基于红外相机技术对帚尾豪猪活动节律和时间分配初步观察
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摘要
2012年8月至2013年7月,采用红外相机技术对广西弄岗国家级自然保护区15 hm~2森林动态监测样地及其周边区域内的帚尾豪猪(Atherurus macrourus)进行观察,采用活动强度指数分析其活动节律和时间分配,探讨月相和环境因子对其活动节律和时间分配的影响。结果表明,不同时间段内帚尾豪猪的活动强度存在极显著差异(t=4. 666,df=23,P=0. 001),活动峰值出现在20:00~21:00和05:00~06:00;夜间主要以移动(63. 2%)和觅食(23. 6%)为主。帚尾豪猪各月份间的时间分配存在极显著差异(t=8. 581,df=11,P=0. 001),旱、雨季间的时间分配存在显著差异(Z=-2. 166,P=0. 03)。各月相间帚尾豪猪出现的频次存在显著差异(χ~2=5. 00,df=1,P=0. 025),以新月期和满月期活动最为频繁,上弦月活动最少。相关性分析表明,活动强度指数与月降雨量、月最高温度及最低温度(R~2=0. 440,R~2=0. 435,R~2=0. 457)都存在显著的负相关,帚尾豪猪最适的活动温区为10℃~26℃。本研究初步掌握了帚尾豪猪在弄岗保护区的活动节律和时间分配,有助于后期理解栖息地和气候变化对其活动的影响。
Data on the activity rhythms and time budgets of Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines( Atherurus macrourus) were collected by camera traps between August 2012 and July 2013 in the 15-ha Forest Dynamics Plot and its surrounding area in Nonggang National Nature Reserve. We used a relative activity intensity index to explore the influences of moon phase and other environmental factors on the activity rhythms and time budgets of porcupines. Results showed that activity intensity varied significantly over the course of the day( t = 4. 666,df = 23,P = 0. 001),with two activity peaks: one from20: 00-21: 00 and one from 05: 00-06: 00. Moving( 63. 2%) and foraging( 23. 6%) were the main nocturnal activities. There were significant differences in monthly time budgets( t = 8. 581,df = 11,P = 0. 001),and significant difference between the rainy season and dry season( Z =-2. 166,P = 0. 03). There were also marked variations in activity frequencies of porcupines during different phases of the moon( χ~2= 5. 00,df = 1,P = 0. 025),with the highest activity during the new moon and full moon phases. There were significant negative correlations between monthly activity intensity and monthly rainfall,maximum temperature,and minimum temperature( R~2= 0. 440,R~2= 0. 435,R~2= 0. 457,respectively),and we found the optimal temperature to be between 10℃ and 26℃. This research provides preliminary datafor the activity rhythms and time budgets of porcupines in Nonggang,and could help us to understand possible effects on their activity due to ongoing habitat modification and climate change in future research.
Data on the activity rhythms and time budgets of Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines( Atherurus macrourus) were collected by camera traps between August 2012 and July 2013 in the 15-ha Forest Dynamics Plot and its surrounding area in Nonggang National Nature Reserve. We used a relative activity intensity index to explore the influences of moon phase and other environmental factors on the activity rhythms and time budgets of porcupines. Results showed that activity intensity varied significantly over the course of the day( t = 4. 666,df = 23,P = 0. 001),with two activity peaks: one from20: 00-21: 00 and one from 05: 00-06: 00. Moving( 63. 2%) and foraging( 23. 6%) were the main nocturnal activities. There were significant differences in monthly time budgets( t = 8. 581,df = 11,P = 0. 001),and significant difference between the rainy season and dry season( Z =-2. 166,P = 0. 03). There were also marked variations in activity frequencies of porcupines during different phases of the moon( χ~2= 5. 00,df = 1,P = 0. 025),with the highest activity during the new moon and full moon phases. There were significant negative correlations between monthly activity intensity and monthly rainfall,maximum temperature,and minimum temperature( R~2= 0. 440,R~2= 0. 435,R~2= 0. 457,respectively),and we found the optimal temperature to be between 10℃ and 26℃. This research provides preliminary datafor the activity rhythms and time budgets of porcupines in Nonggang,and could help us to understand possible effects on their activity due to ongoing habitat modification and climate change in future research.
引文
Alkon P U,Degen A A,Cohen A,Pollak H.1986.Seasonal energy requirements and water intakes of Indian crested porcupines(Hystrix indica)in captivity.Journal of Mammalogy,67(2):333-342.
Azlan J M,Sharma D S K.2006.The diversity and activity patterns of wild felids in a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia.Oryx,40(1):36-41.
Barthelmess E L.2006.Hystrix africaeaustralis.Mammalian Species,788:1-7.
Beltran J F,Delibes M.1994.Environmental determinants of circadian activity of free ranging Iberian lynxes.Journal of Mammalogy,75(2):382-393.
Buech R R.1995.Sex differences in behavior of beavers living in nearboreal lake habitat.Canadian Journal of Zoology,73(11):2133-2143.
Camera Data Team for Wildlife Diversity Monitoring.2013.Camera Data Network of Wildlife Diversity Monitoring:An Online Database.Institute of Zoology,CAS,Beijing.Available from http://cameradata.ioz.ac.cn.
Daly M,Behrends P R,Wilson M I.2000.Activity patterns of kangaroo rats-granivores in a desert habitat.Activity Patterns in Small Mammals,141:145-158.
Duncan R S,Martin P.1999.The effects of moonlight on microhabitat use by Antechinus agilis(Marsupialia:Dasyuridae).Australian Journal of Zoology,47(1):1-17.
Emmons L H.1983.A field study of the African brush-tailed porcupine,Atherurus africanus,by radiotelemetry.Mammalia,47(2):183-194.
Everts L G,Strijkstra A M,Hut R A,Hoffmann I E,Millesi E.2004.Seasonal variation in daily activity patterns of free-ranging European ground squirrels(Spermophilus citellus).Chronobiology International,21(1):57-71.
Gliwicz J,Dbrowski M J.2008.Ecological factors affecting the diel activity of voles in a multi-species community.Annales Zoologici Fennici,45(4):242-247.
Goulart F V B,Cáceres N C,Graipel M E,Tortato M A,Ghizoni Jr I R,Oliveira-Santos L G R.2009.Habitat selection by large mammals in a southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest.Mammalian Biology Zeitschrift für Sugetierkunde,74(3):182-190.
Haim A,Van Aarde R J,Skinner J D.1990.Metabolism and thermoregulation in the Cape porcupine,Hystrix africaeaustralis.Physiological Zoology,63(4):795-802.
Halle S,Stenseth N C.2000.Activity Patterns in Small Mammals,An Ecological Approach.Berlin,Heidelberge,New York:Springer.
Julien-Laferrière D.1997.The influence of moonlight on activity of woolly opossums(Caluromys philander).Journal of Mammalogy,78(1):251-255.
Kitamura S,Thong-Aree S,Madsri S,Poonswad P.2010.Mammal diversity and conservation in a small isolated forest of southern Thailand.The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,58(1):145-156.
Kotler B P,Brown J S,Mitchell W A.1993.Environmental factors affecting patch use in two species of gerbilline rodents.Journal of Mammalogy,74(3):614-620.
Li S Q,Wang G H,Shi Z P,Li X K,Xiao Z S,Zhou Q H.2016.Infrared camera traps for monitoring mammal and bird diversity and activity pattern in Limestone habitats.Acta Theriologica Sinica,36(3):272-281.(in Chinese)
Lima S L,Valone T J,Caraco T.1985.Foraging efficiency predation risk trade off in the grey squirrel.Animal Behaviour,33(1):155-165.
Liu D Z,Jiang Z G,Chu H J,Huang X W,Zhang F,Cheng G.2013.Summer nocturnal activity rhythms and time budgets of the Sino-Mongolia beaver(Castor fiber birulai)in Xinjiang,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica,33(4):319-325.(in Chinese)
O’Brien T G,Kinnaird M F,Wibisono H T.2003.Crouching tigers,hidden prey:sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape.Animal Conservation,6(2):131-139.
O’Connell A F,Nichols J D,Karanth K U.2011.Camera Traps in Animal Ecology:Methods and Analyses.New York:Springer.
Paise G,Vieira E M.2006.Daily activity of a neotropical rodent(Oxymycterus nasutus):seasonal changes and influence of environmental factors.Journal of Mammalogy,87(4):733-739.
Shang Y C.2014.Ethology(Second Edition).Beijing:Peking University Press.(in Chinese)
Shi Z P,Zhou Q H,Li X K,Xiao Z S.2014.Estimation of species richness of mammals and birds using camera traps in Nonggang Forest Dynamics Plot,South China.Biodiversity Science,22(6):826-829.(in Chinese)
klíba J,umbera R,Chitaukali W N,Burda A H.2007.Determinants of daily activity patterns in a free-living Afrotropical solitary subterranean rodent.Journal of Mammalogy,88(4):1009-1016.
Tang C B,Jiang J B,Huang C M,Lu C H,Zhou Q H.2017.Influence of environmental and social factors on activity rhythm and time budget of rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta)in Karst habitat.Acta Theriologica Sinica,37(2):131-138.(in Chinese)
Wei W H,Cao Y F,Zhang Y M,Yin B F,Wang J L.2004.Influence of the predation risk on the behavior of the plateau pika.Acta Zoologica Sinica,50(3):319-325.(in Chinese)
Wen L J,Guo Y M,Huang J,Song Y.2016.The activity rhythm of the Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus macrourus and Its correlation with the phases of the moon.Chinese Journal of Zoology,51(3):347-352.(in Chinese)
Xu F,Liu W,Qiao H H,Yang W K,Xia C J.2013.Relationships between vigilance,foraging and other behaviors of the great gerbil Rhombomys opimus.Arid Land Geography,36(1):118-124.(in Chinese)
Yasuda M.2004.Monitoring diversity and abundance of mammals with camera traps:a case study on Mount Tsukuba,central Japan.Mammal Study,29(1):37-46.
刘冬志,蒋志刚,初红军,黄效文,张帆,陈刚.2013.蒙新河狸夏季夜间活动节律和时间分配.兽类学报,33(4):319-325.
李生强,汪国海,施泽攀,李先琨,肖治术,周岐海.2016.红外相机技术监测喀斯特生境兽类和鸟类多样性及活动节律.兽类学报,36(3):272-281.
尚玉昌.2014.动物行为学(第二版).北京:北京大学出版社.
施泽攀,周岐海,李先琨,肖治术.2014.弄岗森林动态监测样地及周边鸟兽的红外相机初步监测.生物多样性,22(6):826-829.
徐峰,刘伟,乔洪海,杨维康,夏参军.2013.大沙鼠的警戒行为与采食及其它行为之间的关系.干旱区地理,36(1):118-124.
唐创斌,蒋建波,黄乘明,鲁长虎,周岐海.2017.环境和社会因素对喀斯特石山猕猴日活动节律和活动时间分配的影响.兽类学报,37(2):131-138.
温立嘉,郭玉民,黄建,宋阳.2016.帚尾豪猪活动节律及其与月光周期的相关性.动物学杂志,51(3):347-352.
魏万红,曹伊凡,张堰铭,殷宝法,王金龙.2004.捕食风险对高原鼠兔行为的影响.动物学报,50(3):319-325.
Azlan J M,Sharma D S K.2006.The diversity and activity patterns of wild felids in a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia.Oryx,40(1):36-41.
Barthelmess E L.2006.Hystrix africaeaustralis.Mammalian Species,788:1-7.
Beltran J F,Delibes M.1994.Environmental determinants of circadian activity of free ranging Iberian lynxes.Journal of Mammalogy,75(2):382-393.
Buech R R.1995.Sex differences in behavior of beavers living in nearboreal lake habitat.Canadian Journal of Zoology,73(11):2133-2143.
Camera Data Team for Wildlife Diversity Monitoring.2013.Camera Data Network of Wildlife Diversity Monitoring:An Online Database.Institute of Zoology,CAS,Beijing.Available from http://cameradata.ioz.ac.cn.
Daly M,Behrends P R,Wilson M I.2000.Activity patterns of kangaroo rats-granivores in a desert habitat.Activity Patterns in Small Mammals,141:145-158.
Duncan R S,Martin P.1999.The effects of moonlight on microhabitat use by Antechinus agilis(Marsupialia:Dasyuridae).Australian Journal of Zoology,47(1):1-17.
Emmons L H.1983.A field study of the African brush-tailed porcupine,Atherurus africanus,by radiotelemetry.Mammalia,47(2):183-194.
Everts L G,Strijkstra A M,Hut R A,Hoffmann I E,Millesi E.2004.Seasonal variation in daily activity patterns of free-ranging European ground squirrels(Spermophilus citellus).Chronobiology International,21(1):57-71.
Gliwicz J,Dbrowski M J.2008.Ecological factors affecting the diel activity of voles in a multi-species community.Annales Zoologici Fennici,45(4):242-247.
Goulart F V B,Cáceres N C,Graipel M E,Tortato M A,Ghizoni Jr I R,Oliveira-Santos L G R.2009.Habitat selection by large mammals in a southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest.Mammalian Biology Zeitschrift für Sugetierkunde,74(3):182-190.
Haim A,Van Aarde R J,Skinner J D.1990.Metabolism and thermoregulation in the Cape porcupine,Hystrix africaeaustralis.Physiological Zoology,63(4):795-802.
Halle S,Stenseth N C.2000.Activity Patterns in Small Mammals,An Ecological Approach.Berlin,Heidelberge,New York:Springer.
Julien-Laferrière D.1997.The influence of moonlight on activity of woolly opossums(Caluromys philander).Journal of Mammalogy,78(1):251-255.
Kitamura S,Thong-Aree S,Madsri S,Poonswad P.2010.Mammal diversity and conservation in a small isolated forest of southern Thailand.The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,58(1):145-156.
Kotler B P,Brown J S,Mitchell W A.1993.Environmental factors affecting patch use in two species of gerbilline rodents.Journal of Mammalogy,74(3):614-620.
Li S Q,Wang G H,Shi Z P,Li X K,Xiao Z S,Zhou Q H.2016.Infrared camera traps for monitoring mammal and bird diversity and activity pattern in Limestone habitats.Acta Theriologica Sinica,36(3):272-281.(in Chinese)
Lima S L,Valone T J,Caraco T.1985.Foraging efficiency predation risk trade off in the grey squirrel.Animal Behaviour,33(1):155-165.
Liu D Z,Jiang Z G,Chu H J,Huang X W,Zhang F,Cheng G.2013.Summer nocturnal activity rhythms and time budgets of the Sino-Mongolia beaver(Castor fiber birulai)in Xinjiang,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica,33(4):319-325.(in Chinese)
O’Brien T G,Kinnaird M F,Wibisono H T.2003.Crouching tigers,hidden prey:sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape.Animal Conservation,6(2):131-139.
O’Connell A F,Nichols J D,Karanth K U.2011.Camera Traps in Animal Ecology:Methods and Analyses.New York:Springer.
Paise G,Vieira E M.2006.Daily activity of a neotropical rodent(Oxymycterus nasutus):seasonal changes and influence of environmental factors.Journal of Mammalogy,87(4):733-739.
Shang Y C.2014.Ethology(Second Edition).Beijing:Peking University Press.(in Chinese)
Shi Z P,Zhou Q H,Li X K,Xiao Z S.2014.Estimation of species richness of mammals and birds using camera traps in Nonggang Forest Dynamics Plot,South China.Biodiversity Science,22(6):826-829.(in Chinese)
klíba J,umbera R,Chitaukali W N,Burda A H.2007.Determinants of daily activity patterns in a free-living Afrotropical solitary subterranean rodent.Journal of Mammalogy,88(4):1009-1016.
Tang C B,Jiang J B,Huang C M,Lu C H,Zhou Q H.2017.Influence of environmental and social factors on activity rhythm and time budget of rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta)in Karst habitat.Acta Theriologica Sinica,37(2):131-138.(in Chinese)
Wei W H,Cao Y F,Zhang Y M,Yin B F,Wang J L.2004.Influence of the predation risk on the behavior of the plateau pika.Acta Zoologica Sinica,50(3):319-325.(in Chinese)
Wen L J,Guo Y M,Huang J,Song Y.2016.The activity rhythm of the Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus macrourus and Its correlation with the phases of the moon.Chinese Journal of Zoology,51(3):347-352.(in Chinese)
Xu F,Liu W,Qiao H H,Yang W K,Xia C J.2013.Relationships between vigilance,foraging and other behaviors of the great gerbil Rhombomys opimus.Arid Land Geography,36(1):118-124.(in Chinese)
Yasuda M.2004.Monitoring diversity and abundance of mammals with camera traps:a case study on Mount Tsukuba,central Japan.Mammal Study,29(1):37-46.
刘冬志,蒋志刚,初红军,黄效文,张帆,陈刚.2013.蒙新河狸夏季夜间活动节律和时间分配.兽类学报,33(4):319-325.
李生强,汪国海,施泽攀,李先琨,肖治术,周岐海.2016.红外相机技术监测喀斯特生境兽类和鸟类多样性及活动节律.兽类学报,36(3):272-281.
尚玉昌.2014.动物行为学(第二版).北京:北京大学出版社.
施泽攀,周岐海,李先琨,肖治术.2014.弄岗森林动态监测样地及周边鸟兽的红外相机初步监测.生物多样性,22(6):826-829.
徐峰,刘伟,乔洪海,杨维康,夏参军.2013.大沙鼠的警戒行为与采食及其它行为之间的关系.干旱区地理,36(1):118-124.
唐创斌,蒋建波,黄乘明,鲁长虎,周岐海.2017.环境和社会因素对喀斯特石山猕猴日活动节律和活动时间分配的影响.兽类学报,37(2):131-138.
温立嘉,郭玉民,黄建,宋阳.2016.帚尾豪猪活动节律及其与月光周期的相关性.动物学杂志,51(3):347-352.
魏万红,曹伊凡,张堰铭,殷宝法,王金龙.2004.捕食风险对高原鼠兔行为的影响.动物学报,50(3):319-325.