冕洞与太阳风高速流关系的统计研究:到达时间、持续时间和峰值强度
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摘要
冕洞是太阳风高速流的源区.当冕洞出现在中低纬区域时,太阳风高速流会扫过地球并引发地球空间环境扰动,如地磁暴和高能电子暴等.在太阳活动周下降年和低年,这种类型的扰动占据主导地位.因此,冕洞高速流的到达时间、峰值时间、峰值强度和持续时间等,是空间天气预报的重要内容.本文基于2010年5月到2016年12月的SDO/AIA太阳极紫外图像以及1AU处ACE和WIND卫星的太阳风观测数据,确定了160个冕洞-太阳风高速流事件,定量计算了他们的特征参数,包括冕洞与太阳风高速流的开始时间、峰值时间、峰值强度和结束时间,分析了各个特征参数的分布规律,对冕洞-高速流之间的关系进行了统计研究,并提出了一种新的预报方法,为基于冕洞成像观测的太阳风高速流的精准预报提供了依据.
Coronal hole is the source of high-speed solar wind.When coronal hole appears at low latitude region of solar surface,high-speed solar wind will sweep the Earth and trigger disturbances in terrestrial space,such as geomagnetic storm and relativistic electron flux enhancement in radiation belt.Such disturbances are dominant during the declining phase and minimum of solar cycles.Therefore,the forecast of arrival time,peak time,peak intensity,and duration of high-speed solar wind are of significant importance in space weather forecasting.In this study,based on SDO/AIA images and in-situ solar wind observations by the ACE and WIND satellites at 1 AU from May 2010 to December 2016,160 coronal holes and relevant high speed streams are identified,and their characteristic parameters including beginning time,ending time,peak time,peak intensity,etc.are calculated and investigated.The distribution of each characteristic parameter is analyzed,and the statistical research on the relationship between them is carried out,which offers a basis and guidance for the accurate and quantitative prediction of high-speed solar wind based on coronal hole images.
Coronal hole is the source of high-speed solar wind.When coronal hole appears at low latitude region of solar surface,high-speed solar wind will sweep the Earth and trigger disturbances in terrestrial space,such as geomagnetic storm and relativistic electron flux enhancement in radiation belt.Such disturbances are dominant during the declining phase and minimum of solar cycles.Therefore,the forecast of arrival time,peak time,peak intensity,and duration of high-speed solar wind are of significant importance in space weather forecasting.In this study,based on SDO/AIA images and in-situ solar wind observations by the ACE and WIND satellites at 1 AU from May 2010 to December 2016,160 coronal holes and relevant high speed streams are identified,and their characteristic parameters including beginning time,ending time,peak time,peak intensity,etc.are calculated and investigated.The distribution of each characteristic parameter is analyzed,and the statistical research on the relationship between them is carried out,which offers a basis and guidance for the accurate and quantitative prediction of high-speed solar wind based on coronal hole images.
引文
Arge C N,Pizzo V J.2000.Improvement in the prediction of solar wind conditions using near-real time solar magnetic field updates.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,105(A5):10465-10479,doi:10.1029/1999ja000262.
Burlaga L F.1975.Interplanetary streams and their interaction with the earth.Space Science Reviews,17(2-4):327-352,doi:10.1007/BF00718578.
Gosling J T,Asbridge J R,Bame S J,et al.1978.Solar wind stream interfaces.Journal of Geophysical Research,83(A4):1401,doi:10.1029/JA083iA04p01401.
Gosling J T.1996.Corotating and transient solar wind flows in three dimensions.Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics,34(35-73),doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.35.
Gressl C,Veronig A M,Temmer M,et al.2014.Comparative study of MHD modeling of the background solar wind.Solar Physics,289(5):1783-1801,doi:10.1007/s11207-013-0421-6.
Gupta V,Badruddin.2010.High-speed solar wind streams during1996-2007:sources,statistical distribution,and plasma/field properties.Solar Physics,264(1):165-188,doi:10.1007/s11207-010-9554-z.
Jian L K,MacNeice P J,Taktakishvili A,et al.2015.Validation for solar wind prediction at Earth:Comparison of coronal and heliospheric models installed at the CCMC.Space Weather,13(5):316-338,doi:10.1002/2015SW001174.
Krieger A S,Timothy A F,Roelof E C.1973.A coronal hole and its identification as the source of a high velocity solar wind stream.Solar Physics,29(2):505-525,doi:10.1007/BF00150828.
Krista L D,Gallagher P T.2009.Automated coronal hole detection using local intensity thresholding techniques.Solar Physics,256(1-2):87-100,doi:10.1007/s11207-009-9357-2.
Lemen J R,Title A M,Akin D J,et al.2012.The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly(AIA)on the Solar Dynamics Observatory(SDO).Solar Physics,275(1-2):17-40,doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9776-8.
Linker J A,Mikic′Z,Biesecker D A,et al.1999.Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of the solar corona during Whole Sun Month.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,104(A5):9809-9830,doi:10.1029/199 8ja900159.
Mavromichalaki H,Vassilaki A.1998.Fast plasma streams recorded near the earth during 1985-1996.Solar Physics,183(1):181-200,doi:10.1023/A:1005004328071.
McComas D J,Bame S J,Barker P,et al.1998.Solar wind electron proton alpha monitor(SWEPAM)for the advanced composition explorer.Space Science Reviews,86(1-4):563-612,doi:10.1023/A:1005040232597.
Munro R H,Withbroe G L.1972.Properties of a coronal“hole”derived from extreme-ultraviolet observations.Astrophysical Journal,176(2):511-520,doi:10.1086/151653.
Nolte J T,Krieger A S,Timothy A F,et al.1976.Coronal holes as sources of solar wind.Solar Physics,46(2):303-322,doi:10.1007/bf00149859.
Odstrcil D.2003.Modeling 3-D solar wind structure.Advanced in Space Research,32(4):497-506,doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00332-6.
Ogilvie K W,Chornay D J,Fritzenreiter R J,et al.1995.Swe,a comprehensive plasma instrument for the wind spacecraft.Space Science Reviews,71(1-4):55-77,doi:10.1007/Bf00751326.
Reiss M A,Temmer M,Veronig A M,et al.2016.Verification of high-speed solar wind stream forecasts using operational solar wind models.Space Weather,14(7):495-510,doi:10.1002/2016SW001390.
Richardson I G.2006.The formation of CIRs at stream-stream interfaces and resultant geomagnetic activity.Geophysical Monograph Series,167:45-58,doi:10.1029/167gm06.
Riley P,Linker J A,Mikic′Z.2001.An empirically-driven global MHD model of the solar corona and inner heliosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,106(A8):15889-15901,doi:10.1029/2000ja000121.
Robbins S,Henney C J,Harvey J W.2006.Solar wind forecasting with coronal holes.Solar Physics,233(2):265-276,doi:10.1007/s11207-006-0064-y.
Rotter T,Veronig A M,Temmer M,et al.2012.Relation between coronal hole areas on the sun and the solar wind parameters at1AU.Solar Physics,281(2):793-813,doi:10.1007/s11207-012-0101-y.
Rotter T,Veronig A M,Temmer M,et al.2015.Real-time solar wind prediction based on SDO/AIA coronal hole data.Solar Physics,290(5):1355-1370,doi:10.1007/s11207-015-0680-5.
Scholl I F,Habbal S R.2008.Automatic detection and classification of coronal holes and filaments based on EUV and magnetogram observations of the solar disk.SolarPhysics,248(2):425-439,doi:10.1007/s11207-007-9075-6.
Shen C L,Wang Y M,Ye P Z,et al.2006.Is there any evident effect of coronal holes on gradual solar energetic particle events?.Astrophysical Journal,639(1):510-515,doi:10.1086/499199.
Smith C W,L′Heureux J,Ness N F,et al.1998.The ACEmagnetic fields experiment.Space Science Reviews,86(1-4):613-632,doi:10.1023/A:1005092216668.
Smith E J,Wolfe J H.1976.Observations of interaction regions and corotating shocks between one and five AU:Pioneers 10and11.Geophysical Research Letters,3(3):137-140,doi:10.1029/GL003i003p00137.
Stone E C,Frandsen A M,Mewaldt R A,et al.1998.The advanced composition explorer.Space Science Reviews,86(1-4):1-22,doi:10.1023/a:1005082526237.
Tsurutani B T,Gonzalez W D,Gonzalez A L C,et al.2006.Corotating solar wind streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity:A review.Journal of Geophysical Research,111(A7):A07S01,doi:10.1029/2005ja011273.
Verbeeck C,Delouille V,Mampaey B,et al.2013.The SPoCA-suite:Software for extraction,characterization,and tracking of active regions and coronal holes on EUV images.Astronomy&Astrophysics,561:A29,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321243.
Veselovsky I S,Persiantsev I G,Ryazanov A Y,et al.2006.Oneparameter representation of the daily averaged solar-wind velocity.Solar System Research,40(5):427-431,doi:10.1134/s0038094606050078.
Vrsnak B,Temmer M,Veronig A M.2007a.Coronal holes and solar wind high-speed streams:I.Forecasting the solar wind parameters.Solar Physics,240(2):315-330,doi:10.1007/s11207-007-0285-8.
Vrsnak B,Temmer M,Veronig A M.2007b.CoronalaHoles and solar wind high-speed streams:II.Forecasting the geomagnetic effects.Solar Physics,240(2):331-346,doi:10.1007/s11207-007-0311-x.
Wang Y M,Sheeley N R Jr.1990.Solar wind speed and coronal flux-tube expansion.Astrophysical Journal,355(2):726-732,doi:10.1086/168805.
Xystouris G,Sigala E,Mavromichalaki H.2014.A complete catalogue of high-speed solar wind streams during solar cycle23.Solar Physics,289(3):995-1012,doi:10.1007/s11207-013-0355-z.
Burlaga L F.1975.Interplanetary streams and their interaction with the earth.Space Science Reviews,17(2-4):327-352,doi:10.1007/BF00718578.
Gosling J T,Asbridge J R,Bame S J,et al.1978.Solar wind stream interfaces.Journal of Geophysical Research,83(A4):1401,doi:10.1029/JA083iA04p01401.
Gosling J T.1996.Corotating and transient solar wind flows in three dimensions.Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics,34(35-73),doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.35.
Gressl C,Veronig A M,Temmer M,et al.2014.Comparative study of MHD modeling of the background solar wind.Solar Physics,289(5):1783-1801,doi:10.1007/s11207-013-0421-6.
Gupta V,Badruddin.2010.High-speed solar wind streams during1996-2007:sources,statistical distribution,and plasma/field properties.Solar Physics,264(1):165-188,doi:10.1007/s11207-010-9554-z.
Jian L K,MacNeice P J,Taktakishvili A,et al.2015.Validation for solar wind prediction at Earth:Comparison of coronal and heliospheric models installed at the CCMC.Space Weather,13(5):316-338,doi:10.1002/2015SW001174.
Krieger A S,Timothy A F,Roelof E C.1973.A coronal hole and its identification as the source of a high velocity solar wind stream.Solar Physics,29(2):505-525,doi:10.1007/BF00150828.
Krista L D,Gallagher P T.2009.Automated coronal hole detection using local intensity thresholding techniques.Solar Physics,256(1-2):87-100,doi:10.1007/s11207-009-9357-2.
Lemen J R,Title A M,Akin D J,et al.2012.The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly(AIA)on the Solar Dynamics Observatory(SDO).Solar Physics,275(1-2):17-40,doi:10.1007/s11207-011-9776-8.
Linker J A,Mikic′Z,Biesecker D A,et al.1999.Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of the solar corona during Whole Sun Month.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,104(A5):9809-9830,doi:10.1029/199 8ja900159.
Mavromichalaki H,Vassilaki A.1998.Fast plasma streams recorded near the earth during 1985-1996.Solar Physics,183(1):181-200,doi:10.1023/A:1005004328071.
McComas D J,Bame S J,Barker P,et al.1998.Solar wind electron proton alpha monitor(SWEPAM)for the advanced composition explorer.Space Science Reviews,86(1-4):563-612,doi:10.1023/A:1005040232597.
Munro R H,Withbroe G L.1972.Properties of a coronal“hole”derived from extreme-ultraviolet observations.Astrophysical Journal,176(2):511-520,doi:10.1086/151653.
Nolte J T,Krieger A S,Timothy A F,et al.1976.Coronal holes as sources of solar wind.Solar Physics,46(2):303-322,doi:10.1007/bf00149859.
Odstrcil D.2003.Modeling 3-D solar wind structure.Advanced in Space Research,32(4):497-506,doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00332-6.
Ogilvie K W,Chornay D J,Fritzenreiter R J,et al.1995.Swe,a comprehensive plasma instrument for the wind spacecraft.Space Science Reviews,71(1-4):55-77,doi:10.1007/Bf00751326.
Reiss M A,Temmer M,Veronig A M,et al.2016.Verification of high-speed solar wind stream forecasts using operational solar wind models.Space Weather,14(7):495-510,doi:10.1002/2016SW001390.
Richardson I G.2006.The formation of CIRs at stream-stream interfaces and resultant geomagnetic activity.Geophysical Monograph Series,167:45-58,doi:10.1029/167gm06.
Riley P,Linker J A,Mikic′Z.2001.An empirically-driven global MHD model of the solar corona and inner heliosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,106(A8):15889-15901,doi:10.1029/2000ja000121.
Robbins S,Henney C J,Harvey J W.2006.Solar wind forecasting with coronal holes.Solar Physics,233(2):265-276,doi:10.1007/s11207-006-0064-y.
Rotter T,Veronig A M,Temmer M,et al.2012.Relation between coronal hole areas on the sun and the solar wind parameters at1AU.Solar Physics,281(2):793-813,doi:10.1007/s11207-012-0101-y.
Rotter T,Veronig A M,Temmer M,et al.2015.Real-time solar wind prediction based on SDO/AIA coronal hole data.Solar Physics,290(5):1355-1370,doi:10.1007/s11207-015-0680-5.
Scholl I F,Habbal S R.2008.Automatic detection and classification of coronal holes and filaments based on EUV and magnetogram observations of the solar disk.SolarPhysics,248(2):425-439,doi:10.1007/s11207-007-9075-6.
Shen C L,Wang Y M,Ye P Z,et al.2006.Is there any evident effect of coronal holes on gradual solar energetic particle events?.Astrophysical Journal,639(1):510-515,doi:10.1086/499199.
Smith C W,L′Heureux J,Ness N F,et al.1998.The ACEmagnetic fields experiment.Space Science Reviews,86(1-4):613-632,doi:10.1023/A:1005092216668.
Smith E J,Wolfe J H.1976.Observations of interaction regions and corotating shocks between one and five AU:Pioneers 10and11.Geophysical Research Letters,3(3):137-140,doi:10.1029/GL003i003p00137.
Stone E C,Frandsen A M,Mewaldt R A,et al.1998.The advanced composition explorer.Space Science Reviews,86(1-4):1-22,doi:10.1023/a:1005082526237.
Tsurutani B T,Gonzalez W D,Gonzalez A L C,et al.2006.Corotating solar wind streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity:A review.Journal of Geophysical Research,111(A7):A07S01,doi:10.1029/2005ja011273.
Verbeeck C,Delouille V,Mampaey B,et al.2013.The SPoCA-suite:Software for extraction,characterization,and tracking of active regions and coronal holes on EUV images.Astronomy&Astrophysics,561:A29,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321243.
Veselovsky I S,Persiantsev I G,Ryazanov A Y,et al.2006.Oneparameter representation of the daily averaged solar-wind velocity.Solar System Research,40(5):427-431,doi:10.1134/s0038094606050078.
Vrsnak B,Temmer M,Veronig A M.2007a.Coronal holes and solar wind high-speed streams:I.Forecasting the solar wind parameters.Solar Physics,240(2):315-330,doi:10.1007/s11207-007-0285-8.
Vrsnak B,Temmer M,Veronig A M.2007b.CoronalaHoles and solar wind high-speed streams:II.Forecasting the geomagnetic effects.Solar Physics,240(2):331-346,doi:10.1007/s11207-007-0311-x.
Wang Y M,Sheeley N R Jr.1990.Solar wind speed and coronal flux-tube expansion.Astrophysical Journal,355(2):726-732,doi:10.1086/168805.
Xystouris G,Sigala E,Mavromichalaki H.2014.A complete catalogue of high-speed solar wind streams during solar cycle23.Solar Physics,289(3):995-1012,doi:10.1007/s11207-013-0355-z.