松花湖表层沉积物中PAHs及PAEs污染特征
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摘要
松花湖是吉林省面积最大的湖泊和重要水源地,具有防洪排涝、灌溉供水、航运旅游等重要功能.为探究松花湖中PAHs(多环芳烃)和PAEs (邻苯二甲酸酯)的主要污染来源及生物毒性风险,于2017年7月采集松花湖21个表层沉积物样品,采用GC-MS测试16种US EPA(美国环境保护局)优先控制PAHs和6种PAEs的质量分数,并通过统计学方法对调查结果进行分析.结果表明:①松花湖沉积物中w(∑_(16)PAHs)范围为23. 1～554. 8 ng/g,平均值和中位值分别为172. 9和123. 2 ng/g,w(∑_(16)PAHs)高值分布在漂河镇和丰满乡附近湖区,主要来源于石油燃烧污染,贡献率为57. 9%,其次为煤及生物质燃烧污染、石油泄露污染,贡献率分别为21. 1%、21. 0%.②松花湖沉积物中w(∑_6PAEs)范围为33. 7～2 062. 3 ng/g,平均值和中位值分别为240. 4和72. 7ng/g,主要成分为DBP (邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯)和DEHP (邻酞酸二辛酯),w(∑_6PAEs)高值分布在旺起镇附近湖区,其来源主要与城镇生活污染输入有关.③松花湖沉积物中PAHs、PAEs污染生态风险较低,只有部分采样点存在低度潜在生态风险,但旺起镇附近湖区沉积物中的w(DBP)已经临近ERL (效应区间低值),需加以关注.研究显示,松花湖PAHs、PAEs污染程度较低,为加强松花湖饮用水源地保护,应着重加强交通燃油污染源的风险防控,同时在乡镇附近湖区应加强燃煤和生活污染源的监管力度.
To explore the main source and biotoxicity risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) and phthalate esters( PAEs) in the sediments of Songhua Lake,an important water source in Jilin Province,21 surface sediment samples were collected from Songhua Lake in July 2017,the preferentially controlled mass fractions of 16 PAHs and 6 PAEs were determined by GC-MS,and the survey results were analyzed by statistical analysis. The research result shows that:( 1) The range of w( ∑_(16)PAHs) was 23. 1-554. 8 ng/g,and the mean and median values were 172. 9 and 123. 2 ng/g,respectively. The high value of w( ∑16 PAHs) was found in the area near Piaohe Town and Fengman Town. The sources of PAHs mainly came from fuel oil pollution( contribution rate was 57. 9%),followed by coal and biomass burning pollution,petroleum product leakage pollution( contribution rates were 21. 1% and 21. 0%).( 2) The range of w( ∑_6PAEs) was 33. 7-2062. 3 ng/g,and the mean and median values were 240. 4 and 72. 7 ng/g,respectively. Dibutyl phthalate( DBP) and Bis( 2-ethylhexyl) ortho-phthalate( DEHP) were the main components of PAEs. The high value distribution of w( ∑_6PAEs)was located in the area near Wangqi Town,the sources of PAEs were mainly affected by urban domestic pollution inputs.( 3) PAHs and PAEs in the sediments of Songhua Lake had low ecological risk,only some points had low potential ecological risks,but w( DBP) was close to the effects range low( ERL) in the area near Wangqi Town,which should be paid attention to. The study showed that the pollution degree of PAHs and PAEs in Songhua Lake was low,but in order to strengthen the protection of Songhua Lake,the source of drinking water,it is necessary to strengthen the risk prevention and control of traffic fuel pollution sources and the supervision of coal combustion and domestic pollution sources in the lake area near townships.
To explore the main source and biotoxicity risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons( PAHs) and phthalate esters( PAEs) in the sediments of Songhua Lake,an important water source in Jilin Province,21 surface sediment samples were collected from Songhua Lake in July 2017,the preferentially controlled mass fractions of 16 PAHs and 6 PAEs were determined by GC-MS,and the survey results were analyzed by statistical analysis. The research result shows that:( 1) The range of w( ∑_(16)PAHs) was 23. 1-554. 8 ng/g,and the mean and median values were 172. 9 and 123. 2 ng/g,respectively. The high value of w( ∑16 PAHs) was found in the area near Piaohe Town and Fengman Town. The sources of PAHs mainly came from fuel oil pollution( contribution rate was 57. 9%),followed by coal and biomass burning pollution,petroleum product leakage pollution( contribution rates were 21. 1% and 21. 0%).( 2) The range of w( ∑_6PAEs) was 33. 7-2062. 3 ng/g,and the mean and median values were 240. 4 and 72. 7 ng/g,respectively. Dibutyl phthalate( DBP) and Bis( 2-ethylhexyl) ortho-phthalate( DEHP) were the main components of PAEs. The high value distribution of w( ∑_6PAEs)was located in the area near Wangqi Town,the sources of PAEs were mainly affected by urban domestic pollution inputs.( 3) PAHs and PAEs in the sediments of Songhua Lake had low ecological risk,only some points had low potential ecological risks,but w( DBP) was close to the effects range low( ERL) in the area near Wangqi Town,which should be paid attention to. The study showed that the pollution degree of PAHs and PAEs in Songhua Lake was low,but in order to strengthen the protection of Songhua Lake,the source of drinking water,it is necessary to strengthen the risk prevention and control of traffic fuel pollution sources and the supervision of coal combustion and domestic pollution sources in the lake area near townships.
引文
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[2] CHARLES A S,PETERSON D R,THOMAS F P,et al. The environmental fate of phthalate esters:a literature review[J].Chemosphere,1997,35(4):667-749.
[3] KIMBROUGH K L,COMMEV S,APETI D A,et al. Chemical contamination assessment of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary as a result of the attacks on the World Trade Center:analysis of trace elements[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(12):2289-2296.
[4] YANG Z,FENG J,NIU J,et al. Release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Yangtze River sediment cores during periods of simulated resuspension[J]. Environmental Pollution,2008,155(2):366-374.
[5] MENZIE C A,POTOCKI B B,SANTODONATO J. Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,1992,26(7):1278-1284.
[6] YUAN D,YANG D,WADE T L,et al.Status of persistent organic pollutants in the sediment from several estuaries in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2001,114(1):101-111.
[7] TRAN K,YU C C,ZENG E Y. Organic pollutants in the coastal environment off San Diego,California. 2. Petrogenic and biogenic sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons[J]. Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,1997,16(2):189-195.
[8]高秋生,焦立新,杨柳,等.白洋淀典型持久性有机污染物污染特征与风险评估[J].环境科学,2018,39(4):1616-1627.GAO Qiusheng,JIAO Lixin,YANG Liu,et al. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of typical persistent organic pollutants in Baiyangdian Lake[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(4):1616-1627.
[9] GUO Y,KANNAN K.Comparative assessment of human exposure to phthalate esters from house dust in China and the United States[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(8):3788-3794.
[10] PEIJNENBURG W G M,STRUIJS J.Occurrence of phthalate esters in the environment of the Netherlands[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2006,63(2):204-215.
[11]杨艳艳.松花江表层沉积物中PAHs和PAEs的分布特征及生态风险评价[D].兰州:兰州大学,2018.
[12]刘宝林,董德明,花修艺,等.第二松花江流域水体表层沉积物多环芳烃的污染特征与暴露风险评价[J].吉林大学学报(理学版),2014,52(1):151-157.LIU Baolin, DONG Deming, HUA Xiuyi, et al. Pollution characteristics and exposure risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the surface sediments of second Songhua River Basin[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition),2014,52(1):151-157.
[13]张旭.黄河流域不同季节水相、沉积物和土壤中多环芳烃分布、来源和风险评价[D].北京:北京交通大学,2017.
[14]黄亮,张经,吴莹.长江流域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源解析[J].生态毒理学报,2016,11(2):566-572.HUANG Liang,ZHANG Jing,WU Ying.Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Yangtze River[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2016,11(2):566-572.
[15]黄宏,魏青青,赵旭,等.嵊泗海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染水平、分子组成及源识别[J/OL].环境科学研究:1-10[2019-03-28].https://doi.org/10. 13198/j.issn. 1001-6929. 2019. 03. 28.HUANG Hong,WEI Qingqing,ZHAO Xu,et al. Contamination Level,Composition and Source Appointment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Surface Sediments of Shengsi Sea Area[J/OL]. Research of Environmental Sciences:1-10[2019-03-28].https://doi.org/10. 13198/j.issn. 1001-6929. 2019. 03. 28.
[16] ECHOLS K,BRUMBAUGH W C,MAY T,et al. Distribution of pesticides,PAHs,PCBs,and bioavailable metals in depositional sediments of the lower Missouri River,USA[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2008,55(2):161-172.
[17] SAZYKIN I S,SAZVKINA M A,KHAMMAMI M I,et al.Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of lower reaches of the Don River(Russia)and their ecotoxicologic assessment by bacterial lux-biosensors[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2015,187(5):1-12.
[18]胡昕怡,高冰丽,陈坦,等.截污调水后滇池表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃的分布特征[J/OL].环境科学,2019(8):1-13[2019-07-16].https://doi.org/10. 13227/j.hjkx. 201901113.HU Xinyi,GAO Bingli,CHEN Tan,et al. Distribution of 16polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Dianchi Lake surface sediments after integrated water environment control[J/OL]. Environmental Science,2019(8):1-13[2019-07-16]. https://doi. org/10. 13227/j.hjkx. 201901113.
[19]宋世杰,黄韬,周胜,等.博斯腾湖流域沉积物中多环芳烃的时空分布、来源及生态风险评价[J/OL].环境科学学报:1-10[2019-04-12].https://doi.org/10. 13671/j.hjkxxb. 2019. 0089.SONG Shijie,HUANG Tao,ZHOU Sheng,et al. Spatial and temporal distribution,sources,and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Bosten Lake watershed[J/OL]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae:1-10[2019-04-12].https://doi.org/10. 13671/j.hjkxxb. 2019. 0089.
[20]宁怡,柯用春,邓建才,等.巢湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(6):891-898.NING Yi,KE Yongchun,DENG Jiancai,et al. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in surface sediment in Lake Chaohu[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2012,24(6):891-898.
[21]余云龙,李圆圆,林田,等.太湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的污染现状及来源分析[J].环境化学,2013,32(12):2336-2341.YU Yunlong,LI Yuanyuan,LIN Tian,et al.Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments form Taihu Lake[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(12):2336-2341.
[22] KALWA M,QUINAIA S P,PLETSCH A L,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Binacional Itaipu Lake,Brazil:characteristics,sources and toxicity evaluation[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72(11):4473-4481.
[23] UNLU S,ALPAR B,OZTURK K,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the surficial sediments from Lake Iznik(Turkey):spatial distributions and sources[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2010,85(6):573-580.
[24] CHEN C F,CHEN C W,DONG C D,et al.Assessment of toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor,Taiwan[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2013,463/464(5):1174-1181.
[25] YUNKER M B,MACDONALD R W,VINGARZAN R,et al.PAHs in the Fraser River Basin:a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition[J]. Organic Geochemistry,2002,33(4):489-515.
[26]刘颖.上海市土壤和水体沉积物中多环芳烃的测定方法、分布特征和源解析[D].上海:同济大学,2008.
[27] LARSEN R K,BAKER J E. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere:a comparison of three methods[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(9):1873-1881.
[28] MARR L C,AND T W K,HARLEY R A,et al.Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in motor vehicle fuels and exhaust emissions[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,1999,33(18):3091-3099.
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