陇东苹果园生草复合体系土壤水分季节动态
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摘要
陇东黄土高原半干旱区降雨年际变化较大,且年内分布不均,果园种草实践的优化不仅有助于减少干旱季节牧草对果园土壤水分过度消耗,还会促进其生态涵养效应的更好发挥。为探究种植不同牧草对旱作果园土壤水分季节动态的影响。试验设置4个处理,分别为在苹果园行间种植鸭茅、白三叶和混播牧草(鸭茅和白三叶)及清耕果园。结果表明:春季轻度干旱条件下,种植鸭茅和豆—禾混播牧草会降低果园土壤水分,但种值白三叶对果园土壤水分影响不显著;在夏季经历长期干旱之后,种植牧草显著降低了果园各土层的水分含量;整个生长季种植鸭茅、混播牧草和白三叶果园的蒸散量分别比清耕果园高45. 3 mm、55. 4 mm和0. 7 mm,由此可知,在陇东黄土高原半干旱区苹果园内,不宜种植鸭茅等高耗水的禾本科植物,但可以种植白三叶等耗水少的豆科植物来改善果园环境。该研究结果对于陇东黄土高原旱作果园生草实践的改进具有一定的指导意义。
Precipitation in the semiarid area of the Loess Plateau has a large inter-annual variety,and is also unevenly distributed every year. Improvement of forage grass covering pattern could not only reduce the water consumption in drought season,but also promote the ecological conservation benefits. The present work was conducted to investigate the effects of different grass species on soil water distribution in apple orchard. The field experiment was carried out at Qingyang Grassland Agriculture Experiment Station of Lanzhou University under four treatments of different grass species,i. e. Dactylis glomerata,Trifolium repens and mixed planting of these two species. Results showed that to plant orchard grass and the mixture could reduce soil moisture content in different layers in orchard under slight drought in spring,but the effect of planting T. repens on soil moisture content was not significant. During the period with moderate or severe drought in summer,the soil moisture content under forage grass mulching treatment was significantly lower compared with that in the clear tilled orchard. The values of evapotranspiration of the planted D. glomerata,mixed planting and T. repens orchard were 45. 3,55. 4 and 0. 7 mm higher respectively than that of the clean tilled plots in growing season,but the effect of planted T. repens on evapotranspiration in growing season was not significant. Therefore,it is practical to plant the species with low water consumption( such as T. repens) for improving the orchard environment instead of the species with high water consumption( such as D.glomerata) on the semiarid Loess Plateau.
Precipitation in the semiarid area of the Loess Plateau has a large inter-annual variety,and is also unevenly distributed every year. Improvement of forage grass covering pattern could not only reduce the water consumption in drought season,but also promote the ecological conservation benefits. The present work was conducted to investigate the effects of different grass species on soil water distribution in apple orchard. The field experiment was carried out at Qingyang Grassland Agriculture Experiment Station of Lanzhou University under four treatments of different grass species,i. e. Dactylis glomerata,Trifolium repens and mixed planting of these two species. Results showed that to plant orchard grass and the mixture could reduce soil moisture content in different layers in orchard under slight drought in spring,but the effect of planting T. repens on soil moisture content was not significant. During the period with moderate or severe drought in summer,the soil moisture content under forage grass mulching treatment was significantly lower compared with that in the clear tilled orchard. The values of evapotranspiration of the planted D. glomerata,mixed planting and T. repens orchard were 45. 3,55. 4 and 0. 7 mm higher respectively than that of the clean tilled plots in growing season,but the effect of planted T. repens on evapotranspiration in growing season was not significant. Therefore,it is practical to plant the species with low water consumption( such as T. repens) for improving the orchard environment instead of the species with high water consumption( such as D.glomerata) on the semiarid Loess Plateau.
引文
[1]Liu Y,Gao M,Wu W,et al.The effects of conservation tillage practices on the soil water-holding capacity of a non-irrigated apple orchard in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2013,130(12):7-12.
[2]张丽娜,李军,范鹏,等.黄土高原典型苹果园地深层土壤氮磷钾养分含量与分布特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(6):1 907-1 915.[Zhang Li’na,Li Jun,Fan Peng,et al.Distribution of soil NP K nutrient content in deep soil profile of typical apple orchards on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(6):1 907-1 915.]
[3]张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.[Zhang Yi,Xie Yongsheng,Hao Mingde,et al.Effects of different patterns surface mulching on soil properties and fruit trees growth and yield in an apple orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):279-286.]
[4]Sun H,Shao L,Liu X,et al.Determination of water consumption and the water-saving potential of three mulching methods in a jujube orchard[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2012,43:87-95.
[5]李发林,郑域茹,郑涛,等.果园生草栽培水土保持效应研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(34):34-39.[Li Faling,Zheng Yuru,Zheng Tao,et al.Research progress of cover crop in Chinese orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,29(34):34-39.]
[6]高小叶,张兴兴,朱建国,等.生草栽培对果园面源污染的控制---三种牧草的比较研究[J].草业学报,2015,24(2):49-54.[Gao Xiaoye,Zhang Xingxing,Zhu Jianguo,et al.A comparison of the effect of three grass species on controlling non-point pollution in orchard[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(2):49-54.]
[7]Qian X,Gu J,Pan H,et al.Effects of living mulches on the soil nutrient contents,enzyme activities,and bacterial community diversities of apple orchard soils[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2015,70:23-30.
[8]惠竹梅,李华,周攀,等.行间生草对葡萄园土壤水分含量及贮水量变化的影响[J].草业学报,2011,20(1):62-68.[Hui Zhumei,Li Hua,Zhou Pan,et al.Effects of cover cropping system on soil moisture content and water storage in a vineyard[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(1):62-68.]
[9]李会科,张广军,赵政阳,等.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤贮水的影响[J].草地学报,2007,15(1):76-81.[Li Huike,Zhang Guangjun,Zhao Zhengyang,et al.Effects of growing different herbages on soil water-holding of a non-irrigated apple orchard in the Weibei area of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2007,15(1):76-81.]
[10]李同川,李会科,郭宏,等.渭北黄土高原果园生草地旱季土壤水分特征研究[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(1):29-33.[Li Tongchuan,Li Huike,Guo Hong,et al.Soil moisture characteristics of different herbages on soil water in apple orchard in the area of Weibei Plateau in dry season[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(1):29-33.]
[11]张露,王益权,石宗琳,等.干旱季节渭北果园土壤水分时空变化特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(1):83-89.[Zhang Lu,Wang Yiquan,Shi Zongling,et al.Characteristics of spatiotemporal variation of soil moisture in Weibei orchards in dry seasons[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2012,30(1):83-89.]
[12]Ritchie J T.Model for predicting evaporation from row crop with incomplete cover[J].Water Resource Research,1972,8(5):1 204-1 213.
[13]Fu B,Wang J,Chen L,et al.The effects of land use on soil moisture variation in the Danangou catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2003,54(1):197-213.
[14]曹铨,沈禹颖,王自奎,等.生草对果园土壤理化性状的影响研究进展[J].草业学报,2016,25(8):180-188.[Cao Quan,Shen Yuying,Wang Zikui,et al.Effects of living mulch on soil physical and chemical properties in orchards:A review[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(8):180-188.]
[15]高茂盛,廖允成,李侠,等.不同覆盖方式对渭北旱作苹果园土壤贮水的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(10):2 080-2 087.[Gao Maosheng,Liao Yuncheng,Li Xia,et al.Effects of different mulching patterns on soil water-holding capacity of non-irrigated apple orchard in the Weibei Plateau[J].Scientia Agriculture sinica,2010,43(10):2 080-2 087.]
[16]赵政阳,李会科.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(3):481-484.[Zhao Zhengyang,Li Huike.The effects of interplant different herbage on soil water in apple orchards in the area of Weibei Plateau[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2006,33(3):481-484.]
[17]李海防,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土高原林草地覆盖土壤水量平衡研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(1):287-293.[Li Haifang,Wei Wei,Chen Liding,et al.Progress in the study of soil water balance under forest and grassland covers on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Water Conservation,2013,20(1):287-293.]
[18]王艳廷,冀晓昊,吴玉森,等.我国果园生草的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1 892-1 900.[Wang Yanting,Ji Xiaohao,Wu Yusen,et al.Research progress of cover crop in Chinese orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1 892-1 900.]
[19]Monteiro A,Lopes C M.Influence of cover crop on water use and performance of vineyard in Mediterranean Portugal[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2007,121(4):336-342.
[20]Palese A M,Vignozzi N,Celano G,et al.Influence of soil management on soil physical characteristics and water storage in a mature rainfed olive orchard[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,144:96-109.
[21]徐明岗,文石林,高菊生.红壤丘陵区不同种草模式的水土保持效果与生态环境效应[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):77-80.[Xu Minggang,Wen Shiling,Gao Jusheng.Effects of different forage planting model on soil and water conservation and environments in red hilly regions[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,15(1):77-80.]
[22]Huang J,Wang J,Zhao X,et al.Effects of permanent ground cover on soil moisture in jujube orchards under sloping ground:A simulation study[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,138:68-77.
[23]Alcántara C,Pujadas A,Saavedra M.Management of cruciferous cover crops by mowing for soil and water conservation in Southern Spain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(6):1 071-1 080.
[24]姚俊强,杨青,毛炜峄,等.西北干旱区大气水分循环要素变化研究进展[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(2):269-276.[Yao Junqiang,Yang Qing,Mao Weiyi,et al.Progress of study on variation of atmospheric water cycle factors over arid region in Northwest China[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(2):269-276.]
[2]张丽娜,李军,范鹏,等.黄土高原典型苹果园地深层土壤氮磷钾养分含量与分布特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(6):1 907-1 915.[Zhang Li’na,Li Jun,Fan Peng,et al.Distribution of soil NP K nutrient content in deep soil profile of typical apple orchards on the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(6):1 907-1 915.]
[3]张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.[Zhang Yi,Xie Yongsheng,Hao Mingde,et al.Effects of different patterns surface mulching on soil properties and fruit trees growth and yield in an apple orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):279-286.]
[4]Sun H,Shao L,Liu X,et al.Determination of water consumption and the water-saving potential of three mulching methods in a jujube orchard[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2012,43:87-95.
[5]李发林,郑域茹,郑涛,等.果园生草栽培水土保持效应研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(34):34-39.[Li Faling,Zheng Yuru,Zheng Tao,et al.Research progress of cover crop in Chinese orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,29(34):34-39.]
[6]高小叶,张兴兴,朱建国,等.生草栽培对果园面源污染的控制---三种牧草的比较研究[J].草业学报,2015,24(2):49-54.[Gao Xiaoye,Zhang Xingxing,Zhu Jianguo,et al.A comparison of the effect of three grass species on controlling non-point pollution in orchard[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(2):49-54.]
[7]Qian X,Gu J,Pan H,et al.Effects of living mulches on the soil nutrient contents,enzyme activities,and bacterial community diversities of apple orchard soils[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2015,70:23-30.
[8]惠竹梅,李华,周攀,等.行间生草对葡萄园土壤水分含量及贮水量变化的影响[J].草业学报,2011,20(1):62-68.[Hui Zhumei,Li Hua,Zhou Pan,et al.Effects of cover cropping system on soil moisture content and water storage in a vineyard[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(1):62-68.]
[9]李会科,张广军,赵政阳,等.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤贮水的影响[J].草地学报,2007,15(1):76-81.[Li Huike,Zhang Guangjun,Zhao Zhengyang,et al.Effects of growing different herbages on soil water-holding of a non-irrigated apple orchard in the Weibei area of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2007,15(1):76-81.]
[10]李同川,李会科,郭宏,等.渭北黄土高原果园生草地旱季土壤水分特征研究[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(1):29-33.[Li Tongchuan,Li Huike,Guo Hong,et al.Soil moisture characteristics of different herbages on soil water in apple orchard in the area of Weibei Plateau in dry season[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(1):29-33.]
[11]张露,王益权,石宗琳,等.干旱季节渭北果园土壤水分时空变化特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(1):83-89.[Zhang Lu,Wang Yiquan,Shi Zongling,et al.Characteristics of spatiotemporal variation of soil moisture in Weibei orchards in dry seasons[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2012,30(1):83-89.]
[12]Ritchie J T.Model for predicting evaporation from row crop with incomplete cover[J].Water Resource Research,1972,8(5):1 204-1 213.
[13]Fu B,Wang J,Chen L,et al.The effects of land use on soil moisture variation in the Danangou catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2003,54(1):197-213.
[14]曹铨,沈禹颖,王自奎,等.生草对果园土壤理化性状的影响研究进展[J].草业学报,2016,25(8):180-188.[Cao Quan,Shen Yuying,Wang Zikui,et al.Effects of living mulch on soil physical and chemical properties in orchards:A review[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(8):180-188.]
[15]高茂盛,廖允成,李侠,等.不同覆盖方式对渭北旱作苹果园土壤贮水的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(10):2 080-2 087.[Gao Maosheng,Liao Yuncheng,Li Xia,et al.Effects of different mulching patterns on soil water-holding capacity of non-irrigated apple orchard in the Weibei Plateau[J].Scientia Agriculture sinica,2010,43(10):2 080-2 087.]
[16]赵政阳,李会科.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(3):481-484.[Zhao Zhengyang,Li Huike.The effects of interplant different herbage on soil water in apple orchards in the area of Weibei Plateau[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2006,33(3):481-484.]
[17]李海防,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土高原林草地覆盖土壤水量平衡研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(1):287-293.[Li Haifang,Wei Wei,Chen Liding,et al.Progress in the study of soil water balance under forest and grassland covers on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Water Conservation,2013,20(1):287-293.]
[18]王艳廷,冀晓昊,吴玉森,等.我国果园生草的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1 892-1 900.[Wang Yanting,Ji Xiaohao,Wu Yusen,et al.Research progress of cover crop in Chinese orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1 892-1 900.]
[19]Monteiro A,Lopes C M.Influence of cover crop on water use and performance of vineyard in Mediterranean Portugal[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2007,121(4):336-342.
[20]Palese A M,Vignozzi N,Celano G,et al.Influence of soil management on soil physical characteristics and water storage in a mature rainfed olive orchard[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,144:96-109.
[21]徐明岗,文石林,高菊生.红壤丘陵区不同种草模式的水土保持效果与生态环境效应[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):77-80.[Xu Minggang,Wen Shiling,Gao Jusheng.Effects of different forage planting model on soil and water conservation and environments in red hilly regions[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,15(1):77-80.]
[22]Huang J,Wang J,Zhao X,et al.Effects of permanent ground cover on soil moisture in jujube orchards under sloping ground:A simulation study[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,138:68-77.
[23]Alcántara C,Pujadas A,Saavedra M.Management of cruciferous cover crops by mowing for soil and water conservation in Southern Spain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(6):1 071-1 080.
[24]姚俊强,杨青,毛炜峄,等.西北干旱区大气水分循环要素变化研究进展[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(2):269-276.[Yao Junqiang,Yang Qing,Mao Weiyi,et al.Progress of study on variation of atmospheric water cycle factors over arid region in Northwest China[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(2):269-276.]