Effect of mixture sowing on biomass allocation in the artificially-planted pastures, Southeastern Tibetan
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摘要
Artificial planting is an important measure to promote the restoration of degraded grassland and protect the ecological environment. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the allocation pattern between aboveground biomass(AGB) and belowground biomass(BGB) in different seeding types of artificially-planted pastures. We explored the variation in biomass and the relationship between above-and belowground biomass in four artificiallyplanted pastures with one species from Elymus nutans Griseb(EN, perennial), Elymus sibiricus Linn(ES, perennial), Medicago sativa Linn(MS, perennial), and Avena sativa Linn(AS, annual) and in six artificially-planted communities with mixtures of two species by seeding ratio 1:1 from the abovementioned grasses(EN + AS, MS + AS, EN + ES, MS + EN, MS + ES, AS + ES) in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that E. nutans is the most productive species with the highest biomass production among the single crops. MS + ES was the most productive group in 2015, while the group with the highest biomass production changed to AS + ES in 2016. AGB was positively correlated to BGB in the surface soil layer in the first year, but positively related to BGB in the subsoil layer in the second year. In the early stageof artificial grassland succession, plants allocated more biomass to aboveground parts, with a root to shoot(R/S) ratio of 1.98. The slope of the log-log relationship between AGB and BGB was 1.07 in 2016, which is consistent with the isometric theory. Different sowing patterns strongly affected the accumulation and allocation of biomass in artificiallyplanted grassland, E. sibiricus was the suitable plant in the alpine regions, which will be conducive to understanding vegetation restoration and plant interactions in the future.
Artificial planting is an important measure to promote the restoration of degraded grassland and protect the ecological environment. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the allocation pattern between aboveground biomass(AGB) and belowground biomass(BGB) in different seeding types of artificially-planted pastures. We explored the variation in biomass and the relationship between above-and belowground biomass in four artificiallyplanted pastures with one species from Elymus nutans Griseb(EN, perennial), Elymus sibiricus Linn(ES, perennial), Medicago sativa Linn(MS, perennial), and Avena sativa Linn(AS, annual) and in six artificially-planted communities with mixtures of two species by seeding ratio 1:1 from the abovementioned grasses(EN + AS, MS + AS, EN + ES, MS + EN, MS + ES, AS + ES) in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that E. nutans is the most productive species with the highest biomass production among the single crops. MS + ES was the most productive group in 2015, while the group with the highest biomass production changed to AS + ES in 2016. AGB was positively correlated to BGB in the surface soil layer in the first year, but positively related to BGB in the subsoil layer in the second year. In the early stageof artificial grassland succession, plants allocated more biomass to aboveground parts, with a root to shoot(R/S) ratio of 1.98. The slope of the log-log relationship between AGB and BGB was 1.07 in 2016, which is consistent with the isometric theory. Different sowing patterns strongly affected the accumulation and allocation of biomass in artificiallyplanted grassland, E. sibiricus was the suitable plant in the alpine regions, which will be conducive to understanding vegetation restoration and plant interactions in the future.
Artificial planting is an important measure to promote the restoration of degraded grassland and protect the ecological environment. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the allocation pattern between aboveground biomass(AGB) and belowground biomass(BGB) in different seeding types of artificially-planted pastures. We explored the variation in biomass and the relationship between above-and belowground biomass in four artificiallyplanted pastures with one species from Elymus nutans Griseb(EN, perennial), Elymus sibiricus Linn(ES, perennial), Medicago sativa Linn(MS, perennial), and Avena sativa Linn(AS, annual) and in six artificially-planted communities with mixtures of two species by seeding ratio 1:1 from the abovementioned grasses(EN + AS, MS + AS, EN + ES, MS + EN, MS + ES, AS + ES) in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that E. nutans is the most productive species with the highest biomass production among the single crops. MS + ES was the most productive group in 2015, while the group with the highest biomass production changed to AS + ES in 2016. AGB was positively correlated to BGB in the surface soil layer in the first year, but positively related to BGB in the subsoil layer in the second year. In the early stageof artificial grassland succession, plants allocated more biomass to aboveground parts, with a root to shoot(R/S) ratio of 1.98. The slope of the log-log relationship between AGB and BGB was 1.07 in 2016, which is consistent with the isometric theory. Different sowing patterns strongly affected the accumulation and allocation of biomass in artificiallyplanted grassland, E. sibiricus was the suitable plant in the alpine regions, which will be conducive to understanding vegetation restoration and plant interactions in the future.
引文
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Dong S K,Kang M Y,Hu Z Z,et al.(2010a)Performance of cultivated perennial grass mixtures under different grazing intensities in the alpine region of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.Grass&Forage Science 59:298-306.http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2004.00429.x
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Dong S K,Wang X X,Liu S L,et al.(2015a)Reproductive responses of alpine plants to grassland degradation and artificial restoration in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Grass and Forage Science 70:,229-238.http://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12114
Dong S K,Wang X X,Liu S L,et al.(2015b)Reproductive responses of alpine plants to grassland degradation and artificial restoration in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Grass&Forage Science 70:229-238.http://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12114
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Eek L and Zobel K(2010)Structure and Diversity of a SpeciesRich Grassland Community,Treated with Additional Illumination,Fertilization and Mowing.Ecography 24:157-164.http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240206.x
Enquist B J,Brown J H and West G B(1998)Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density.Nature 395:163-165.http://doi.org/10.1038/25977
Gao Q Z,Li Y,Xu H M,et al.(2014)Adaptation strategies of climate variability impacts on alpine grassland ecosystems in Tibetan Plateau.Mitigation&Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19:199-209.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9434-y
Goldberg D E and Werner P A(1983)Equivalence of Competitors in Plant Communities:A Null Hypothesis and a Field Experimental Approach.American Journal of Botany 70:1098-1104.http://doi.org/10.2307/2442821
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Jackson R B,Banner J L,Jobbagy E G,et al.(2002)Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands.Nature418:623-626.http://doi.org/10.1038/nature00910
Li W,Wang J,Zhang X,et al.(2018)Effect of degradation and rebuilding of artificial grasslands on soil respiration and carbon and nitrogen pools on an alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Ecological Engineering 111:134-142.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.10.013
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Li Y Y,Shao M A,Shangguan Z P,et al.(2006)Study on the degrading process and vegetation succession of Medicago sativa grassland in North Loess Plateau,China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica 15:85-92.(In Chinese)
Long T,Dang X,Liu G,et al.(2014)Response of artificial grassland carbon stock to management in mountain region of Southern Ningxia,China.Chinese Geographical Science 24:436-443.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-014-0705-2
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Ma Q,Cui L,Song H,et al.(2017a)Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Relationships in the Zoige Peatland,Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Wetlands)37:461-469.http://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-017-0882-8
Ma W,Shi P,Li W,et al.(2010a)Changes in individual plant traits and biomass allocation in alpine meadow with elevation variation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Science China Life Sciences 53:1142-1151.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-4054-9
Ma W H,Yang Y H,He J S,et al.(2008)Above-and belowground biomass in relation to environmental factors in temperate grasslands,Inner Mongolia.Science in China Series C-Life Sciences 51:263-270.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-008-0029-5
Ma W L,Shi P L,Li W H,et al.(2010b)Changes in individual plant traits and biomass allocation in alpine meadow with elevation variation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Science China-Life Sciences 53:1142-1151.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-4054-9
Ma X X,Yan Y,Hong J T,et al.(2017)Impacts of warming on root biomass allocation in alpine steppe on the north Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science 14:1-9.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3966-7
Ma Y,Lang B,Li Q,et al.(2002)Study on rehabilitating and rebuilding technologies for degenerated alpine meadow in the Changjiang and Yellow river source region.Pratacultural Science 19:1-5.(In Chinese)
Ma Z,Zhang C,Zhou H K,et al.(2017b)Role of Seed Bank in Establishment of Single and Mixed-Sowing Artificial Grasslands of Tibetan Plateau.Polish Journal of Ecology 65:334-344.http://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2017.65.4.003
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Chambers J C(1995)Disturbance,Life-History Strategies,and Seed Fates in Alpine Herbfield Communities.American Journal of Botany 82:421-433.http://doi.org/10.2307/2445588
Chambers J C,Macmahon J A,Brown R W(1990)Alpine seedling establishment:the influence of disturbance type.Ecology 71:1323-1341.http://doi.org/10.2307/1938270
Craine J M(2006)Competition for Nutrients and Optimal Root Allocation.Plant&Soil 285:171-185.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9002-x
De Kroon H,Hendriks M,Van Ruijven J,et al.(2015)Root responses to nutrients and soil biota:drivers of species coexistence and ecosystem productivity.Journal of Ecology100:6-15.http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01906.x
Dong S K,Kang M Y,Hu Z Z,et al.(2010a)Performance of cultivated perennial grass mixtures under different grazing intensities in the alpine region of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.Grass&Forage Science 59:298-306.http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2004.00429.x
Dong S K,Kang M Y,Yun X J,et al.(2010b)Economic comparison of forage production from annual crops,perennial pasture and native grassland in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.Grass&Forage Science62:405-415.http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2007.00594.x
Dong S K,Long R J,Hu Z Z,et al.(2010c)Productivity and persistence of perennial grass mixtures under competition from annual weeds in the alpine region of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.Weed Research 45:114-120.http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00440.x
Dong S K,Wang X X,Liu S L,et al.(2015a)Reproductive responses of alpine plants to grassland degradation and artificial restoration in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Grass and Forage Science 70:,229-238.http://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12114
Dong S K,Wang X X,Liu S L,et al.(2015b)Reproductive responses of alpine plants to grassland degradation and artificial restoration in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Grass&Forage Science 70:229-238.http://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12114
Dong S K,Wen L,Li Y Y,et al.(2012)Soil-Quality Effects of Grassland Degradation and Restoration on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Soil Science Society of America Journal 76:2256.http://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0092
Eek L and Zobel K(2010)Structure and Diversity of a SpeciesRich Grassland Community,Treated with Additional Illumination,Fertilization and Mowing.Ecography 24:157-164.http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240206.x
Enquist B J,Brown J H and West G B(1998)Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density.Nature 395:163-165.http://doi.org/10.1038/25977
Gao Q Z,Li Y,Xu H M,et al.(2014)Adaptation strategies of climate variability impacts on alpine grassland ecosystems in Tibetan Plateau.Mitigation&Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19:199-209.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9434-y
Goldberg D E and Werner P A(1983)Equivalence of Competitors in Plant Communities:A Null Hypothesis and a Field Experimental Approach.American Journal of Botany 70:1098-1104.http://doi.org/10.2307/2442821
Herben T,VozábováT,HadincováV,et al.(2017)Vertical root distribution of individual species in a mountain grassland community:Does it respond to neighbours?Journal of Ecology 106:1083-1095.http://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12830
Jackson R B,Banner J L,Jobbagy E G,et al.(2002)Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands.Nature418:623-626.http://doi.org/10.1038/nature00910
Li W,Wang J,Zhang X,et al.(2018)Effect of degradation and rebuilding of artificial grasslands on soil respiration and carbon and nitrogen pools on an alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Ecological Engineering 111:134-142.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.10.013
Li W,Wen S J,Hu W X,et al.(2011a)Root-shoot competition interactions cause diversity loss after fertilization:a field experiment in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Plant Ecology 4:138-146.http://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtq031
Li X,Zhang X,Wu J,et al.(2011b)Root biomass distribution in alpine ecosystems of the northern Tibetan Plateau.Environmental Earth Sciences 64:1911-1919.http://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1004-1
Li Y Y,Shao M A,Shangguan Z P,et al.(2006)Study on the degrading process and vegetation succession of Medicago sativa grassland in North Loess Plateau,China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica 15:85-92.(In Chinese)
Long T,Dang X,Liu G,et al.(2014)Response of artificial grassland carbon stock to management in mountain region of Southern Ningxia,China.Chinese Geographical Science 24:436-443.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-014-0705-2
Müller I,Schmid B and Weiner J(2000)The effect of nutrient availability on biomass allocation patterns in 27 species of herbaceous plants.Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution&Systematics 3:115-127.http://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00007
Ma Q,Cui L,Song H,et al.(2017a)Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Relationships in the Zoige Peatland,Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Wetlands)37:461-469.http://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-017-0882-8
Ma W,Shi P,Li W,et al.(2010a)Changes in individual plant traits and biomass allocation in alpine meadow with elevation variation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Science China Life Sciences 53:1142-1151.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-4054-9
Ma W H,Yang Y H,He J S,et al.(2008)Above-and belowground biomass in relation to environmental factors in temperate grasslands,Inner Mongolia.Science in China Series C-Life Sciences 51:263-270.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-008-0029-5
Ma W L,Shi P L,Li W H,et al.(2010b)Changes in individual plant traits and biomass allocation in alpine meadow with elevation variation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Science China-Life Sciences 53:1142-1151.http://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-4054-9
Ma X X,Yan Y,Hong J T,et al.(2017)Impacts of warming on root biomass allocation in alpine steppe on the north Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science 14:1-9.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-3966-7
Ma Y,Lang B,Li Q,et al.(2002)Study on rehabilitating and rebuilding technologies for degenerated alpine meadow in the Changjiang and Yellow river source region.Pratacultural Science 19:1-5.(In Chinese)
Ma Z,Zhang C,Zhou H K,et al.(2017b)Role of Seed Bank in Establishment of Single and Mixed-Sowing Artificial Grasslands of Tibetan Plateau.Polish Journal of Ecology 65:334-344.http://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2017.65.4.003
Mccarthy M C and Enquist B J(2010)Consistency between an Allometric Approach and Optimal Partitioning Theory in Global Patterns of Plant Biomass Allocation.Functional Ecology 21:713-720.http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01276.x
Mokany K,Raison R J and Prokushkin A S(2010)Critical analysis of root:shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes.Global Change Biology 12:84-96.
http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001043.x
Morris E C and Myerscough P J(1991)Self-Thinning and Competition Intensity Over a Gradient of Nutrient Availability.Journal of Ecology 79:903-923.http://doi.org/10.2307/2261088
Mueller K E,Tilman D,Fornara D A,et al.(2013)Root depth distribution and the diversity–productivity relationship in a long-term grassland experiment.Ecology 94:787-793.http://doi.org/10.1890/12-1399.1
Newman E I(1973)Competition and Diversity in Herbaceous Vegetation.Nature 244,pp1.http://doi.org/10.1038/244310a0
Ni J,Luo D H,Xia J,et al.(2015)Vegetation in karst terrain of southwestern China allocates more biomass to roots.Solid Earth 6:799-810.http://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-799-2015
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