上海市大金山岛土壤重金属富集情况及生态影响评价
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摘要
上海市大金山岛由于自然地理隔离的因素,受到人为侵扰较少,是上海市最大的乡土植物基因库。然而,重金属等污染物通过大气传输,在土壤中富集,造成土壤污染。本文对大金山岛土壤铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)浓度进行测定,以上海城市绿地土壤为对照,对比2012年大金山岛土壤测定结果进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)大金山岛土壤Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn浓度分别为36.2±10.3、0.9±0.5、52.1±63.7、91.0±62.2 mg/kg,Cd、Cu和Zn浓度显著低于城市绿地,但是Pb浓度显著高于城市绿地;与2012年相比,大金山岛土壤Pb、Cd和Cu浓度分别提高32.1%、350%和141%,Zn浓度降低6.5%;对比我国《土壤环境质量标准》一级标准,大金山岛土壤Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn超标率分别为50.0%、91.7%、76.2%和34.5%。(2)大金山岛土壤Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn浓度之间具有显著的正相关关系,但是时间变化规律不一致;土壤重金属的空间分布特征与潜在污染来源方向不符,西北部浓度较低而中部较高。(3) 2012年至2017年,大金山岛土壤总体污染水平从轻微生态危害程度上升到中等生态危害程度,主要污染物种为Cd。大金山岛Cd的污染加剧情况急需引起相关海洋及其岛屿生态与环境保护部门的重视,也需要进一步的治理措施加以防治。
As an uninhabited island,Dajinshan island is not directly disturbed by human activities,but it has the potential of being affected by atmospheric deposition.In order to quantify the effect of human activities on soil changes in Dajinshan island,the concentrations of lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn) and relevant physio-chemical properties of soil,were determined in 2017.The properties of urban greening soil and the values determined in 2012 were used as comparison.The results showed that:(1) The soil concentrations of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn in Dajinshan island were 36.2±10.3,0.9±0.5,52.1±63.7 and 91.0±62.2 mg/kg,respectively.The concentrations of Cd,Cu and Zn were significantly lower than the values of urban green land but the concentration of Pb was significantly higher.Compared to the values determined in 2012,the concentrations of Pb,Cd and Cu were 32.1%,350% and 141% higher,respectively,but the concentration of Zn was 6.5% lower.Compared to the environmental quality standard for soils(GB 15618—1995),the percentages of exceedance for Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn were 50.0%,91.7%,76.2% and 34.5%,respectively.(2) The concentrations of heavy metals were positively correlated,but their temporal patterns were different.The spacial distribution of heavy metals were inconsistent with the direction of the potential emission source.(3) The potential ecological risk of heavy metal in Dajinshan island has increased from low level in 2012 to moderate level in 2017.Cd showed the highest potential ecological risk.
As an uninhabited island,Dajinshan island is not directly disturbed by human activities,but it has the potential of being affected by atmospheric deposition.In order to quantify the effect of human activities on soil changes in Dajinshan island,the concentrations of lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn) and relevant physio-chemical properties of soil,were determined in 2017.The properties of urban greening soil and the values determined in 2012 were used as comparison.The results showed that:(1) The soil concentrations of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn in Dajinshan island were 36.2±10.3,0.9±0.5,52.1±63.7 and 91.0±62.2 mg/kg,respectively.The concentrations of Cd,Cu and Zn were significantly lower than the values of urban green land but the concentration of Pb was significantly higher.Compared to the values determined in 2012,the concentrations of Pb,Cd and Cu were 32.1%,350% and 141% higher,respectively,but the concentration of Zn was 6.5% lower.Compared to the environmental quality standard for soils(GB 15618—1995),the percentages of exceedance for Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn were 50.0%,91.7%,76.2% and 34.5%,respectively.(2) The concentrations of heavy metals were positively correlated,but their temporal patterns were different.The spacial distribution of heavy metals were inconsistent with the direction of the potential emission source.(3) The potential ecological risk of heavy metal in Dajinshan island has increased from low level in 2012 to moderate level in 2017.Cd showed the highest potential ecological risk.
引文
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[2] Nicholson F A,Smith S R,Alloway B J,et al.An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales[J].Science of the Ttotal Environment,2003,311(1):205-219.
[3] Harmens H,Norris D A,Sharps K,et al.Heavy metal and nitrogen concentrations in mosses are declining across Europe whilst some “hotspots” remain in 2010[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,200:93-104.
[4] Martín J A R,De Arana C,Ramos-Miras J J,et al.Impact of 70 years urban growth associated with heavy metal pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,196:156-163.
[5] Wei B,Yang L.A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils,urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China[J].Microchemical Journal,2010,94(2):99-107.
[6] Luo L,Ma Y,Zhang S,et al.An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(8):2524-2530.
[7] Steinnes E,Solberg W,Petersen H M,et al.Heavy metal pollution by long range atmospheric transport in natural soils of Southern Norway[J].Water,Air & Soil Pollution,1989,45(3):207-218.
[8] Steinnes E,Allen R O,Petersen H M,et al.Evidence of large scale heavy-metal contamination of natural surface soils in Norway from long-range atmospheric transport[J].Science of the Total Environment,1997,205(2-3):255-266.
[9] Huhn G,Schulz H,St?rk H J,et al.Evaluation of regional heavy metal deposition by multivariate analysis of element contents in pine tree barks[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,1995,84(3-4):367-383.
[10] Hernandez L,Probst A,Probst J L,et al.Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils:evidence for atmospheric contamination[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,312(1-3):195-219.
[11] 程芳.大金山岛陆域土壤环境调查与评价研究[D].上海:上海师范大学,2013.
[12] 李必成.大金山岛科学考察报告[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社,2014.
[13] 张江华,赵阿宁,王仲复,等.内梅罗指数和地质累积指数在土壤重金属评价中的差异探讨[J].环保与分析,2010,8(31):43-46.
[14] 徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.
[15] 王云.上海市土壤环境背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版,1992:37.
[16] 赵秀峰,王强盛,石宁宁,等.石化园区周边农田土壤重金属污染分析与评价[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(1):133-141.
[17] 战雯静,张艳,马蔚纯,等.长江口大气重金属污染特征及沉降通量[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(5):900-905.
[18] 刘超.上海市郊大气湿沉降重金属对土壤—叶菜系统的污染效应研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2016.
[19] Agnan Y,Séjalon-Delmas N,Claustres A,et al.Investigation of spatial and temporal metal atmospheric deposition in France through lichen and moss bioaccumulation over one century[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,529:285-296.
[20] 程芳,程金平,桑恒春,等.大金山岛土壤重金属污染评价及相关性分析[J].环境科学,2013,34(3):1062-1066.