中国环流器二号A装置物理实验研究进展
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摘要
本文介绍了中国环流器二号A(HL-2A)装置概况、系统工程以及在磁约束聚变物理研究方面取得的若干重要进展,尤其是在HL-2A装置上成功实现了具有边缘局域模的高约束模式运行,是我国磁约束聚变实验研究史上具有里程碑意义的重大进展.近年来利用该装置可近性好,原创的加料与控制技术以及先进的高时空分辨诊断系统等独特优势,在HL-2A装置上开展了国际热核聚变实验堆(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor,ITER)及未来聚变堆等离子体相关的前沿物理问题与关键技术的研究,获得了一批国际磁约束核聚变领域创新科技成果,为ITER的运行与实验以及未来聚变堆的设计提供了重要技术基础与支撑.
This paper presents the status of the HL-2A tokamak and its auxiliary systems, and the highlights of the experiments on magnetic fusion plasma in HL-2A. In particular, China's first high confinement mode(H-mode) operation has been achieved on this device which is an important milestone in the history of magnetic fusion research in China. Due to its good accessibility, innovative fueling technologies and many advanced diagnostics with high spatiotemporal resolution,an amount of key issues on magnetic fusion plasma have been investigated and a series of innovative achievements have been obtained. They will provide important scientific and technical basis for ITER operation and design of future fusion DEMO.
This paper presents the status of the HL-2A tokamak and its auxiliary systems, and the highlights of the experiments on magnetic fusion plasma in HL-2A. In particular, China's first high confinement mode(H-mode) operation has been achieved on this device which is an important milestone in the history of magnetic fusion research in China. Due to its good accessibility, innovative fueling technologies and many advanced diagnostics with high spatiotemporal resolution,an amount of key issues on magnetic fusion plasma have been investigated and a series of innovative achievements have been obtained. They will provide important scientific and technical basis for ITER operation and design of future fusion DEMO.
引文
1 Liu Y,Ding X T,Yang Q W,et al.Recent advances in the HL-2A tokamak experiments.Nucl Fusion,2005,45:S239-S244
2 Yang Q W,Liu Y,Ding X T,et al.Overview of HL-2A experiment results.Nucl Fusion,2007,47:S635-S644
3 Duan X R,Dong J Q,Yan L W,et al.Preliminary results of ELMy H-mode experiments on the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2010,50:095011
4 Yan L W,Duan X R,Ding X T,et al.Overview of experimental results on the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2011,51:094016
5 Duan X R,Ding X T,Dong J Q,et al.An overview of recent HL-2A experiments.Nucl Fusion,2013,53:104009
6 Xu M,Duan X R,Dong J Q,et al.Overview of recent HL-2A experiments.Nucl Fusion,2015,55:104022
7 Duan X R,Liu Y,Xu M,et al.Overview of recent HL-2A experiments.Nucl Fusion,2017,57:102013
8 Yao L,Feng B,Chen C,et al.Plasma behaviour with hydrogen supersonic molecular beam and cluster jet injection in the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2007,47:1399-1410
9 Yu D L,Chen C Y,Yao L H,et al.Study of the high fuelling efficiency features of supersonic molecular beam injection.Nucl Fusion,2012,52:082001
10 Chen C Y,Yu D L,Feng B B,et al.The supersonic molecular beam injector as a reliable tool for plasma fueling and physics experiment on HL-2A.Rev Sci Instrum,2016,87:093503
11 Xiao W W,Zou X L,Ding X T,et al.A method of particle transport study using supersonic molecular beam injection and microwave reflectometry on HL-2A tokamak.Rev Sci Instrum,2010,81:013506
12 Duan X R,Ding X T,Dong J Q,et al.Overview of experimental results on HL-2A.Nucl Fusion,2009,49:104012
13 Zhao K J,Lan T,Dong J Q,et al.Toroidal symmetry of the geodesic acoustic mode zonal flow in a tokamak plasma.Phys Rev Lett,2006,96:255004
14 Liu A D,Lan T,Yu C X,et al.Characterizations of low-frequency zonal flow in the edge plasma of the HL-2A tokamak.Phys Rev Lett,2009,103:095002
15 Zhao K J,Nagashima Y,Diamond P H,et al.Synchronization of geodesic acoustic modes and magnetic fluctuations in toroidal plasmas.Phys Rev Lett,2016,117:145002
16 Xiao W W,Zou X L,Ding X T,et al.Observation of a spontaneous particle-transport barrier in the HL-2A tokamak.Phys Rev Lett,2010,104:215001
17 Zhong W L,Zou X L,Bourdelle C,et al.Convective velocity reversal caused by turbulence transition in tokamak plasma.Phys Rev Lett,2013,111:265001
18 Zhong W L,Shi Z B,Yang Z J,et al.Experimental observation of turbulence transition and a critical gradient threshold for trapped electron mode in tokamak plasmas.Phys Plasmas,2016,23:060702
19 Sun H J,Diamond P H,Shi Z B,et al.Experimental evidence of the non-local response of transport to peripheral perturbations.Nucl Fusion,2011,51:113010
20 Pan O,Xu Y,Hidalgo C,et al.Evidence of enhanced self-organized criticality(SOC)dynamics during the radially non-local transient transport in the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2015,55:113010
21 Yu D L,Wei Y L,Liu L,et al.Ion internal transport barrier in neutral beam heated plasmas on HL-2A.Nucl Fusion,2016,56:056003
22 Xu M,Tynan G R,Diamond P H,et al.Frequency-resolved nonlinear turbulent energy transfer into zonal flows in strongly heated L-Mode Plasmas in the HL-2A Tokamak.Phys Rev Lett,2012,108:245001
23 Cheng J,Dong J Q,Itoh K,et al.Dynamics of low-intermediate-high-confinement transitions in toroidal plasmas.Phys Rev Lett,2013,110:265002
24 Zhong W L,Zou X L,Shi Z B,et al.Excitation of edge plasma instabilities and their role in pedestal saturation in the HL-2A tokamak.Plasma Phys Control Fusion,2016,58:065001
25 Zhong W L,Shen Y,Zou X L,et al.Observation of double impurity critical gradients for electromagnetic turbulence excitation in tokamak plasmas.Phys Rev Lett,2016,117:045001
26 Xiao W W,Diamond P H,Zou X L,et al.ELM mitigation by supersonic molecular beam injection into the H-mode pedestal in the HL-2Atokamak.Nucl Fusion,2012,52:114027
27 Xiao G L,Zhong W L,Zou X L,et al.Effect of lower hybrid current drive on pedestal instabilities in the HL-2A tokamak.Phys Plasmas,2017,24:122507
28 Zhang Y P,Mazon D,Zou X L,et al.Control of edge localized modes by pedestal deposited impurity in the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2018,58:046018
29 Zhong W L,Zou X L,Duan X R,et al.Observation of ELM-free H-mode in the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2013,53:083030
30 Chen W,Ding X T,Yang Q W,et al.-induced Alfvén Eigenmodes destabilized by energetic electrons in a tokamak plasma.Phys Rev Lett,2010,105:185004
31 Hao G Z,Wang A K,Liu Y Q,et al.Effect of trapped energetic particles on the resistive wall mode.Phys Rev Lett,2011,107:015001
32 Chen W,Yu L M,Liu Y,et al.Destabilization of reversed shear Alfvén eigenmodes driven by energetic ions during NBI in HL-2A plasmas with qmin～1.Nucl Fusion,2014,54:104002
33 Chen W,Ding X T,Yu L M,et al.Observation of energetic-particle-induced GAM and nonlinear interactions between EGAM,BAEs and tearing modes on the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2013,53:113010
34 Chen W,Qiu Z,Ding X T,et al.Observation and theory of nonlinear mode couplings between shear Alfvén wave and magnetic island in tokamak plasmas.Europhys Lett,2014,107:25001
35 Zhang Y P,Liu Y,Chen W,et al.Measurements of fast-ion losses induced by MHD instabilities using a scintillator-based probe in the HL-2Atokamak.Nucl Fusion,2015,55:113024
36 Ji X Q,Xu Y,Hidalgo C,et al.On the interplay between neoclassical tearing modes and nonlocal transport in toroidal plasmas.Sci Rep,2016,6:32697
37 Chen W,Xu Y,Ding X T,et al.Dynamics between the fishbone instability and nonlocal transient transport in HL-2A NBI plasmas.Nucl Fusion,2016,56:044001
38 Chen W,Jiang M,Xu Y,et al.Experimental observation of multi-scale interactions among kink/tearing modes and high-frequency fluctuations in the HL-2A core NBI plasmas.Nucl Fusion,2017,57:114003
39 Jiang M,Zhong W L,Xu Y,et al.Influence of m/n=2/1 magnetic islands on perpendicular flows and turbulence in HL-2A Ohmic plasmas.Nucl Fusion,2018,58:026002
40 Chen W,Yu L M,Shi P W,et al.Stabilization of ion fishbone activities by electron cyclotron resonance heating in a toroidal plasma.Nucl Fusion,2018,58:014001
41 Yan L,Ji X,Song S,et al.Control system of neoclassical tearing modes in real time on HL-2A tokamak.Rev Sci Instrum,2017,88:113504
2 Yang Q W,Liu Y,Ding X T,et al.Overview of HL-2A experiment results.Nucl Fusion,2007,47:S635-S644
3 Duan X R,Dong J Q,Yan L W,et al.Preliminary results of ELMy H-mode experiments on the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2010,50:095011
4 Yan L W,Duan X R,Ding X T,et al.Overview of experimental results on the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2011,51:094016
5 Duan X R,Ding X T,Dong J Q,et al.An overview of recent HL-2A experiments.Nucl Fusion,2013,53:104009
6 Xu M,Duan X R,Dong J Q,et al.Overview of recent HL-2A experiments.Nucl Fusion,2015,55:104022
7 Duan X R,Liu Y,Xu M,et al.Overview of recent HL-2A experiments.Nucl Fusion,2017,57:102013
8 Yao L,Feng B,Chen C,et al.Plasma behaviour with hydrogen supersonic molecular beam and cluster jet injection in the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2007,47:1399-1410
9 Yu D L,Chen C Y,Yao L H,et al.Study of the high fuelling efficiency features of supersonic molecular beam injection.Nucl Fusion,2012,52:082001
10 Chen C Y,Yu D L,Feng B B,et al.The supersonic molecular beam injector as a reliable tool for plasma fueling and physics experiment on HL-2A.Rev Sci Instrum,2016,87:093503
11 Xiao W W,Zou X L,Ding X T,et al.A method of particle transport study using supersonic molecular beam injection and microwave reflectometry on HL-2A tokamak.Rev Sci Instrum,2010,81:013506
12 Duan X R,Ding X T,Dong J Q,et al.Overview of experimental results on HL-2A.Nucl Fusion,2009,49:104012
13 Zhao K J,Lan T,Dong J Q,et al.Toroidal symmetry of the geodesic acoustic mode zonal flow in a tokamak plasma.Phys Rev Lett,2006,96:255004
14 Liu A D,Lan T,Yu C X,et al.Characterizations of low-frequency zonal flow in the edge plasma of the HL-2A tokamak.Phys Rev Lett,2009,103:095002
15 Zhao K J,Nagashima Y,Diamond P H,et al.Synchronization of geodesic acoustic modes and magnetic fluctuations in toroidal plasmas.Phys Rev Lett,2016,117:145002
16 Xiao W W,Zou X L,Ding X T,et al.Observation of a spontaneous particle-transport barrier in the HL-2A tokamak.Phys Rev Lett,2010,104:215001
17 Zhong W L,Zou X L,Bourdelle C,et al.Convective velocity reversal caused by turbulence transition in tokamak plasma.Phys Rev Lett,2013,111:265001
18 Zhong W L,Shi Z B,Yang Z J,et al.Experimental observation of turbulence transition and a critical gradient threshold for trapped electron mode in tokamak plasmas.Phys Plasmas,2016,23:060702
19 Sun H J,Diamond P H,Shi Z B,et al.Experimental evidence of the non-local response of transport to peripheral perturbations.Nucl Fusion,2011,51:113010
20 Pan O,Xu Y,Hidalgo C,et al.Evidence of enhanced self-organized criticality(SOC)dynamics during the radially non-local transient transport in the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2015,55:113010
21 Yu D L,Wei Y L,Liu L,et al.Ion internal transport barrier in neutral beam heated plasmas on HL-2A.Nucl Fusion,2016,56:056003
22 Xu M,Tynan G R,Diamond P H,et al.Frequency-resolved nonlinear turbulent energy transfer into zonal flows in strongly heated L-Mode Plasmas in the HL-2A Tokamak.Phys Rev Lett,2012,108:245001
23 Cheng J,Dong J Q,Itoh K,et al.Dynamics of low-intermediate-high-confinement transitions in toroidal plasmas.Phys Rev Lett,2013,110:265002
24 Zhong W L,Zou X L,Shi Z B,et al.Excitation of edge plasma instabilities and their role in pedestal saturation in the HL-2A tokamak.Plasma Phys Control Fusion,2016,58:065001
25 Zhong W L,Shen Y,Zou X L,et al.Observation of double impurity critical gradients for electromagnetic turbulence excitation in tokamak plasmas.Phys Rev Lett,2016,117:045001
26 Xiao W W,Diamond P H,Zou X L,et al.ELM mitigation by supersonic molecular beam injection into the H-mode pedestal in the HL-2Atokamak.Nucl Fusion,2012,52:114027
27 Xiao G L,Zhong W L,Zou X L,et al.Effect of lower hybrid current drive on pedestal instabilities in the HL-2A tokamak.Phys Plasmas,2017,24:122507
28 Zhang Y P,Mazon D,Zou X L,et al.Control of edge localized modes by pedestal deposited impurity in the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2018,58:046018
29 Zhong W L,Zou X L,Duan X R,et al.Observation of ELM-free H-mode in the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2013,53:083030
30 Chen W,Ding X T,Yang Q W,et al.-induced Alfvén Eigenmodes destabilized by energetic electrons in a tokamak plasma.Phys Rev Lett,2010,105:185004
31 Hao G Z,Wang A K,Liu Y Q,et al.Effect of trapped energetic particles on the resistive wall mode.Phys Rev Lett,2011,107:015001
32 Chen W,Yu L M,Liu Y,et al.Destabilization of reversed shear Alfvén eigenmodes driven by energetic ions during NBI in HL-2A plasmas with qmin～1.Nucl Fusion,2014,54:104002
33 Chen W,Ding X T,Yu L M,et al.Observation of energetic-particle-induced GAM and nonlinear interactions between EGAM,BAEs and tearing modes on the HL-2A tokamak.Nucl Fusion,2013,53:113010
34 Chen W,Qiu Z,Ding X T,et al.Observation and theory of nonlinear mode couplings between shear Alfvén wave and magnetic island in tokamak plasmas.Europhys Lett,2014,107:25001
35 Zhang Y P,Liu Y,Chen W,et al.Measurements of fast-ion losses induced by MHD instabilities using a scintillator-based probe in the HL-2Atokamak.Nucl Fusion,2015,55:113024
36 Ji X Q,Xu Y,Hidalgo C,et al.On the interplay between neoclassical tearing modes and nonlocal transport in toroidal plasmas.Sci Rep,2016,6:32697
37 Chen W,Xu Y,Ding X T,et al.Dynamics between the fishbone instability and nonlocal transient transport in HL-2A NBI plasmas.Nucl Fusion,2016,56:044001
38 Chen W,Jiang M,Xu Y,et al.Experimental observation of multi-scale interactions among kink/tearing modes and high-frequency fluctuations in the HL-2A core NBI plasmas.Nucl Fusion,2017,57:114003
39 Jiang M,Zhong W L,Xu Y,et al.Influence of m/n=2/1 magnetic islands on perpendicular flows and turbulence in HL-2A Ohmic plasmas.Nucl Fusion,2018,58:026002
40 Chen W,Yu L M,Shi P W,et al.Stabilization of ion fishbone activities by electron cyclotron resonance heating in a toroidal plasma.Nucl Fusion,2018,58:014001
41 Yan L,Ji X,Song S,et al.Control system of neoclassical tearing modes in real time on HL-2A tokamak.Rev Sci Instrum,2017,88:113504