西北煤炭开发生态风险管控区划分及管理策略
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摘要
为维护我国西北地区生态安全,引导煤炭资源有序开发利用,以甘肃省、青海省、新疆维吾尔自治区为研究区域,结合西北地区典型内陆河流域地下水形成特征及区域生态环境特点,选取与区域煤炭综合开发活动具有重要关联的地下水资源、生态环境等指标,利用专家打分法确定评价指标权重,构建煤炭综合开发生态风险管控评价指标体系,通过对指标体系分级结果的空间转化,划分禁止开发区、限制开发区、适度开发区3个煤炭开发的生态风险管控区.结果表明:①禁止开发区面积约131. 6×104km2,占西北三省(自治区)总面积的46%,主要分布在柴达木、塔里木、准噶尔三大盆地的盆周及周边地区,总体上呈"三环"分布,禁止开发区应禁止一切煤炭开发活动.②限制开发区1区主要分布在新疆维吾尔自治区南部地区及天山北麓以及甘肃省河西走廊的人工绿洲,煤炭开发利用过程中要兼顾保护农田、地下水,维持防风固沙功能方可进行;限制开发区2区主要分布在甘肃省酒泉地区黑河流域,新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区、喀什地区及和田地区的荒漠生态系统内以及环塔里木盆地外围地区,煤炭开发利用过程中需兼顾防风固沙功能及生态系统保护方可进行.③适度开发区分布较为分散,在保护特定生态系统功能的前提下可适度开发.研究显示,需针对上述不同类型的生态风险管控区提出差别化管理要求,重点对限制开发区、适度开发区的煤炭开发提出相应的生态保护要求,提出由限制为主转向优化发展为主的管理方略.
To maintain the ecological security and industrial sustainability in Gansu Province,Qinghai Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region where the ecologic environments were relatively fragile,it is necessary to regulate the coal exploitation and utilization activities to mitigate the negative impacts of these activities on the reduction of local water resources,soil erosion,and deterioration of vegetation. The concept of regional ecological risk control zonation has been brought forward and practiced in northwest China. Three evaluation index systems were built to evaluate the importance of ecosystem service function,the potential damage of the groundwater resources and the restorability of ecosystem while coal mining activities were undergoing. The indices were constructed in consideration of the groundwater formation mechanisms and the characteristics of the regional ecological environment in northwest China. This paper adopted the expert evaluation method to determine the weights of the indices mentioned above,using analytical hierarchy processes and clustering analysis for weight assignment. The results of the evaluation system were conducted by the spatial transition processes on the map. Meanwhile,multiple map layers such as layout of permafrost regions,restrict area of national major function division were piled up on the same map. The ecological risk control zones were divided into three different types:( 1) Prohibition zones accounted for about 46%of the whole research area,which was mainly distributed in the major basins and their surrounding areas. All type of coal exploitation activities should be prohibited in this zone.( 2) Restricted zones were mainly distributed in the northern part of the Tianshan Mountain,southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,artificial oasis in the Gansu corridors,etc. Farmland,groundwater,ecosystem and windproof and sand fixing protection should be taken into consideration while the coal utilization processes were undergoing.( 3) Moderate exploitation zones were relatively scattered and could be developed under the corresponding protection methods. Based on the current development conditions and main environmental constraints of the major mining areas in different control zones,recommendations for further environmental management policies of coal mining activities were made accordingly,which optimized the layout of coal mining and provided a new environmental management method that turned the traditional restricted method into optimized development in advance.
To maintain the ecological security and industrial sustainability in Gansu Province,Qinghai Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region where the ecologic environments were relatively fragile,it is necessary to regulate the coal exploitation and utilization activities to mitigate the negative impacts of these activities on the reduction of local water resources,soil erosion,and deterioration of vegetation. The concept of regional ecological risk control zonation has been brought forward and practiced in northwest China. Three evaluation index systems were built to evaluate the importance of ecosystem service function,the potential damage of the groundwater resources and the restorability of ecosystem while coal mining activities were undergoing. The indices were constructed in consideration of the groundwater formation mechanisms and the characteristics of the regional ecological environment in northwest China. This paper adopted the expert evaluation method to determine the weights of the indices mentioned above,using analytical hierarchy processes and clustering analysis for weight assignment. The results of the evaluation system were conducted by the spatial transition processes on the map. Meanwhile,multiple map layers such as layout of permafrost regions,restrict area of national major function division were piled up on the same map. The ecological risk control zones were divided into three different types:( 1) Prohibition zones accounted for about 46%of the whole research area,which was mainly distributed in the major basins and their surrounding areas. All type of coal exploitation activities should be prohibited in this zone.( 2) Restricted zones were mainly distributed in the northern part of the Tianshan Mountain,southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,artificial oasis in the Gansu corridors,etc. Farmland,groundwater,ecosystem and windproof and sand fixing protection should be taken into consideration while the coal utilization processes were undergoing.( 3) Moderate exploitation zones were relatively scattered and could be developed under the corresponding protection methods. Based on the current development conditions and main environmental constraints of the major mining areas in different control zones,recommendations for further environmental management policies of coal mining activities were made accordingly,which optimized the layout of coal mining and provided a new environmental management method that turned the traditional restricted method into optimized development in advance.
引文
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[9]贾睿涛,李成.陕西煤矿区地下水破坏现状及防治对策[J].低碳世界,2017(1):71-73.
[10]耿海清.基于资源与环境保护的煤炭开发功能区划[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(5):732-736.GENG Haiqing.Regional planning of functional zones for coal exploitation based on resources and environment protection[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(5):732-736.
[11]刘磊.我国造纸行业环境保护类型区划分及环境政策建议[J].中华纸业,2008,29(3):18-22.LIU Lei.Division of environmental protection type region in paper industry and suggestions on the corresponding environmental policies[J].China Pulp&Paper Industry,2008,29(3):18-22.
[12]刘春红,祝秀莲,韩宁.基于资源环境承载力的全国造纸工业类型区划分研究[J].环境与可持续发展,2012,37(6):36-39.LIU Chunhong,ZHU Xiulian,HAN Ning.Study on papermaking type classification on account of resource and environment bearing capacity[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2012,37(6):36-39.
[13]耿海清.煤炭行业环境管理类型区划分:以内蒙古为例[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(7):1136-1144.GENG Haiqing.Environmental management zonation for coal mining:taking Inner Mongolia as an example[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(7):1136-1144.
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[15]ZHANG Hong,SONG Jie,SU Chao,et al.Human attitudes in environmental management:fuzzy cognitive maps and policy option simulations analysis for a coal-mine ecosystem in China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013,115(115):227-234.
[16]ZHANG H,SHENG Y,ZHANG G,et al.The influence of coal mining on groundwater resources and the analysis of water resources protection countermeasure[C]//Taishan Academic Forum-Project on Mine Disaster Prevention&Control.Paris:Atlantis Press,2014:398-405.
[17]顾大钊.晋陕蒙接壤区大型煤炭基地地下水保护利用与生态修复[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:201-208.
[18]许伟.采煤影响下长治盆地含水层空间分区变化研究[D].石家庄:石家庄经济学院,2013:1-60.
[19]Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Coal Mining.Methodology for bioregional assessments of the impacts of coal seam gas and coal mining development on water resources[R].Australia:IESC,2013:26-27.
[20]BELL F G,STACEY T R,GENSKE D D.Mining subsidence and its effect on the environment:some differing examples[J].Environmental Geology,2000,40(1/2):135-152.
[21]张伟.煤炭开采对地下水环境的影响分析:以沁水某矿井为例[J].绿色科技,2014(4):220-221.
[22]王双明,范立民,黄庆享,等.基于生态水位保护的陕北煤炭开采条件分区[J].矿业安全与环保,2010,37(3):81-83.
[23]PONG G J,PASSMORE M E,BORSUK F A,et al.Downstream effects of mountaintop coal mining:comparing biological conditions using family-and genus-level macroinvertebrate bioassessment tools[J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society,2008,27(3):717-737.
[24]TIWARY R K.Environmental impact of coal mining on water regime and its management[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,2001,132(1/2):185-199.
[25]杨小利,王劲松.西北地区季节性最大冻土深度的分布和变化特征[J].土壤通报,2008,39(2):32-37.YANG Xiaoli,WANG Jinsong.The change characteristics of maximum frozen soil depth of seasonal frozen soil in northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(2):32-37.
[26]曹伟,盛煜.煤矿开采过程中的冻土环境问题与对策[J].水文地质工程地质,2013,40(5):91-96.CAO Wei,SHENG Yu.Permafrost environment problems and countermeasures in the process of coal mining[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2013,40(5):91-96.
[27]MAKAROV V N.Environmental problems related to diamond mining in permafrost areas:the case history of the Anabar Placer Mine,northwestern Yakutia[J].Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2004,26:257-262.
[28]WANG Yunjia,ZHANG Dachao,LIAN Dajun,et al.Environment cumulative effects of coal exploitation and its assessment[J].Procedia Earth&Planetary Science,2009,1(1):1072-1080.
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