method for dif ferent forms of phosphorus in the sediments and its environmental geochemical significance,China[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 1998,17(1): 15-20(in Chinese).
[16] 王明翠, 刘雪芹, 张建辉. 湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准[J]. 中国环境监测, 2002, 18(5):47-49.WANG M C, LIU X Q, ZHANG J H. Evaluate method and classif ication standard on lake eutrophication,China[J]. China Environmental Monitoring, 2002, 18(5): 47-49(in Chinese).
[17] 张斌亮. 浅水湖泊沉积物—水界面磷的行为特征与环境风险评价[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2004.ZHANG B L. The characteristics of phosphorus behavior at sediment-water interface and environmental risk assessment from shallow lakes [D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2004(in Chinese).
[18] 潘婵娟, 黎睿, 汤显强,等. 三峡水库蓄水至175 m后干流沉积物理化性质与磷形态分布特征[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(6):2615-2623.PAN C J, LI R, TANG X Q, et al. Assessment of physico-chemical properties and phosphorus fraction distribution characteristics in sediments after impounding of the three gorges reservoir to 175 m[J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(6): 2615-26230(in Chinese).
[19] LEIVUORI M, NIEMIST? L. Sedimentation of trace metals in the Gulf of Bothnia,China[J]. Chemosphere, 1995, 31(8):3839-3856.
[20] JIANG C H, WU D, HU J W, et al. Application of chemical fractionation and X-ray powder diffraction to study phosphorus speciation in sediments from Lake Hongfeng, China[J]. Science Bulletin, 2011, 56(20):2098-2108.
[21] REITZEL K, AHLGREN J, DEBRABANDERE H, et al. Degradation rates of organic phosphorus in lake sediment[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2007, 82(1):15-28.
[22] 李乐, 王圣瑞, 焦立新,等. 滇池柱状沉积物磷形态垂向变化及对释放的贡献[J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37(9):3384-3393.LI L, WANG S R, JIAO L X, et al. Vertical variation of phosphorus forms in lake dianchi and contribution to release,China[J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(9): 3384-3393(in Chinese).
[23] 陈丽华, 喻记新, 李丽,等. 基于TLI和PCA的贵州草海水质状况评价[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2018, 37(9):1921-1927.CHEN L H, YU J X, LI L, et al. Water quality assessment of Caohai Lake in Guizhou based on TLI and PCA,China[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2018, 37(9): 1921-1927(in Chinese).
[24] JONES R I, REYNOLDS C S. The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1984,73(2):779-780.
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