不同有机肥对土壤养分及大蒜生长发育的影响
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摘要
现代农业中人工合成物质的大量使用,造成了严重的环境污染问题。我国有机肥资源丰富,充分利用有机肥是缓解当前环境问题的重要途径之一。本试验以脱毒苍山蒜为材料,在长期有机肥养地的基础上以不施肥为对照,研究了不同有机肥(腐熟牛粪、腐熟兔粪、大豆发酵肥)处理对土壤养分、大蒜氮素吸收及产量等的影响。结果表明,腐熟牛粪处理对0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾含量改善作用更好,大豆发酵肥对20～40 cm土层改善作用较好。土壤碳通量表现为腐熟牛粪处理最高,表明土壤微生物最活跃。大豆发酵肥处理下大蒜植株体内的氮素积累量最高。4种处理对大蒜农艺性状及产量的影响差异不显著,CK(不施肥)表现仍较好,说明长期施用有机肥具有养地的重要功能。本研究结果可为生态农业发展提供有机肥效方面的参考。
The extensive use of synthetic materials in modern agriculture had caused serious environmental pollution problems. There are a plenty of organic fertilizer resources in China, and making full use of them might be one of the ways to alleviate the current environmental problems. A field experiment was conducted with detoxified Cangshan garlic in Jiangjiazhuang Village, Pingyi County, Shandong Province, to explore the effects of different organic fertilizers(decomposed cow manure, decomposed rabbit manure, soybean fermentation fertilizer) on soil nutrients, nitrogen uptake and yield of garlic. The results showed that decomposed cow mature treatment had better effects on the content improvement of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in 0～20-cm soil layer,and soybean fermentation fertilizer treatment had better effects on them in 20～40-cm soil layer. Soil carbon flux was the highest in decomposed cow manure treatment, indicating that soil microorganisms were the most active in such condition. Under soybean fermentation fertilizer treatment, the accumulation of nitrogen in garlic plant was the highest. There were no significant differences in agronomic traits and yield among the four treatments, however,CK(no fertilization) still had better performance, which indicated that long-term application of organic fertilizer had important function on soil nourishment. This study might provide evidence for the development of ecological agriculture in terms of organic fertilizer efficiency.
The extensive use of synthetic materials in modern agriculture had caused serious environmental pollution problems. There are a plenty of organic fertilizer resources in China, and making full use of them might be one of the ways to alleviate the current environmental problems. A field experiment was conducted with detoxified Cangshan garlic in Jiangjiazhuang Village, Pingyi County, Shandong Province, to explore the effects of different organic fertilizers(decomposed cow manure, decomposed rabbit manure, soybean fermentation fertilizer) on soil nutrients, nitrogen uptake and yield of garlic. The results showed that decomposed cow mature treatment had better effects on the content improvement of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in 0～20-cm soil layer,and soybean fermentation fertilizer treatment had better effects on them in 20～40-cm soil layer. Soil carbon flux was the highest in decomposed cow manure treatment, indicating that soil microorganisms were the most active in such condition. Under soybean fermentation fertilizer treatment, the accumulation of nitrogen in garlic plant was the highest. There were no significant differences in agronomic traits and yield among the four treatments, however,CK(no fertilization) still had better performance, which indicated that long-term application of organic fertilizer had important function on soil nourishment. This study might provide evidence for the development of ecological agriculture in terms of organic fertilizer efficiency.
引文
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[20] 吴光磊.夏季氮肥运筹调控冬小麦-夏玉米两作体系氮素利用及氮肥残效研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2008.
[21] 李占.有机肥和化肥不同配施比例对冬小麦-夏玉米产量和品质的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2013.
[22] 刘世琦.蔬菜栽培学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007:173-178.
[23] 刘灿玉,陆信娟,樊继德,等.不同地膜覆盖对大蒜生长特性及产量的影响[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2019,50(1):1-3.
[24] 龚伟,颜晓元,王景燕.长期施肥对土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(3):336-342.
[25] 吴庆标,王效科,郭然.土壤有机碳稳定性及其影响因素[J].土壤通报,2005,36(5):743-747.
[26] 王立刚,李维炯,邱建军,等.生物有机肥对作物生长、土壤肥力及产量的效应研究[J].土壤肥料,2004(5):12-16.
[27] 张鹏,贾志宽,陆文涛,等.不同有机肥施用量对宁南旱区土壤养分、酶活性及作物生产力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(5):1122-1130.
[28] Yan Z J,Chen S,Li J L,et al.Manure and nitrogen application enhances soil phosphorus mobility in calcareous soil in greenhouses[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:26-35.
[29] 张翔,朱洪勋.大蒜氮磷钾营养吸收规律与平衡施肥研究[J].土壤肥料,1998(2):10-13.
[30] 高云航,勾长龙,王雨琼,等.低温复合菌剂对牛粪堆肥发酵影响的研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(12):3166-3170.
[31] 谷子林,薛家宾.现代养兔实用百科全书[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007:328.
[32] 赵吉.土壤健康的生物学监测与评价[J].土壤,2006,38(2):136-142.
[33] 贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,等.长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):700-705.
[34] 胡诚,曹志平,胡婵娟,等.不同施肥管理措施对土壤碳含量及基础呼吸的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(5):63-66.
[35] Barraclougha P B,Howartha J R,Jones J,et al.Nitrogen efficiency of wheat:genotypic and environmental variation and prospects for improvement[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2010,33:1-11.
[36] Dordas C A,Lithourgidis A S,Matsi T,et al.Application of liquid cattle manure and inorganic fertilizers affect dry matter,nitrogen accumulation,and partitioning in maize[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2008,80:893-896.
[37] 郑光华.植物栽培生理[M].济南:山东科技出版社,1980:24-26.
[2] Ju X T,Xing G X,Chen X P,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106:3041-3046.
[3] Tang W Z,Shan B Q,Zhang H,et al.Heavy metal sources and associated risk in response to agricultural intensification in the estuarine sediments of Chaohu Lake Valley,East China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,176:945-951.
[4] Jiao X Q,Lu Y,Wu X B,et al.Grain production versus resource and environmental costs:towards increasing sustainability of nutrient use in China[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2016,67:4935-4949.
[5] 莫淑勋,钱菊芳,钱承梁.猪粪等有机肥料中磷素养分循环再利用的研究[J].土壤学报,1991,28(3):309-316.
[6] Zhang H,Xu M,Zhang F.Long-term effects of manure application on grain yield under different cropping systems and ecological conditions in China[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2009,147:31-42.
[7] 徐阳春,沈其荣.有机肥和化肥长期配合施用对土壤及不同粒级供氮特性的影响[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1):87-92.
[8] 巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.
[9] 朱兆良,Davidnorse,孙波.我国农业面源污染控制措施[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[10] Novak S M,FiorelliI J L.Greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions from organic mixed crop-dairy systems:a critical review of mitigation options[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2010,30:215-236.
[11] 蔡泽江,孙楠,王伯仁,等.长期施肥对红壤pH、作物产量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):71-78.
[12] 侯红乾,刘秀梅,刘光荣,等.有机无机肥配施比例对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(3):516-523.
[13] 冀建华,侯红乾,刘益仁,等.长期施肥对双季稻产量变化趋势、稳定性和可持续性的影响[J].土壤学报,2015,52(3):607-618.
[14] 徐明岗,李冬初,李菊梅,等.化肥有机肥配施对水稻养分吸收和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3133-3139.
[15] 孟琳,张小莉,蒋小芳,等.有机肥料氮替代部分化肥氮对稻谷产量的影响及替代率[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(2):532-542.
[16] 李静.不同施肥方式对土壤质量、作物产量及温室气体排放的影响[D].北京:中国科学院植物研究所,2011.
[17] 博文静,有机农田害虫和杂草综合防治及其对产量的影响[D].北京:中国科学院植物研究所,2012.
[18] 唐海龙.有机肥与化肥配施对土壤环境质量影响的研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.
[19] 甄珍.堆肥处理对农田土壤微生物特性、土壤肥力和作物产量的影响[D].北京:中国科学院植物研究所,2014.
[20] 吴光磊.夏季氮肥运筹调控冬小麦-夏玉米两作体系氮素利用及氮肥残效研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2008.
[21] 李占.有机肥和化肥不同配施比例对冬小麦-夏玉米产量和品质的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2013.
[22] 刘世琦.蔬菜栽培学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007:173-178.
[23] 刘灿玉,陆信娟,樊继德,等.不同地膜覆盖对大蒜生长特性及产量的影响[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2019,50(1):1-3.
[24] 龚伟,颜晓元,王景燕.长期施肥对土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(3):336-342.
[25] 吴庆标,王效科,郭然.土壤有机碳稳定性及其影响因素[J].土壤通报,2005,36(5):743-747.
[26] 王立刚,李维炯,邱建军,等.生物有机肥对作物生长、土壤肥力及产量的效应研究[J].土壤肥料,2004(5):12-16.
[27] 张鹏,贾志宽,陆文涛,等.不同有机肥施用量对宁南旱区土壤养分、酶活性及作物生产力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(5):1122-1130.
[28] Yan Z J,Chen S,Li J L,et al.Manure and nitrogen application enhances soil phosphorus mobility in calcareous soil in greenhouses[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:26-35.
[29] 张翔,朱洪勋.大蒜氮磷钾营养吸收规律与平衡施肥研究[J].土壤肥料,1998(2):10-13.
[30] 高云航,勾长龙,王雨琼,等.低温复合菌剂对牛粪堆肥发酵影响的研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(12):3166-3170.
[31] 谷子林,薛家宾.现代养兔实用百科全书[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007:328.
[32] 赵吉.土壤健康的生物学监测与评价[J].土壤,2006,38(2):136-142.
[33] 贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,等.长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):700-705.
[34] 胡诚,曹志平,胡婵娟,等.不同施肥管理措施对土壤碳含量及基础呼吸的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(5):63-66.
[35] Barraclougha P B,Howartha J R,Jones J,et al.Nitrogen efficiency of wheat:genotypic and environmental variation and prospects for improvement[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2010,33:1-11.
[36] Dordas C A,Lithourgidis A S,Matsi T,et al.Application of liquid cattle manure and inorganic fertilizers affect dry matter,nitrogen accumulation,and partitioning in maize[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2008,80:893-896.
[37] 郑光华.植物栽培生理[M].济南:山东科技出版社,1980:24-26.