花椒采收现状及研究进展
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摘要
花椒是一种在中国广泛栽植的香辛料植物,具有重要经济和生态价值。目前我国花椒采收以手工采摘为主,劳动强度大、效率低、成本高,花椒的采摘问题一直是制约产业发展的瓶颈。本文通过实地调查部分栽培地区的采收情况并查阅文献资料,分别从花椒树的生物学特性、果实成熟季节、人工采收、种植规模等方面的原因,分析花椒采收现状,对比目前花椒采摘的不同机械装置及其主要优缺点,提出花椒采摘机械研发的技术关键和难点及未来机械采收的发展方向,为花椒采摘机械的研发和产业发展提供参考。
Znathoxylum bungeanan Maxim. is one of spice plants that widely planted in China, with important economic and ecological values. At present, manual picking is the main way of Z. bungeanum fruit harvest, high labor intensity, low efficiency and high cost, the problem of picking Z. bungeanum fruit by hand has been the bottleneck of restricting industrial development. In this paper according to the field investigation in some cultivation areas and consulting literature materials, the current situation of fruit picking was analyzed from the biological characteristics, fruit ripening season, artificial harvesting and planting scale. The main advantages and disadvantages of different mechanical devices for Z. bungeanum fruit picking were compared. The key technology and difficulty of Z. bungeanum fruit picking machine research and development were proposed, which provides reference for the research and development of Z. bungeanum fruit picking machinery and industrial development.
Znathoxylum bungeanan Maxim. is one of spice plants that widely planted in China, with important economic and ecological values. At present, manual picking is the main way of Z. bungeanum fruit harvest, high labor intensity, low efficiency and high cost, the problem of picking Z. bungeanum fruit by hand has been the bottleneck of restricting industrial development. In this paper according to the field investigation in some cultivation areas and consulting literature materials, the current situation of fruit picking was analyzed from the biological characteristics, fruit ripening season, artificial harvesting and planting scale. The main advantages and disadvantages of different mechanical devices for Z. bungeanum fruit picking were compared. The key technology and difficulty of Z. bungeanum fruit picking machine research and development were proposed, which provides reference for the research and development of Z. bungeanum fruit picking machinery and industrial development.
引文
[1] 黄成就. 中国植物志[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1997.
[2] 马君义, 张继, 冯洋洋, 等. 甘肃花椒产业发展现状及对策分析[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2011, 39(16): 10055-10057, 10091.Ma Junyi, Zhang Ji, Feng Yangyang, et al. Analysis on industry developing situation and strategies of Zanthoxylum bunlzeanum in Gansu [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2011, 39(16): 10055-10057, 10091.
[3] 肖正春, 张卫明. 花椒的主要品种及其开发利用[J]. 中国野生植物资源, 2016, 35(1): 60-63.Xiao Zhengchun, Zhang Weiming. The main varieties of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and their development [J]. Chinese Wild Plant Resources, 2016, 35(1): 60-63.
[4] 曾京京. 我国花椒的栽培起源和地理分布[J]. 中国农史, 2000(4): 68-75.
[5] 付建英, 付志军. 大红袍花椒栽培技术要点[J]. 河北果树, 2016(1): 56.
[6] 唐小松, 张秀华, 李兴茂. 汉源花椒栽培及采收技术[J]. 四川林业科技, 2008, 29(6): 91-93.
[7] 张晓明, 陈国华, 李强. 我国花椒害虫研究进展[J]. 昆虫知识, 2009, 46(4): 532-537.Zhang Xiaoming, Chen Guohua, Li Qiang. Research advance in insect pests on Zanthoxylum bungeanum in China [J]. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 2009, 46(4): 532-537.
[8] 王锐清, 郭盛, 段金廒, 等. 花椒果实不同部位及其种子油资源性化学成分分析与评价[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2016, 41(15): 2781-2789.Wang Ruiqing, Guo Sheng, Duan Jinao, et al. Analysis and evaluation of resourceful chemical compositions in different parts of Zanthoxylum bungeanum fruit and its seed oil [J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2016, 41(15): 2781-2789.
[9] 赵秀玲. 花椒的化学成分、药理作用及其资源开发的研究进展[J]. 中国调味品, 2012, 37(3): 1-5.Zhao Xiuling. Research progress in chemical constituents, biolgical activities and exploration utilization of Pericarpium zanthoxyli [J]. China Condiment, 2012, 37(3): 1-5.
[10] 袁娟丽, 王四旺. 花椒的化学成分及其药效学研究[J]. 现代生物医学进展, 2010, 10(3): 552-554.Yuan Juanli, Wang Siwang. Study on chemical composition and pharmacodynamics of Zanthoxylum [J]. Progress in Modern Biomedicine, 2010, 10(3): 552-554.
[11] 沈洁, 丁小余, 张卫明, 等. 花椒及其混淆品的rDNA ITS区序列分析与鉴别[J]. 药学学报, 2005, 40(1): 80-86.Shen Jie, Ding Xiaoyu, Zhang Weiming, et al. Authentication of Zanthexylum bungeanum Maxin population and adulterants by analysis of rDNA ITS sequences [J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2005, 40(1): 80-86.
[12] 胡文. 花椒采摘方法及采摘工具的探索研究[J]. 四川林业科技, 2015, 36(4): 148-150.
[13] 万芳新. 花椒采摘机的设计与试验[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2014, 42(4): 1229-1230, 1253.Wan Fangxin. Design and experiment on pepper picking machine [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 42(4): 1229-1230, 1253.
[14] 刘筠, 卢超.一种新型花椒采摘器的设计[J]. 农业机械, 2008(28): 61-63.
[15] 王峰. 负压吸收式花椒采摘机设计[J]. 科技展望, 2016, 26(26): 136.
[16] 任苗, 种培芳, 杨建雷, 等. 几个无刺花椒无性系果实及皮刺性状对比研究[J]. 林业科技通讯, 2018, (7): 7-10.
[17] 韩胜华. 花椒的采收与加工利用[J]. 农产品加工, 2007(3): 38-39.
[18] 张永红, 贺海荣. 不同采摘期对花椒产量和品质的影响[J]. 现代农村科技, 2009(4): 49.
[19] 刘进宝, 韩长杰, 杨宛章, 等. 振动式林果采摘机械的设计[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2014, 35(3): 41-44, 58.Liu Jinbao, Han Changjie, Yang Wanzhang, et al. Design of a vibrating fruit picking machinery [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2014, 35(3): 41-44, 58.
[20] 胡明明, 万芳新, 杜小龙, 等. 振动式枸杞采摘机设计[J].中国农机化学报, 2018, 39(7): 25-29.Hu Mingming, Wan Xinfang, Du Xiaolong, et al. Design of vibrating wolfberry pincking machine [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2018, 39(7): 25-29.
[21] 李旭东, 刘伟伟. 催熟剂对花椒果实脱落的促进作用初探[J]. 安徽农学通报(上半月刊), 2009, 15(13): 42-43.
[22] 李国利,姬长英,翟力欣. 果蔬采摘机器人末端执行器研究进展与分析[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2014, 35(5): 231-236, 240.Li Guoli, Ji Changying, Zhai Lixin. Research progress and analysis of end-effector for fruits and vegetables picking robot [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2014, 35(5): 231-236, 240.
[23] 万芳新, 白明昌, 贺志洋, 等. 自然场景下花椒果实的识别[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2016, 37(10): 115-119.Wan Fangxin, Bai Mingchang, He Zhiyang, et al. Identification of Chinese prickly ash under the natural scens [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2016, 37(10): 115-119.
[2] 马君义, 张继, 冯洋洋, 等. 甘肃花椒产业发展现状及对策分析[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2011, 39(16): 10055-10057, 10091.Ma Junyi, Zhang Ji, Feng Yangyang, et al. Analysis on industry developing situation and strategies of Zanthoxylum bunlzeanum in Gansu [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2011, 39(16): 10055-10057, 10091.
[3] 肖正春, 张卫明. 花椒的主要品种及其开发利用[J]. 中国野生植物资源, 2016, 35(1): 60-63.Xiao Zhengchun, Zhang Weiming. The main varieties of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and their development [J]. Chinese Wild Plant Resources, 2016, 35(1): 60-63.
[4] 曾京京. 我国花椒的栽培起源和地理分布[J]. 中国农史, 2000(4): 68-75.
[5] 付建英, 付志军. 大红袍花椒栽培技术要点[J]. 河北果树, 2016(1): 56.
[6] 唐小松, 张秀华, 李兴茂. 汉源花椒栽培及采收技术[J]. 四川林业科技, 2008, 29(6): 91-93.
[7] 张晓明, 陈国华, 李强. 我国花椒害虫研究进展[J]. 昆虫知识, 2009, 46(4): 532-537.Zhang Xiaoming, Chen Guohua, Li Qiang. Research advance in insect pests on Zanthoxylum bungeanum in China [J]. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 2009, 46(4): 532-537.
[8] 王锐清, 郭盛, 段金廒, 等. 花椒果实不同部位及其种子油资源性化学成分分析与评价[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2016, 41(15): 2781-2789.Wang Ruiqing, Guo Sheng, Duan Jinao, et al. Analysis and evaluation of resourceful chemical compositions in different parts of Zanthoxylum bungeanum fruit and its seed oil [J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2016, 41(15): 2781-2789.
[9] 赵秀玲. 花椒的化学成分、药理作用及其资源开发的研究进展[J]. 中国调味品, 2012, 37(3): 1-5.Zhao Xiuling. Research progress in chemical constituents, biolgical activities and exploration utilization of Pericarpium zanthoxyli [J]. China Condiment, 2012, 37(3): 1-5.
[10] 袁娟丽, 王四旺. 花椒的化学成分及其药效学研究[J]. 现代生物医学进展, 2010, 10(3): 552-554.Yuan Juanli, Wang Siwang. Study on chemical composition and pharmacodynamics of Zanthoxylum [J]. Progress in Modern Biomedicine, 2010, 10(3): 552-554.
[11] 沈洁, 丁小余, 张卫明, 等. 花椒及其混淆品的rDNA ITS区序列分析与鉴别[J]. 药学学报, 2005, 40(1): 80-86.Shen Jie, Ding Xiaoyu, Zhang Weiming, et al. Authentication of Zanthexylum bungeanum Maxin population and adulterants by analysis of rDNA ITS sequences [J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2005, 40(1): 80-86.
[12] 胡文. 花椒采摘方法及采摘工具的探索研究[J]. 四川林业科技, 2015, 36(4): 148-150.
[13] 万芳新. 花椒采摘机的设计与试验[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2014, 42(4): 1229-1230, 1253.Wan Fangxin. Design and experiment on pepper picking machine [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 42(4): 1229-1230, 1253.
[14] 刘筠, 卢超.一种新型花椒采摘器的设计[J]. 农业机械, 2008(28): 61-63.
[15] 王峰. 负压吸收式花椒采摘机设计[J]. 科技展望, 2016, 26(26): 136.
[16] 任苗, 种培芳, 杨建雷, 等. 几个无刺花椒无性系果实及皮刺性状对比研究[J]. 林业科技通讯, 2018, (7): 7-10.
[17] 韩胜华. 花椒的采收与加工利用[J]. 农产品加工, 2007(3): 38-39.
[18] 张永红, 贺海荣. 不同采摘期对花椒产量和品质的影响[J]. 现代农村科技, 2009(4): 49.
[19] 刘进宝, 韩长杰, 杨宛章, 等. 振动式林果采摘机械的设计[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2014, 35(3): 41-44, 58.Liu Jinbao, Han Changjie, Yang Wanzhang, et al. Design of a vibrating fruit picking machinery [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2014, 35(3): 41-44, 58.
[20] 胡明明, 万芳新, 杜小龙, 等. 振动式枸杞采摘机设计[J].中国农机化学报, 2018, 39(7): 25-29.Hu Mingming, Wan Xinfang, Du Xiaolong, et al. Design of vibrating wolfberry pincking machine [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2018, 39(7): 25-29.
[21] 李旭东, 刘伟伟. 催熟剂对花椒果实脱落的促进作用初探[J]. 安徽农学通报(上半月刊), 2009, 15(13): 42-43.
[22] 李国利,姬长英,翟力欣. 果蔬采摘机器人末端执行器研究进展与分析[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2014, 35(5): 231-236, 240.Li Guoli, Ji Changying, Zhai Lixin. Research progress and analysis of end-effector for fruits and vegetables picking robot [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2014, 35(5): 231-236, 240.
[23] 万芳新, 白明昌, 贺志洋, 等. 自然场景下花椒果实的识别[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2016, 37(10): 115-119.Wan Fangxin, Bai Mingchang, He Zhiyang, et al. Identification of Chinese prickly ash under the natural scens [J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2016, 37(10): 115-119.