尼泊尔山区水资源可利用性与农户生计适应链框架研究——以柯西河流域为例
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摘要
尼泊尔山区农业用水以雨水和山泉水(地下水)为主,灌溉设施普遍匮乏。在全球气候变化影响下,极端天气过程不断呈现,长期干旱和短时暴雨对农业生产的影响日益严重,直接影响农户生计安全,特别是纯农型的农户,面临更多的生计适应性挑战。柯西河(Koshi River)发源于中国西藏,流经尼泊尔进入印度,其流域的中上游至中下游是尼泊尔重要的农区,农业水资源的可利用性非常重要。通过统计分析法和生计适应链框架相结合,分析科西河流域水资源可用性,阐明科西河流域水资源变化特征,解决农户生产和生活用水问题,针对农户生计潜在水危机风险,提出农户生计适应性链框架及适应对策。
Agricultural water in mountainous areas of Nepal is mainly rainwater and mountain spring water( groundwater),and irrigation facilities are generally deficient. Under the influence of global climate change,extreme weather processes continue to emerge. Long-term drought and short-term rainstorm have increasingly serious impacts on agricultural production,directly affecting the livelihood security of rural households,especially those who are pure rural households,and facing more challenges of livelihood adaptability. The Koshi river originates from the Tibet of China and flows through Nepal to India. The upstream to downstream of the central Koshi River Basin is an important agricultural region in Nepal,and the availability of agricultural water resources is very important. Through the comprehensive analysis of the availability of water resources,in this research the change characteristics of water resources were clarified in the Koshi river basin,and the problems of production and domestic water utilization of households were solved,and the framework of the livelihood adaptability chain and countermeasures were put forward according to the potential water crisis risks of rural households' livelihood.
Agricultural water in mountainous areas of Nepal is mainly rainwater and mountain spring water( groundwater),and irrigation facilities are generally deficient. Under the influence of global climate change,extreme weather processes continue to emerge. Long-term drought and short-term rainstorm have increasingly serious impacts on agricultural production,directly affecting the livelihood security of rural households,especially those who are pure rural households,and facing more challenges of livelihood adaptability. The Koshi river originates from the Tibet of China and flows through Nepal to India. The upstream to downstream of the central Koshi River Basin is an important agricultural region in Nepal,and the availability of agricultural water resources is very important. Through the comprehensive analysis of the availability of water resources,in this research the change characteristics of water resources were clarified in the Koshi river basin,and the problems of production and domestic water utilization of households were solved,and the framework of the livelihood adaptability chain and countermeasures were put forward according to the potential water crisis risks of rural households' livelihood.
引文
[1]LI AINONG,DENG Wei,ZHAO Wei. Land cover change and its eco-environmental responses in Nepal:An overview[M]. Springer,2017:1-13
[2]邓伟，张镱鋰．气候变化下Koshi河流域资源、环境与发展[M]．成都:四川科技出版社，2014.[DENG Wei,ZHANG Yili.Resources,environment and development of Koshi River basin[M]. Chengdu:Sichuang Science&Technology Press,2014]
[3]Gurung G B,Bhandari D. Integrated approach to climate change adaptation[J]. Journal of Forest&Livelihood,2009,8(1):90-99
[4]MOSTE. Ministry of Science Technology and Environment,Government of Nepal. Indigenous and local climate change adaptation practices in Nepal[R]. Kathmandu:2015:25-27
[5]DHIM. Study of climate and climatic variation over Nepal:Nepal hydrological and meteorological[R]. Kathmandu:Government of Nepal Ministry of Science,Technology and Environment Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,2015:86-89
[6]SHARMA R H,AWAL R. Hydropower development in Nepal[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2013,21:684–693
[7]DAHAL K R,SHARMA K P,BHANDARI D R,REGMI B D,NANDWANI D. Organic agriculture:A viable option for food security and livelihood sustainability in Nepal[G]//NANDWANI D.(eds)Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Springer,Cham,2016,9:36-41
[8]苏艺，邓伟，张继飞，等．尼泊尔中部山区Melamchi流域农户类型及其土地利用方式[J]．农业工程学报，2016,32(9):204-211.[SU Yi,DENG Wei,ZHANG Jifei,et al. Peasant household type and its land use pattern in Melamchi basin of central mountainous area in Nepal[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(9):204-211]
[9]吴慧．基于农户生计的喀斯特农村社区饮用水水源地管理研究[D]．贵州:贵州师范大学，2016:13-16.[WU Hui. A research of rural community drinking water source area management based on the livelihood of farmers in Karst[D]. Guizhou:Guizhou Normal University,2016:13-16]
[10]WAHID S M,MUKHERJI A,SHRESTHA A. Climate change adaptation, water infrastructure development, and responsive governance in the Himalayas:The Case Study of Nepal's Koshi River Basin[M]//TORTAJADA C.(eds),Increasing resilience to climate variability and change,Water-Resources Development and Management. Singapore:Springer Singapore,2016:77-82
[2]邓伟，张镱鋰．气候变化下Koshi河流域资源、环境与发展[M]．成都:四川科技出版社，2014.[DENG Wei,ZHANG Yili.Resources,environment and development of Koshi River basin[M]. Chengdu:Sichuang Science&Technology Press,2014]
[3]Gurung G B,Bhandari D. Integrated approach to climate change adaptation[J]. Journal of Forest&Livelihood,2009,8(1):90-99
[4]MOSTE. Ministry of Science Technology and Environment,Government of Nepal. Indigenous and local climate change adaptation practices in Nepal[R]. Kathmandu:2015:25-27
[5]DHIM. Study of climate and climatic variation over Nepal:Nepal hydrological and meteorological[R]. Kathmandu:Government of Nepal Ministry of Science,Technology and Environment Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,2015:86-89
[6]SHARMA R H,AWAL R. Hydropower development in Nepal[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2013,21:684–693
[7]DAHAL K R,SHARMA K P,BHANDARI D R,REGMI B D,NANDWANI D. Organic agriculture:A viable option for food security and livelihood sustainability in Nepal[G]//NANDWANI D.(eds)Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Springer,Cham,2016,9:36-41
[8]苏艺，邓伟，张继飞，等．尼泊尔中部山区Melamchi流域农户类型及其土地利用方式[J]．农业工程学报，2016,32(9):204-211.[SU Yi,DENG Wei,ZHANG Jifei,et al. Peasant household type and its land use pattern in Melamchi basin of central mountainous area in Nepal[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(9):204-211]
[9]吴慧．基于农户生计的喀斯特农村社区饮用水水源地管理研究[D]．贵州:贵州师范大学，2016:13-16.[WU Hui. A research of rural community drinking water source area management based on the livelihood of farmers in Karst[D]. Guizhou:Guizhou Normal University,2016:13-16]
[10]WAHID S M,MUKHERJI A,SHRESTHA A. Climate change adaptation, water infrastructure development, and responsive governance in the Himalayas:The Case Study of Nepal's Koshi River Basin[M]//TORTAJADA C.(eds),Increasing resilience to climate variability and change,Water-Resources Development and Management. Singapore:Springer Singapore,2016:77-82