畜禽粪便和粪水厌氧消化技术分析与展望
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摘要
随着我国畜禽养殖集约化程度的不断提高,畜禽粪污导致的环境污染已成为畜禽养殖业发展面临的重要制约因素。粪污通过厌氧消化可回收能源、生产沼肥和消灭病原菌,避免对环境产生危害,是畜禽粪污处理和资源利用技术链条的核心环节。根据原料性质的差异,将粪污区分为畜禽粪便与养殖废水,分别探讨了这两种处理对象厌氧消化处理的不同技术难点和发展方向。针对畜禽粪便,重点探讨了高含氮粪便厌氧消化过程中存在的氨抑制问题及解除氨抑制的方法;针对养殖废水,介绍了废水处理与回用标准,比较分析了升流式厌氧污泥床、厌氧膜生物反应器、厌氧折流板反应器和自搅拌厌氧折流板反应器等几种代表性的和新型的废水厌氧处理工艺,并展望了技术的创新发展,旨在为畜禽粪便和养殖废水的厌氧消化及废水回用技术的发展提供参考。
With the improvement of the intensive livestock and poultry breeding in China, the environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure has become an important constraint factor for the development of livestock and poultry breeding. Anaerobic digestion is viewed as an alternative technology for recovering energy and elimination of pathogenic bacteria from organic waste streams in the environment. This paper evaluated the differences between livestock manure and manure wastewater, different technical difficulties and development directions during anaerobic digestion processes of these two treatment objects are discussed respectively. The paper further summarized the ammonia inhibition in methane fermentation of nitrogen-rich manure and also evaluated the techniques of minimizing ammonia inhibition in the anaerobic digestion process. Besides, the standards for manure wastewater discharge and for agricultural irrigation were compared. A number of new techniques of wastewater treatment and reuse technologies including up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor, anaerobic membrane bioreactor, anaerobic baffle reactors and self-agitation baffle reactor were also described.Finally, this paper can provide reference for the development of anaerobic digestion and wastewater reuse technology for livestock manure and aquaculture wastewater.
With the improvement of the intensive livestock and poultry breeding in China, the environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure has become an important constraint factor for the development of livestock and poultry breeding. Anaerobic digestion is viewed as an alternative technology for recovering energy and elimination of pathogenic bacteria from organic waste streams in the environment. This paper evaluated the differences between livestock manure and manure wastewater, different technical difficulties and development directions during anaerobic digestion processes of these two treatment objects are discussed respectively. The paper further summarized the ammonia inhibition in methane fermentation of nitrogen-rich manure and also evaluated the techniques of minimizing ammonia inhibition in the anaerobic digestion process. Besides, the standards for manure wastewater discharge and for agricultural irrigation were compared. A number of new techniques of wastewater treatment and reuse technologies including up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor, anaerobic membrane bioreactor, anaerobic baffle reactors and self-agitation baffle reactor were also described.Finally, this paper can provide reference for the development of anaerobic digestion and wastewater reuse technology for livestock manure and aquaculture wastewater.
引文
[1]全国农村沼气发展“十三五”规划[EB/OL].[2019-02-10]. http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fzgggz/fzgh/ghwb/gjjgh/201706/t20170607_850195.html.
[2]乔玮,毕少杰,尹冬敏,等.鸡粪中高温厌氧厌氧消化产气动力学特性研究[J].中国环境科学,2018, 38(1):234-243.
[3] QIAO W, YAN X, YE J H, et al. Evaluation of biogas production from different biomass wastes with/without hydrothermal pretreatment[J].Renew Energ, 2011, 36(12):3313-3318.
[4]郭嫣秋,胡伟莲,刘建新.瘤胃甲烷菌及甲烷生成的调控[J].微生物学报,2005, 45(1):145-148.
[5] DAHIYA A. Basics of energy production through anaerobic digestion of livestock manure[M]. London:Elsevier, 2015.
[6]李礼.牛粪和鸭粪厌氧消化产气的影响因素研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2008.
[7] THOMAS A, BARBARA A, VITALIY K, et al. Biogas production from maize and dairy cattle manure-influence of biomass composition on the methane yield[J]. Agr Ecosyst Environ, 2007, 118(1-4):173-182.
[8] LABATUT R A, ANGENENT L T, SCOTT N R. Biochemical methane potential and biodegradability of complex organic substrates[J].Bioresour Technol, 2011, 102(3):2255-2264.
[9] HANSEN K H, ANGELIDAKI I, AHRING B K. Anaerobic digestion of swine manure:inhibition by ammonia[J]. Water Res,1998, 32(1):5-12.
[10]张鹤亮.谷子林.刘平洋,等.鸡粪饲料生产利用技术[D].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,2019:1-3.
[11] MOLAEY R, BAYRAKDR A, SURMELI R O, et al. Anaerobic digestion of chicken manure:mitigating process inhibition at high ammonia concentrations by selenium supplementation[J]. Biomass Bioenergy, 2018, 108:439-446.
[12] NIE H, JACOBI F H, STRACH K, et al. Mono-fermentation of chicken manure:ammonia inhibition and recirculation of the digestate[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2015, 178:238-246.
[13] NIU Q, QIAO W, QIANG H, et al. Mesophilic methane fermentation of chicken manure at a wide range of ammonia concentration:stability, inhibition and recovery[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2013, 137:358-367.
[14] NIU Q G,HOJO T,QIAO W,et al. Characterization of methanogenesis, acidogenesis and hydrolysis in thermophilic methane fermentation of chicken manure[J]. Chem Eng J, 2014, 244:587-596.
[15] CHEN Y,CHENG J J,CREAMER K S. Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process:a review[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2008, 99(10):4044-4064.
[16]乔玮,毕少杰,熊林鹏,等.进料浓度对鸡粪长期高温厌氧消化的影响[J].中国环境科学,2018, 38(7):2593-2601.
[17] FOTIDIS I A, KRAKASHEV D, KOTSOPOULOS T A, et al. Effect of ammonium and acetate on methanogenic pathway and methanogenic community composition[J]. Ferns Microbiol Ecol,2012,83(1):38-48.
[18] NIU Q,KUBOTA K,QIAO W,et al. Effect of ammonia inhibition on microbial community dynamic and process functional resilience in mesophilic methane fermentation of chicken manure[J]. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2015, 90(12):2161-2169.
[19] WANG H, FOTIDIS I A, ANGELIDAKI I. Ammonia effect on hydrogenotrophic methanogens and syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacteria[J]. Ferns Microbiol Ecol,2015, 91(11):1-8.
[20] NIU Q,QIAO W,QIANG H,et al. Microbial community shifts and biogas conversion computation during steady, inhibited and recovered stages of thermophilic methane fermentation on chicken manure with a wide variation of ammonia[J]. Bioresour Technol,2013,146(10):223-233.
[21]张万钦.微量元素添加对餐厨垃圾和鸡粪厌氧消化性能的调控研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[22] WESTERHOLM M, MULLER B, ISAKSSON S, et al. Trace element and temperature effects on microbial communities and links to biogas digester performance at high ammonia levels[J]. Biotechnol Biofuels,2015, 8(1):1-19.
[23] POBEHEIM H, MUNK B, LINDORFER H, et al. Impact of nickel and cobalt on biogas production and process stability during semi-continuous anaerobic fermentation of a model substrate for maize silage[J]. Water Res,2011,45(2):781-787.
[24] BANKS C J, ZHANG Y, JIANG Y, et al. Trace element requirements for stable food waste digestion at elevated ammonia concentrations[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2012, 104:127-135.
[25]乔玮,毕少杰,齐向阳,等.微量元素制剂提高厌氧产甲烷活性的研究[J].中国沼气,2018, 3:9-15.
[26] MOLAEY R, BAYRAKDAR A, CALLIA B. Long-term influence of trace element deficiency on anaerobic mono-digestion of chicken manure[J]. J Environ Manage, 2018,223:743-748.
[27] ROMERO-GUIZA M S, ASTALS S, CHIMENOS J M, et al. Improving anaerobic digestion of pig manure by adding in the same reactor a stabilizing agent formulated with low-grade magnesium oxide[J]. Biomass Bioenergy, 2014, 67:243-251.
[28] HEJNFELT A, ANGELIDAKI I. Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse by-products[J]. Biomass Bioenergy, 2009, 33(8):1046-1054.
[29] SHIN J D, HAN S S, EOM K C, et al. Predicting methane production potential of anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and food waste[J]. Environ Eng Res,2008,13(2):93-97.
[30] ZARKADAS I S, PILIDIS G A. Anaerobic co-digestion of table olive debittering&washing effluent,cattle manure and pig manure in batch and high volume laboratory anaerobic digesters:effect of temperature[J]. Bioresour Techno, 2011, 102(8):4995-5003.
[31] SOMAYAJI D, KHANNA S. Biomethanation of rice and wheat straw[J]. World J Microb Biot, 1994, 10(5):521-523.
[32]马溪平.厌氧微生物学与污水处理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[33]闫立龙,王晓辉,梁海晶,等.UASB去除猪场废水有机物影响因素研究[J].安全与环境学报,2013, 13(3):61-65.
[34]夏宏生,陈师楚.UASB-O/A/O组合工艺对规模化养猪场废水的生物脱氮除磷研究[J].环境工程,2018, 1:11-14.
[35]高廷耀.水污染控制工程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2015.
[36] SANCHEZ E, BORJA R, TRAVIESO L, et al. Effect of organic loading rate on the stability, operational parameters and performance of a secondary upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor treating piggerywaste[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2005, 96(3):335-344.
[37]闻韵,刘小佳,王晓慧.UASB去除畜禽养殖废水有机物及产气特性研究[J].水处理技术,2018, 5:108-112.
[38] RODRIGUES L S, PINTO A C A, DUTRA J C F, et al. Swine wastewater treatment using an anaerobic baffled(ARB)and a UASB reactor system[J]. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias, 2017, 38(6):3705-3714.
[39]陈森,管蓓.ABR+UASB+SBR法处理养牛废水的工程应用[J].安徽农学通报,2013, 19(9):105, 137.
[40] BUNTNER D, SANCHEZ A, GARRIDO J M. Feasibility of combined UASB and MBR system in dairy wastewater treatment at ambient temperatures[J]. Chem Eng J, 2013, 230(16):475-481.
[41] BU F,DU S,XIE L,et al. Swine manure treatment by anaerobic membrane bioreactor with carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus recovery[J]. Water Sci Technol, 2017, 76(8):1939-1949.
[42] PADNASIRI S I,ZHANG J Z, FITCH M, et al. Methanogenic population dynamics and performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor(AnMBR)treating swine manure under high shear conditions[J].Water Res, 2007, 41(1):134-144.
[43] PRADO N,OCHOA J,AMRANE A. Zero nuisance piggeries:long-term performance of MBR(membrane bioreactor)for dilute swine wastewater treatment using submerged membrane bioreactor in semi-industrial scale[J]. Water Res, 2009, 43(6):1549-1558.
[44] WONG K, XAGORARAKI I, WALLACE J, et al. Removal of viruses and indicators by anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating animal waste[J]. J Environ Qual, 2009, 38(4):1694-1699.
[45] BOOPATHY R, TILCHE A. Pelletization of biomass in a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor(HABR)treating acidified waste-water[J].Bioresour Technol,1992,40(2):101-107.
[46] MOTTERAN F, PEREIRA E L, CAMPOS C M M. The behavior of an anaerobic baffled reactor(ABR)as the first stage in the biological treatment of hog farming effluents[J]. Braz J Chem Eng,2013, 30(2):177-204.
[47] PEREIRA E L, CLAUDIO M, CAMPOS M, et al. Physical-chemical and operational performance of an anaerobic baffled reactor(ABR)treating swine wastewater[J]. Acta Scie-Technol,2010, 32(4):399-405.
[48]乔玮,任征然,李晨艳,等.自搅拌厌氧折流板反应器连续处理猪场废水的效果[J].农业工程学报,2018, 34(20):210-215.
[2]乔玮,毕少杰,尹冬敏,等.鸡粪中高温厌氧厌氧消化产气动力学特性研究[J].中国环境科学,2018, 38(1):234-243.
[3] QIAO W, YAN X, YE J H, et al. Evaluation of biogas production from different biomass wastes with/without hydrothermal pretreatment[J].Renew Energ, 2011, 36(12):3313-3318.
[4]郭嫣秋,胡伟莲,刘建新.瘤胃甲烷菌及甲烷生成的调控[J].微生物学报,2005, 45(1):145-148.
[5] DAHIYA A. Basics of energy production through anaerobic digestion of livestock manure[M]. London:Elsevier, 2015.
[6]李礼.牛粪和鸭粪厌氧消化产气的影响因素研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2008.
[7] THOMAS A, BARBARA A, VITALIY K, et al. Biogas production from maize and dairy cattle manure-influence of biomass composition on the methane yield[J]. Agr Ecosyst Environ, 2007, 118(1-4):173-182.
[8] LABATUT R A, ANGENENT L T, SCOTT N R. Biochemical methane potential and biodegradability of complex organic substrates[J].Bioresour Technol, 2011, 102(3):2255-2264.
[9] HANSEN K H, ANGELIDAKI I, AHRING B K. Anaerobic digestion of swine manure:inhibition by ammonia[J]. Water Res,1998, 32(1):5-12.
[10]张鹤亮.谷子林.刘平洋,等.鸡粪饲料生产利用技术[D].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,2019:1-3.
[11] MOLAEY R, BAYRAKDR A, SURMELI R O, et al. Anaerobic digestion of chicken manure:mitigating process inhibition at high ammonia concentrations by selenium supplementation[J]. Biomass Bioenergy, 2018, 108:439-446.
[12] NIE H, JACOBI F H, STRACH K, et al. Mono-fermentation of chicken manure:ammonia inhibition and recirculation of the digestate[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2015, 178:238-246.
[13] NIU Q, QIAO W, QIANG H, et al. Mesophilic methane fermentation of chicken manure at a wide range of ammonia concentration:stability, inhibition and recovery[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2013, 137:358-367.
[14] NIU Q G,HOJO T,QIAO W,et al. Characterization of methanogenesis, acidogenesis and hydrolysis in thermophilic methane fermentation of chicken manure[J]. Chem Eng J, 2014, 244:587-596.
[15] CHEN Y,CHENG J J,CREAMER K S. Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process:a review[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2008, 99(10):4044-4064.
[16]乔玮,毕少杰,熊林鹏,等.进料浓度对鸡粪长期高温厌氧消化的影响[J].中国环境科学,2018, 38(7):2593-2601.
[17] FOTIDIS I A, KRAKASHEV D, KOTSOPOULOS T A, et al. Effect of ammonium and acetate on methanogenic pathway and methanogenic community composition[J]. Ferns Microbiol Ecol,2012,83(1):38-48.
[18] NIU Q,KUBOTA K,QIAO W,et al. Effect of ammonia inhibition on microbial community dynamic and process functional resilience in mesophilic methane fermentation of chicken manure[J]. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2015, 90(12):2161-2169.
[19] WANG H, FOTIDIS I A, ANGELIDAKI I. Ammonia effect on hydrogenotrophic methanogens and syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacteria[J]. Ferns Microbiol Ecol,2015, 91(11):1-8.
[20] NIU Q,QIAO W,QIANG H,et al. Microbial community shifts and biogas conversion computation during steady, inhibited and recovered stages of thermophilic methane fermentation on chicken manure with a wide variation of ammonia[J]. Bioresour Technol,2013,146(10):223-233.
[21]张万钦.微量元素添加对餐厨垃圾和鸡粪厌氧消化性能的调控研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[22] WESTERHOLM M, MULLER B, ISAKSSON S, et al. Trace element and temperature effects on microbial communities and links to biogas digester performance at high ammonia levels[J]. Biotechnol Biofuels,2015, 8(1):1-19.
[23] POBEHEIM H, MUNK B, LINDORFER H, et al. Impact of nickel and cobalt on biogas production and process stability during semi-continuous anaerobic fermentation of a model substrate for maize silage[J]. Water Res,2011,45(2):781-787.
[24] BANKS C J, ZHANG Y, JIANG Y, et al. Trace element requirements for stable food waste digestion at elevated ammonia concentrations[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2012, 104:127-135.
[25]乔玮,毕少杰,齐向阳,等.微量元素制剂提高厌氧产甲烷活性的研究[J].中国沼气,2018, 3:9-15.
[26] MOLAEY R, BAYRAKDAR A, CALLIA B. Long-term influence of trace element deficiency on anaerobic mono-digestion of chicken manure[J]. J Environ Manage, 2018,223:743-748.
[27] ROMERO-GUIZA M S, ASTALS S, CHIMENOS J M, et al. Improving anaerobic digestion of pig manure by adding in the same reactor a stabilizing agent formulated with low-grade magnesium oxide[J]. Biomass Bioenergy, 2014, 67:243-251.
[28] HEJNFELT A, ANGELIDAKI I. Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse by-products[J]. Biomass Bioenergy, 2009, 33(8):1046-1054.
[29] SHIN J D, HAN S S, EOM K C, et al. Predicting methane production potential of anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and food waste[J]. Environ Eng Res,2008,13(2):93-97.
[30] ZARKADAS I S, PILIDIS G A. Anaerobic co-digestion of table olive debittering&washing effluent,cattle manure and pig manure in batch and high volume laboratory anaerobic digesters:effect of temperature[J]. Bioresour Techno, 2011, 102(8):4995-5003.
[31] SOMAYAJI D, KHANNA S. Biomethanation of rice and wheat straw[J]. World J Microb Biot, 1994, 10(5):521-523.
[32]马溪平.厌氧微生物学与污水处理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[33]闫立龙,王晓辉,梁海晶,等.UASB去除猪场废水有机物影响因素研究[J].安全与环境学报,2013, 13(3):61-65.
[34]夏宏生,陈师楚.UASB-O/A/O组合工艺对规模化养猪场废水的生物脱氮除磷研究[J].环境工程,2018, 1:11-14.
[35]高廷耀.水污染控制工程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2015.
[36] SANCHEZ E, BORJA R, TRAVIESO L, et al. Effect of organic loading rate on the stability, operational parameters and performance of a secondary upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor treating piggerywaste[J]. Bioresour Technol, 2005, 96(3):335-344.
[37]闻韵,刘小佳,王晓慧.UASB去除畜禽养殖废水有机物及产气特性研究[J].水处理技术,2018, 5:108-112.
[38] RODRIGUES L S, PINTO A C A, DUTRA J C F, et al. Swine wastewater treatment using an anaerobic baffled(ARB)and a UASB reactor system[J]. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias, 2017, 38(6):3705-3714.
[39]陈森,管蓓.ABR+UASB+SBR法处理养牛废水的工程应用[J].安徽农学通报,2013, 19(9):105, 137.
[40] BUNTNER D, SANCHEZ A, GARRIDO J M. Feasibility of combined UASB and MBR system in dairy wastewater treatment at ambient temperatures[J]. Chem Eng J, 2013, 230(16):475-481.
[41] BU F,DU S,XIE L,et al. Swine manure treatment by anaerobic membrane bioreactor with carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus recovery[J]. Water Sci Technol, 2017, 76(8):1939-1949.
[42] PADNASIRI S I,ZHANG J Z, FITCH M, et al. Methanogenic population dynamics and performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor(AnMBR)treating swine manure under high shear conditions[J].Water Res, 2007, 41(1):134-144.
[43] PRADO N,OCHOA J,AMRANE A. Zero nuisance piggeries:long-term performance of MBR(membrane bioreactor)for dilute swine wastewater treatment using submerged membrane bioreactor in semi-industrial scale[J]. Water Res, 2009, 43(6):1549-1558.
[44] WONG K, XAGORARAKI I, WALLACE J, et al. Removal of viruses and indicators by anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating animal waste[J]. J Environ Qual, 2009, 38(4):1694-1699.
[45] BOOPATHY R, TILCHE A. Pelletization of biomass in a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor(HABR)treating acidified waste-water[J].Bioresour Technol,1992,40(2):101-107.
[46] MOTTERAN F, PEREIRA E L, CAMPOS C M M. The behavior of an anaerobic baffled reactor(ABR)as the first stage in the biological treatment of hog farming effluents[J]. Braz J Chem Eng,2013, 30(2):177-204.
[47] PEREIRA E L, CLAUDIO M, CAMPOS M, et al. Physical-chemical and operational performance of an anaerobic baffled reactor(ABR)treating swine wastewater[J]. Acta Scie-Technol,2010, 32(4):399-405.
[48]乔玮,任征然,李晨艳,等.自搅拌厌氧折流板反应器连续处理猪场废水的效果[J].农业工程学报,2018, 34(20):210-215.