中国农民小康之路：历史进程与基本经验
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摘要
1979年国家提出小康目标以来,中国农民小康之路已走过四十年,即从初步小康(1978～1992)到总体小康(1992～2002)、从全面建设小康社会(2002～2012)到全面建成小康社会(2012～2020)发展历程。初步小康时期,通过实施家庭联产承包责任制,鼓励多种经营,发展个体经济与乡镇企业,基本解决农民温饱问题,沿海部分地区农民已过上小康生活。总体小康时期,通过市场经济体制构建,发展民营企业与三资企业,鼓励农民流动,西部大开发,扶贫攻坚,小康覆盖区域迅速扩大至全国大部分地区。全面建设小康社会时期,通过推进新农村建设、和谐社会建设、生态文明建设,小康全面性、平衡性、质量得到提升。全面建成小康社会时期,大力推进农业供给侧结构性改革,深入推动农村土地制度改革,鼓励人口城镇化,推动乡村振兴,着力解决小康的突出短板,通过精准扶贫消灭绝对贫困。农民小康进程总体上快速、健康,但非一帆风顺。四十年小康之路证明,尊重农民创造财富主体地位是小康建设的中心,国家促进农民小康的多种举措均围绕此中心发生作用。中国农民小康之路的经验,不仅是中国现代化道路积累的宝贵财富,也是发展中国家解决贫困问题的重要参照。
Since China put forward the goal of building a well-off society in 1979, the road of well-off for Chinese farmers has gone through forty years. In these forty years, it has gone through different development processes from initial well-off society(1978-1992) to overall well-off society(1992-2002),from building a well-off society in an all-round way(2002-2012) to completing the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way(2012-2020). In the initial well-off period, farmers basically solved the problem of food and clothing and those who lived in the coastal area had already led a well-off life by implementing the household contract responsibility system, encouraging diversified management, and developing individual economy and township enterprises. In the period of overall well-off society, the coverage area of the well-off society rapidly expanded to most parts of China by establishing market economical system, developing private enterprises and three kinds of foreign-funded enterprises,encouraging the migration of farmers and implementing the strategy of West Development and poverty alleviation. During the period of building a well-off society in an all-round way, the comprehensive, balance and quality of a well-off society have been improved through promoting the construction of a new countryside,a harmonious society and ecological civilization. In the period of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all the respects, the goals of eliminating absolute poverty and solving the hardest part of building a moderately prosperous society need vigorously push forward supply-side structural reform in agriculture, deepen reform of the rural land system, encourage population urbanization, promote rural revitalization and carry out targeted poverty alleviation. On the whole, the process of farmers' well-off is rapid and healthy, but it does not always go well. The forty years' well-off road had proved that the principal status that respected farmer to create wealth was the key role of well-off construction, which made many policies China promoted work. The experience of China's farmers' well-off road is not only the valuable asset accumulated on the road of China's modernization, but also an important reference for developing countries to solve the problem of poverty.
Since China put forward the goal of building a well-off society in 1979, the road of well-off for Chinese farmers has gone through forty years. In these forty years, it has gone through different development processes from initial well-off society(1978-1992) to overall well-off society(1992-2002),from building a well-off society in an all-round way(2002-2012) to completing the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way(2012-2020). In the initial well-off period, farmers basically solved the problem of food and clothing and those who lived in the coastal area had already led a well-off life by implementing the household contract responsibility system, encouraging diversified management, and developing individual economy and township enterprises. In the period of overall well-off society, the coverage area of the well-off society rapidly expanded to most parts of China by establishing market economical system, developing private enterprises and three kinds of foreign-funded enterprises,encouraging the migration of farmers and implementing the strategy of West Development and poverty alleviation. During the period of building a well-off society in an all-round way, the comprehensive, balance and quality of a well-off society have been improved through promoting the construction of a new countryside,a harmonious society and ecological civilization. In the period of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all the respects, the goals of eliminating absolute poverty and solving the hardest part of building a moderately prosperous society need vigorously push forward supply-side structural reform in agriculture, deepen reform of the rural land system, encourage population urbanization, promote rural revitalization and carry out targeted poverty alleviation. On the whole, the process of farmers' well-off is rapid and healthy, but it does not always go well. The forty years' well-off road had proved that the principal status that respected farmer to create wealth was the key role of well-off construction, which made many policies China promoted work. The experience of China's farmers' well-off road is not only the valuable asset accumulated on the road of China's modernization, but also an important reference for developing countries to solve the problem of poverty.
引文
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[3]江泽民.江泽民文选（第三卷）[M].北京:人民出版社, 2006.
[4]中共中央文献编辑委员会.胡锦涛文选（第二卷）[M].北京:人民出版社, 2016.
[5]习近平.关于扶贫开发论述摘编[M].北京：国务院扶贫办, 2015.
[6]习近平.做焦裕禄式的县委书记[M].北京:中央文献出版社, 2015.
[7]习近平.携手消除贫困促进共同发展[M].北京:人民出版社, 2015.
[8]习近平.关于全面建成小康社会论述摘编[M].北京:中央文献出版社, 2016.
[9]习近平.在深度贫困地区脱贫攻坚座谈会上的讲话[M].北京:人民出版社, 2017.
[10]习近平.关于“三农”工作论述摘编[M].北京:中央文献出版社, 2019.
[11]杜润生.杜润生自述:中国农村体制变革重大决策纪实[M].北京:人民出版社, 2005.
[12]陈夕.中国共产党与西部大开发[M].北京:中共党史出版社, 2014.