高氯酸盐的危害、水污染现状与去除技术研究进展
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摘要
高氯酸盐(perchlorate,ClO_4~-)是典型的难降解、具有高度扩散性的持久性无机污染物.由于ClO_4~-能影响机体甲状腺的正常功能,并有可能一定程度造成血红细胞破坏和肝、肾脏损伤,相关环境污染和人体健康安全问题引起了研究者的高度重视.在深入了解其的环境化学特性与危害的基础上将其有效去除是近年来的研究重点和难点.目前处理和降解ClO_4~-污染物的主要方法有:物理法、化学法、生物法等.本文归纳总结了这些方法的原理和特点,重点综述了近年来在吸附与降解机理方面的研究进展.
Perchlorate( perchlorate,ClO_4~-) is a highly diffusive,difficult to degrade and persistent inorganic pollutant. ClO_4~-can affect the normal physiological functions of the thyroid,and may cause a certain degree of destruction on red blood cells,liver and kidney. These environmental pollution and human health and safety problems aroused the attention of researchers. Research on the removal and degradation of ClO_4~-has become one of the most difficult and hottest areas in recent years. At present,main methods of processing and degradation of ClO_4~-include physical and chemical methods,chemical reduction methods,and biological treatment etc. In this paper,the principles and characteristics of these methods are summarized,and the progress in the mechanisms of adsorption and degradation in recent years is reviewed.
Perchlorate( perchlorate,ClO_4~-) is a highly diffusive,difficult to degrade and persistent inorganic pollutant. ClO_4~-can affect the normal physiological functions of the thyroid,and may cause a certain degree of destruction on red blood cells,liver and kidney. These environmental pollution and human health and safety problems aroused the attention of researchers. Research on the removal and degradation of ClO_4~-has become one of the most difficult and hottest areas in recent years. At present,main methods of processing and degradation of ClO_4~-include physical and chemical methods,chemical reduction methods,and biological treatment etc. In this paper,the principles and characteristics of these methods are summarized,and the progress in the mechanisms of adsorption and degradation in recent years is reviewed.
引文
[1] YAO L,YANG L X,CHEN J M,et al. Levels,indoor-outdoor relationships and exposure risks of airborne particle-associated perchlorate and chlorate in two urban areas in Eastern Asia[J]. Chemosphere,2015,135:31-37.
[2]刘燕燕,吴耀国,晁吉福,等.含高氯酸盐废水处理技术的研究进展[J].工业水处理,2010,30(7):1-4.LIU Y Y,WU Y G,CHAO J F,et al. Research progress in the perchlorate-containing wastewater treatment techniques[J]. Industrial Water Treatment,2010,30(7):1-4(in Chinese).
[3] GAO M C,WANG S,REN Y,et al. Simultaneous removal of perchlorate and nitrate in a combined reactor of sulfur autotrophy and electrochemical hydrogen autotrophy[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2016,284:1008-1016.
[4] CARR J A,MURALI S,HU F,et al. Changes in gastric sodium-iodide symporter(NIS)activity are associated with differences in thyroid gland sensitivity to perchlorate during metamorphosis[J]. General and Comparative Endocrinology,2015,219:16-23.
[5]吴春笃,李顺,许小红,等.高氯酸盐的环境毒理学效应及其机制的研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2013,30(1):85-89.WU C D,LI S,XU X H,et al. Environmental toxicological effect and mechanism of perchlorate[J]. Journal of Environmental Health,2013,30(1):85-89(in Chinese).
[6] PRASANNA K,CHRISTOPHER O,INDRARATNE S P,et al. Perchlorate as an emerging contaminant in soil,water and food[J].Chemosphere,2016,150:667-677.
[7]宇盛好,李亦奇,张旭晟,等.上海市市售食品中高氯酸盐污染的暴露评估[J].上海预防医学,2017,29(6):426-430.YU S H,LI Y Q,ZHANG X S,et al. Perchlorate contamination exposure assessment on commercial foods in Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine,2017,29(6):426-430(in Chinese).
[8]杨佳佳.中国居民膳食高氯酸盐和溴酸盐暴露水平研究[D].武汉:武汉工业学院,2012.YANG J J. The study of occurrence and estimated dietary intake of perchlorate and bromate in China[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan Polytechnic University,2012(in Chinese).
[9] SHI Y L,ZHANG N,GAO J M,et al. Effect of fireworks display on perchlorate in air aerosols during the Spring Festival[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:1323-1327.
[10] WU Q,OLDI J F,KANNAN K. Fate of perchlorate in a man-made reflecting pond following a fireworks display in Albany,New York,USA[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2011,30:2449-2455.
[11] SIJIMOL M R,JYOTHY S,PRADEEPKUMAR A P,et al. Review on fate,toxicity,and remediation of perchlorate[J]. Environmental Forensics,2015,16:125-134.
[12] BERNHARDT R R,VON HIPPEL F A,O'HARA T M. Chronic perchlorate exposure causes morphological abnormalities in developing stickleback[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2011,30:1468-1478.
[13] GOLEMAN W L,CARR J A,ANDERSON T A. Environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonium perchlorate inhibit thyroid function and alter sex ratios in developing Xenopus laevis[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2002,21(3):590-597.
[14] HELBING C C,BAILEY C M,LAN J,et al. Identification of gene expression indicators for thyroid axis disruption in a Xenopus laevis metamorphosis screening assay:Part 1. Effects on the brain[J]. Aquatic Toxicology,2007,82(4):227-241.
[15] URBANSKY E T. Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2002(9):187-192.
[16]方齐乐,陈宝梁.新型环境污染物高氯酸盐的环境化学行为、食品安全及健康风险[J].科学通报,2013,58(26):2626-2642.FANG Q L,CHEN B L. Environmental transport behaviors of perchlorate as an emerging pollutant and their effects on food safety and health risk. Chinese Science Bulletin(Chinese Version),2013,58(26):2626-2642(in Chinese).
[17] LIU Y J,MOU S F. Determination of trace levels of haloacetic acids and perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography with direct injection[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2003,997(1-2):225-235.
[18] BARDIYA N,BAE J H. Dissimilatory perchlorate reduction:A review[J]. Microbiological Research,2011,166(4):237-254.
[19] ERDEMGIL Y,GZET T,CAN,et al. Perchlorate levels found in tap water collected from several cities in Turkey[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(158):1-7.
[20]史亚利,高健民,李鑫,等.浏阳河水、底泥和土壤中高氯酸盐的污染[J].环境化学,2010,29(3):388-391.SHI Y L,GAO J M,LI X,et al. The investigation of perchlorate pollution level in liuyang river water,sediment and its nearby soil[J].Environmental Chemistry,2010,29(3):388-391(in Chinese).
[21] COLLETTE T W,WILLIAMS T L,URBANSKY E D,et al. Analysis of hydroponic fertilizer matrixes for perchlorate:Comparison of analytical techniques[J]. Analyst,2003,128:88-97.
[22] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011. Perchlorate. U. S. EPA,Office of Water.[2011-2-11] http://water. epa. gov/drink/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.cfm.
[23]蔡亚岐,史亚利,张萍,等.高氯酸盐的环境污染问题[J].化学进展,2006,18(11):1554-1564.CAI Y Q,SHI Y L,ZHANG P,et al. Perchlorate related environmental problems[J]. Progress in Chemistry,2006,18(11):1554-1564(in Chinese).
[24] GHOSH A,PAKSHIRAJAN K,GHOSH P K,et al. Perchlorate degradation using an indigenous microbial consortium predominantly Burkholderia sp.[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,187(1-3):133-139.
[25] KRISHNAN,G R,RACLHIKA R,JAYALATHA T,et al. Removal of perchlorate from drinking water using granular activated carbon modified by acidic functional group:Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium studies[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2017,109:158-171.
[26] LIN S Y,CHEN W F,CHENG M T,et al. Investigation of factors that affect cationic surfactant loading on activated carbon and perchlorate adsorption[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2013,434:236-242.
[27]何勇,唐敏康,卢丽娟.活性炭负载铁盐去除水中高氯酸盐[J].有色金属科学与工程,2016,7(2):48-53.HE Y,TANG M K,LU L J. Removal of perchlorate from water using iron salts supported on activated carbon[J]. Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering,2016,7(2):48-53(in Chinese).
[28]汤丁丁,史德亮,李亚龙,等.季铵盐改性活性炭纤维对地下水高氯酸盐吸附性能研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2016(8):171-179.TANG D D,SHI D L,LI Y L,et al. The study of quaternary ammonium salt surfactants modified ACF on the adsorption performance for perchlorate in groundwater[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2016,(8):171-179(in Chinese).
[29] WU X M,WANG Y L,XU L L,et al. Removal of perchlorate contaminants by calcined Zn/Al layered double hydroxides:Equilibrium,kinetics,and column studies[J]. Desalination,2010,256(1/2/3):136-140.
[30] XIE YH,LI S Y,WANG F et al. Removal of perchlorate from aqueous solution using protonated cross-linked chitosan[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2010,156(1):56-63.
[31]杨一琼,白皓,秦静.磁性离子交换树脂对饮用水中高氯酸盐的去除效能[J].中国给水排水,2015,31(21):5-8.YANG Y Q,BAI H,QIN J,et al. Removal efficiency of perchlorate from drinking water by magnetic ion exchange resin[J]. China Water and Wastewater,2015,31(21):5-8(in Chinese).
[32] ZHANG H G,LI T,YANG Z Q,et al. Highly efficient removal of perchlorate and phosphate by tailored cationic metal-organic frameworks based on sulfonic ligand linking with Cu-4,4'-bipyridyl chains[J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2017,188:293-302.
[33] XIE Y H,YI Y,QIN Y H,et al. Perchlorate degradation in aqueous solution using chitosan-stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2016,171:164-173.
[34] HURLEY K D,SHAPLEY J R. Efficient heterogeneous catalytic reduction of perchlorate in water[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41,2044-2049.
[35] YAO F B,ZHONG Y,YANG Q,et al. Effective adsorption/electrocatalytic degradation of perchlorate using Pd/Pt supported on N-doped activated carbon fiber cathode[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,323:602-610.
[36] YANG Q,YAO,F B,ZHONG Y,et al. Catalytic and electrocatalytic reduction of perchlorate in water-A review[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2016,306:1081-1091.
[37]张媛媛,郭延凯,张超,等.非水溶性醌加速菌GWF生物还原高氯酸盐的研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(3):988-993.ZHANG Y Y,GUO Y K,ZHANG C,et al. Effect of Non-dissolved quinone on perchlorate reduction by strain GWF[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(3):988-993(in Chinese).
[38] KOTLARZ N,UPADHYAYA G,TOGNA P,et al. Evaluation of electron donors for biological perchlorate removal highlights the importance of diverse perchlorate-reducing populations[J]. Environmental Science:Water Research and Technology, 2016, 2:1049-1063.
[39] JIANG C,YANG Q,WANG D B,et al. Simultaneous perchlorate and nitrate removal coupled with electricity generation in autotrophic denitrifying biocathode microbial fuel cell[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2017,308:783-790.
[40] LIANG S,SHI Q,GAO X Y,et al. Perchlorate removal by autotrophic bacteria associated with zero-valent iron:effect of calcium ions[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2015,90:722-729.
[2]刘燕燕,吴耀国,晁吉福,等.含高氯酸盐废水处理技术的研究进展[J].工业水处理,2010,30(7):1-4.LIU Y Y,WU Y G,CHAO J F,et al. Research progress in the perchlorate-containing wastewater treatment techniques[J]. Industrial Water Treatment,2010,30(7):1-4(in Chinese).
[3] GAO M C,WANG S,REN Y,et al. Simultaneous removal of perchlorate and nitrate in a combined reactor of sulfur autotrophy and electrochemical hydrogen autotrophy[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2016,284:1008-1016.
[4] CARR J A,MURALI S,HU F,et al. Changes in gastric sodium-iodide symporter(NIS)activity are associated with differences in thyroid gland sensitivity to perchlorate during metamorphosis[J]. General and Comparative Endocrinology,2015,219:16-23.
[5]吴春笃,李顺,许小红,等.高氯酸盐的环境毒理学效应及其机制的研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2013,30(1):85-89.WU C D,LI S,XU X H,et al. Environmental toxicological effect and mechanism of perchlorate[J]. Journal of Environmental Health,2013,30(1):85-89(in Chinese).
[6] PRASANNA K,CHRISTOPHER O,INDRARATNE S P,et al. Perchlorate as an emerging contaminant in soil,water and food[J].Chemosphere,2016,150:667-677.
[7]宇盛好,李亦奇,张旭晟,等.上海市市售食品中高氯酸盐污染的暴露评估[J].上海预防医学,2017,29(6):426-430.YU S H,LI Y Q,ZHANG X S,et al. Perchlorate contamination exposure assessment on commercial foods in Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine,2017,29(6):426-430(in Chinese).
[8]杨佳佳.中国居民膳食高氯酸盐和溴酸盐暴露水平研究[D].武汉:武汉工业学院,2012.YANG J J. The study of occurrence and estimated dietary intake of perchlorate and bromate in China[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan Polytechnic University,2012(in Chinese).
[9] SHI Y L,ZHANG N,GAO J M,et al. Effect of fireworks display on perchlorate in air aerosols during the Spring Festival[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:1323-1327.
[10] WU Q,OLDI J F,KANNAN K. Fate of perchlorate in a man-made reflecting pond following a fireworks display in Albany,New York,USA[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2011,30:2449-2455.
[11] SIJIMOL M R,JYOTHY S,PRADEEPKUMAR A P,et al. Review on fate,toxicity,and remediation of perchlorate[J]. Environmental Forensics,2015,16:125-134.
[12] BERNHARDT R R,VON HIPPEL F A,O'HARA T M. Chronic perchlorate exposure causes morphological abnormalities in developing stickleback[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2011,30:1468-1478.
[13] GOLEMAN W L,CARR J A,ANDERSON T A. Environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonium perchlorate inhibit thyroid function and alter sex ratios in developing Xenopus laevis[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2002,21(3):590-597.
[14] HELBING C C,BAILEY C M,LAN J,et al. Identification of gene expression indicators for thyroid axis disruption in a Xenopus laevis metamorphosis screening assay:Part 1. Effects on the brain[J]. Aquatic Toxicology,2007,82(4):227-241.
[15] URBANSKY E T. Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2002(9):187-192.
[16]方齐乐,陈宝梁.新型环境污染物高氯酸盐的环境化学行为、食品安全及健康风险[J].科学通报,2013,58(26):2626-2642.FANG Q L,CHEN B L. Environmental transport behaviors of perchlorate as an emerging pollutant and their effects on food safety and health risk. Chinese Science Bulletin(Chinese Version),2013,58(26):2626-2642(in Chinese).
[17] LIU Y J,MOU S F. Determination of trace levels of haloacetic acids and perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography with direct injection[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2003,997(1-2):225-235.
[18] BARDIYA N,BAE J H. Dissimilatory perchlorate reduction:A review[J]. Microbiological Research,2011,166(4):237-254.
[19] ERDEMGIL Y,GZET T,CAN,et al. Perchlorate levels found in tap water collected from several cities in Turkey[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(158):1-7.
[20]史亚利,高健民,李鑫,等.浏阳河水、底泥和土壤中高氯酸盐的污染[J].环境化学,2010,29(3):388-391.SHI Y L,GAO J M,LI X,et al. The investigation of perchlorate pollution level in liuyang river water,sediment and its nearby soil[J].Environmental Chemistry,2010,29(3):388-391(in Chinese).
[21] COLLETTE T W,WILLIAMS T L,URBANSKY E D,et al. Analysis of hydroponic fertilizer matrixes for perchlorate:Comparison of analytical techniques[J]. Analyst,2003,128:88-97.
[22] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011. Perchlorate. U. S. EPA,Office of Water.[2011-2-11] http://water. epa. gov/drink/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.cfm.
[23]蔡亚岐,史亚利,张萍,等.高氯酸盐的环境污染问题[J].化学进展,2006,18(11):1554-1564.CAI Y Q,SHI Y L,ZHANG P,et al. Perchlorate related environmental problems[J]. Progress in Chemistry,2006,18(11):1554-1564(in Chinese).
[24] GHOSH A,PAKSHIRAJAN K,GHOSH P K,et al. Perchlorate degradation using an indigenous microbial consortium predominantly Burkholderia sp.[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,187(1-3):133-139.
[25] KRISHNAN,G R,RACLHIKA R,JAYALATHA T,et al. Removal of perchlorate from drinking water using granular activated carbon modified by acidic functional group:Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium studies[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2017,109:158-171.
[26] LIN S Y,CHEN W F,CHENG M T,et al. Investigation of factors that affect cationic surfactant loading on activated carbon and perchlorate adsorption[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2013,434:236-242.
[27]何勇,唐敏康,卢丽娟.活性炭负载铁盐去除水中高氯酸盐[J].有色金属科学与工程,2016,7(2):48-53.HE Y,TANG M K,LU L J. Removal of perchlorate from water using iron salts supported on activated carbon[J]. Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering,2016,7(2):48-53(in Chinese).
[28]汤丁丁,史德亮,李亚龙,等.季铵盐改性活性炭纤维对地下水高氯酸盐吸附性能研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2016(8):171-179.TANG D D,SHI D L,LI Y L,et al. The study of quaternary ammonium salt surfactants modified ACF on the adsorption performance for perchlorate in groundwater[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2016,(8):171-179(in Chinese).
[29] WU X M,WANG Y L,XU L L,et al. Removal of perchlorate contaminants by calcined Zn/Al layered double hydroxides:Equilibrium,kinetics,and column studies[J]. Desalination,2010,256(1/2/3):136-140.
[30] XIE YH,LI S Y,WANG F et al. Removal of perchlorate from aqueous solution using protonated cross-linked chitosan[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2010,156(1):56-63.
[31]杨一琼,白皓,秦静.磁性离子交换树脂对饮用水中高氯酸盐的去除效能[J].中国给水排水,2015,31(21):5-8.YANG Y Q,BAI H,QIN J,et al. Removal efficiency of perchlorate from drinking water by magnetic ion exchange resin[J]. China Water and Wastewater,2015,31(21):5-8(in Chinese).
[32] ZHANG H G,LI T,YANG Z Q,et al. Highly efficient removal of perchlorate and phosphate by tailored cationic metal-organic frameworks based on sulfonic ligand linking with Cu-4,4'-bipyridyl chains[J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2017,188:293-302.
[33] XIE Y H,YI Y,QIN Y H,et al. Perchlorate degradation in aqueous solution using chitosan-stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2016,171:164-173.
[34] HURLEY K D,SHAPLEY J R. Efficient heterogeneous catalytic reduction of perchlorate in water[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41,2044-2049.
[35] YAO F B,ZHONG Y,YANG Q,et al. Effective adsorption/electrocatalytic degradation of perchlorate using Pd/Pt supported on N-doped activated carbon fiber cathode[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,323:602-610.
[36] YANG Q,YAO,F B,ZHONG Y,et al. Catalytic and electrocatalytic reduction of perchlorate in water-A review[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2016,306:1081-1091.
[37]张媛媛,郭延凯,张超,等.非水溶性醌加速菌GWF生物还原高氯酸盐的研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(3):988-993.ZHANG Y Y,GUO Y K,ZHANG C,et al. Effect of Non-dissolved quinone on perchlorate reduction by strain GWF[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(3):988-993(in Chinese).
[38] KOTLARZ N,UPADHYAYA G,TOGNA P,et al. Evaluation of electron donors for biological perchlorate removal highlights the importance of diverse perchlorate-reducing populations[J]. Environmental Science:Water Research and Technology, 2016, 2:1049-1063.
[39] JIANG C,YANG Q,WANG D B,et al. Simultaneous perchlorate and nitrate removal coupled with electricity generation in autotrophic denitrifying biocathode microbial fuel cell[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2017,308:783-790.
[40] LIANG S,SHI Q,GAO X Y,et al. Perchlorate removal by autotrophic bacteria associated with zero-valent iron:effect of calcium ions[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2015,90:722-729.