AMS studies on a 450 km long 2216 Ma dyke from Dharwar craton, India:Implications to magma flow
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摘要
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility(AMS)studies were carried out on a precisely dated(2216.0±0.9 Ma),450 km long N-S striking dyke in the Dharwar Craton,to determine the magma flow direction along the dyke length.In order to use the imbrication of the magnetic foliation,forty eight samples were collected from 13 locations along the length of the dyke.Magnetogranulometry studies show that AMS fabric is dominated by medium grained interstitial Ti-poor multidomain magnetite.The corrected anisotropy degree(P_j)of the samples was found to be low to moderate,between 1.007 and 1.072,which indicates primary magnetic fabric.The magnetic ellipsoid is either triaxial,prolate or oblate and clearly defines normal,intermediate and inverse magnetic fabrics related to magma flow during the dyke emplacement.The maximum susceptibility axes(K_(max))of the AMS tensor of the dyke is predominantly inclined at low angles(<30°),with no systematic variation in depth along the N-S profile,indicating sub-horizontal flow even at mid crustal levels which could probably be governed by location of the focal region of the magma source(mantle plume?),flow dynamics together with the compressive stresses exerted by the overlying crust.
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility(AMS)studies were carried out on a precisely dated(2216.0±0.9 Ma),450 km long N-S striking dyke in the Dharwar Craton,to determine the magma flow direction along the dyke length.In order to use the imbrication of the magnetic foliation,forty eight samples were collected from 13 locations along the length of the dyke.Magnetogranulometry studies show that AMS fabric is dominated by medium grained interstitial Ti-poor multidomain magnetite.The corrected anisotropy degree(P_j)of the samples was found to be low to moderate,between 1.007 and 1.072,which indicates primary magnetic fabric.The magnetic ellipsoid is either triaxial,prolate or oblate and clearly defines normal,intermediate and inverse magnetic fabrics related to magma flow during the dyke emplacement.The maximum susceptibility axes(K_(max))of the AMS tensor of the dyke is predominantly inclined at low angles(<30°),with no systematic variation in depth along the N-S profile,indicating sub-horizontal flow even at mid crustal levels which could probably be governed by location of the focal region of the magma source(mantle plume?),flow dynamics together with the compressive stresses exerted by the overlying crust.
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility(AMS)studies were carried out on a precisely dated(2216.0±0.9 Ma),450 km long N-S striking dyke in the Dharwar Craton,to determine the magma flow direction along the dyke length.In order to use the imbrication of the magnetic foliation,forty eight samples were collected from 13 locations along the length of the dyke.Magnetogranulometry studies show that AMS fabric is dominated by medium grained interstitial Ti-poor multidomain magnetite.The corrected anisotropy degree(P_j)of the samples was found to be low to moderate,between 1.007 and 1.072,which indicates primary magnetic fabric.The magnetic ellipsoid is either triaxial,prolate or oblate and clearly defines normal,intermediate and inverse magnetic fabrics related to magma flow during the dyke emplacement.The maximum susceptibility axes(K_(max))of the AMS tensor of the dyke is predominantly inclined at low angles(<30°),with no systematic variation in depth along the N-S profile,indicating sub-horizontal flow even at mid crustal levels which could probably be governed by location of the focal region of the magma source(mantle plume?),flow dynamics together with the compressive stresses exerted by the overlying crust.
引文
Babu,N.R.,Venkateshwarlu,M.,Shankar,R.,Nagaraju,E.,Parashuramulu,V.,2018.New paleomagnetic results on~2367 Ma Dharwar giant dyke swarm,Dharwar craton,southern India:implications for paleoproterozoic continental reconstruction.Journal of Earth System Science 127,3.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-017-0910-3.
Bingham,C.,1964.Distribution on the Sphere and on the Projective Plane(PhD thesis).Yale University,New Haven,CT.
Borradaile,G.J.,Puumala,M.A.,1989.Synthetic magnetic fabrics in a plasticene medium.Tectonophysics 164,73-78.
Callot,J.P.,Guichet,X.,2003.Rock texture and magnetic lineation in dykes:a simple analytical model.Tectonophysics 336,207-222.
Canon-Tapia,E.,2004.Flow direction and magnetic mineralogy of lava flows from the central parts of the Peninsula of Baja California,Mexico.Bulletin of Volcanology 66(5),431-442.
Canon-Tapia,E.,Herrero-Bervera,E.,2009.Sampling strategies and the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of dykes.Tectonophysics 466,3-17.
Chadima,M.,Jelinek,V.,2009.Anisoft 4.2:Anisotropy Data Browser for Windows.Agico,Inc.
Chadwick,B.,Vasudev,V.N.,Hegde,G.V.,1997.The Dharwar craton,southern India,and its Late Archean plate tectonic setting:current interpretations and controversies.Indian Academy of Sciences(Earth and Planetary Science)Proceedings 106(4),1-10.
Chadwick,B.,Vasudev,V.N.,Hegde,G.V.,2000.The Dharwar craton,southern India,interpreted as the result of Late Archean oblique convergence.Precambrian Research 99,91-101.
Chadwick,B.,Vasudev,V.N.,Krishna Rao,B.,Hegde,G.V.,1992.The Dharwar Supergroup:basin development and implications for late Archean tectonic setting in western Karnataka,Southern India.In:Glover,J.E.,Ho,S.E.(Eds.),The Archean:Terrains,Processes and Metallogeny,vol.22.University of Western Australia Publication,pp.3-15.
Chardon,D.,Jayananda,M.,Chetty,T.R.K.,Peucat,J.J.,2008.Precambrian continental strain and shear zone patterns:south Indian case.Journal of Geophysical Research 113,B08402.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005299.
Demirer,K.,2012.U-Pb Baddeleyite Ages from Mafic Dyke Swarms in Dharwar Craton,India-Links to an Ancient Supercontinent.M.S.thesis,Lund University,308pp.
Dunlop,D.J.,Ozdemir,O.,1997.Rock Magnetism:Fundamentals and Frontiers.Cambridge University Press,New York,573pp.
Ellwood,B.B.,1982.Estimates of flow direction for calc-alkaline welded tuffs and paleomagnetic data reliability from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements:central San Juan Mountains,southwest Colorado.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59,303-314.
Ernst,R.E.,Baragar,W.R.,1992.Evidence from magnetic fabric for the flow pattern of magma in the Mackenzine giant radiating dyke swarm.Nature 356.,511-513.
Ferre,E.C.,2002.Theoretical models of intermediate and inverse AMS fabrics.Geophysical Research Letters 29(7),31-1-31-4.
Fialko,Y.A.,Rubin,A.M.,1999.Thermal and mechanical aspects of magma emplacement in giant dike swarms.Journal of Geophysical Research 104(23),033-23,049.
French,J.E.,Heaman,L.M.,2010.U-Pb dating of Paleoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms of the south Indian Shield:implications for paleocontinental reconstructions and identifying ancient mantle plume events.Precambrian Research 183,416-441.
Gopalakrishna,D.,Hansen,E.C.,Janaradhan,A.S.,Newton,R.C.,1986.The southern high grade margin of the Dharwar craton.Journal of Geology 94,247-260.
Halls,H.C.,1982.The importance and potential of mafic dyke swarms in studies of geodynamic processes.Geoscience Canada 9.,145-153.
Halls,H.C.,Kumar,A.,Srinivasan,R.,Hamilton,M.A.,2007.Paleomagnetism and UPb geochronology of eastern trending dykes in the Dharwar craton,India:feldspar clouding,radiating dyke swarms and position of India at 2.37 Ga.Precambrian Research 155,47-68.
Hansen,E.C.,Newton,R.C.,Janardhan,A.S.,1984.Pressures,temperatures and metamorphic fluids across and unbroken amphibolites facies to granulite facies transition in southern Karnataka.In:Kroner,et al.(Eds.),Archean Geochemistry.Springer-Verlag,Berlin,pp.161-181.
Harris,N.B.W.,Jayaram,S.,1982.Metamorphism of cordierite gneisses from the Bangalore region of the Indian Archaean.Lithos 15,89-98.
Hastie,W.W.,Watkeys,M.K.,Aubourg,C.,2014.Magma flow in dyke swarms of the Karoo LIP:implications for the mantle plume hypothesis.Gondwana Research25,736-755.
Jackson,M.,1991.Anisotropy of magnetic remanence:a brief review of mineralogical sources,physical origins,and geological applications and comparison with susceptibility anisotropy.Pure and Applied Geophysics136.1-28.
Janardhan,A.S.,Newton,R.C.,Hansen,E.C.,1982.The transformation of amphibolites facies gneiss to charnockite in southern Karnataka and northern Tamil Nadu,India.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 79.,132-149.
Jelinek,V.,1978.Statistical processing of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measured on groups of specimens.Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 22,50—62.
Jelinek,V.,1981.Characterization of the magnetic fabric of the rocks.Tectonophysics 79,63-67.
Khan,M.A.,1962.The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of some igneous and metamorphic rocks.Journal of Geophysical Research 67,2873-2885.
Knight,M.D.,Walker,G.P.L.,1988.Magma flow directions in dykes of the Koolau Complex,Oahu,determined from magnetic fabric studies.Journal of Geophysical Research 93,4301-4319.
Kumar,A., Hamilton,M.A.,Halls,H.C.,2012a.A paleoproterozoic giant radiating dyke swarm in the Dharwar Craton,southern India.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems 13.https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003926.
Kumar,A.,Nagaraju,E.,Besse,J.,Bhasker Rao,Y.J.,2012b.New age,geochemical and paleomagnetic data from a prominent dyke swarm in southern India:constraints on Paleoproterozoic reconstruction.Precambrian Research 220-221,123-138.
Kumar,A.,Nagaraju,E.,Srinivasa Sarma,D.,Davis,D.W.,2014.Precise Pb baddeleyite geochronology by the thermal extraction-thermal ionization mass spectrometry method.Chemical Geology 372,72-79.
Kumar,A.,Pande,K.,Venkatesan.T.R.,Bhaskar Rao,Y.J.,2001.The Karnataka late cretaceous dyke as products of the Marion hotspot at the Madagascar-India break up event:evidence from 40Ar-39Ar geochronology and geochemistry.Geophysical Research Letters 28,2715-2718.
Kumar,A.,Parashuramulu,V.,Nagaraju,E.,2015.A 2082 Ma radiating dyke swarm in the Eastern Dharwar Craton,southern India and its implications to Cuddapah basin formation.Precambrian Research 266,490-505.
Moyen,J.F.,Nedelec,A.,Martin,H.,Jayananda,M.,2003.Syntectonic granite emplacement at different structural levels:the Closepet granite,South India.Journal of Structural Geology 25.611-631.
Murthy,Y.G.K.,Babu Rao,V.,Guptasarma,D.,Rao,J.M.,Rao,M.N.,Bhattacharjee,S.,1987.Tectonic,petrochemical and geophysical studies of mafic dyke swarms around the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin,south India.In:Halls,H.C.,Fehrig,W.E.(Eds.),Mafic Dyke Swarms.Geological Association of Canada Special Paper,vol.34,pp.303-316.
Nagaraju,E.,Parashuramulu,V., Anil,Kumar,Srinivas Sarma,D.,2018a.Paleomagnetism and geochronological studies on a 450 km long 2216 Ma dyke from theDharwar craton,southern India.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors274,222-231.
Nagaraju,E.,Parashuramulu.V,Babu,N.R.,Narayana,A.C.,2018b.A 2207 Ma radiating mafic dyke swarm from eastern Dharwar craton,Southern India:drift history through Paleoproterozoic.Precambrian Research 317,89-100.
Naqvi,S.M.,Rogers,JJ.W.,1987.Precambrian geology of India.Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 6,233pp.
Owens,W.H.,1974.Mathematical model studies on factors affecting the magnetic anisotropy of deformed rocks.Tectonophysics 24,115—131.
Pinel,V.,Jaupart,C.,2004.Magma storage and horizontal dyke injection beneath a volcanic edifice.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 221,245-262.
Raase,P.,Raith,M.,Ackermand,D.,Lal,R.K.,1986.Progressive metamorphism of mafic rocks from greenschist to granulite facies in the Dharwar craton of South India.Journal of Geology 94,261-282.
Raposo,M.I.B,Ernesto,M.,1995.Anisotropy of magnetite susceptibility in the Ponta Grossa dykes warm(Brazil)and its relationship with magma flow direction.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 87,183-196.
Rochette,P.,1988.Inverse magnetic fabric in carbonate-bearing rocks.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 90,229-237.
Rochette,P.,Aubourg,C.,Perrin,M.,1999.Is this magnetic fabric normal?A review and case studies in volcanic formations.Tectonophysics 309,219—234.
Rochette,P.,Jackson,M.,Aubourg,C.,1992.Rock magnetism and the interpretation of magnetic anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility.Reviews of Geophysics 30,209-226.
Rollinson,H.R.,Windley,B.F.,Ramakrishnan,M.,1981.Contrasting high and intermediate pressures of metamorphism in the Archean Sargur schists of southern India.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 76,420-429.
Sen,S.K.,Bhattacharya,K.,1990.Granulites of Satnuru and Madras area:a study in different behaviors of fluids.In:Vielzeuf,D.,Vidal,P.(Eds.),Granulites and Crustal Evolution,NATO ASI Series,Serie C,vol.311,pp.367-384.
Srinivasan,R.,Tareen,J.A.K.,1972.Andalusite from the Hospet area,Sandur schist belt,Mysore state.Indian Mineralogist 13,42-45.
Srivastava,R.K.,Jayananda,M.,Gautam,G.C.,Samal,A.K.,2014.Geochemical studies and petrogenesis of~2.21-2.22 Ga Kunigal mafic dyke swarm(trending N-S to NNW-SSE)from eastern Dharwar craton,India:implications for Paleoproterozoic large igneous provinces and supercraton superia.Mineralogy and Petrology 108,695-711.
Srivastava,R.K.,Hamilton,M.A.,Jayananda,M.,2011.2.21 Ga large igneous province in the Dharwar craton,India.In:International Symposium Large Igneous Provinces Asia,Mantle Plumes and Metallogeny.Ext Abst,Irkutsk,pp.263-266.
Stahle,H.J.,Raith,M.,Hoernes,S.,Delfs,A.,1987.Element mobility during incipient granulites formation at Kabbaldurga,Southern India.Journal of Petrology 28,803-834.
Stephenson,A.,Sadikun,S.,Potter,D.K.,1986.A theoretical and experimental comparison of the anisotropies of magnetic susceptibility and remanence in rocks and minerals.Geophysical Journal International 84(1),185-200.
Swami Nath,J.,Ramakrishnan,M.,1981.Early precambrian supracrustals of southern Karnataka.Geological Survey of India Memoirs 112,363pp.
Tarling,D.H.,Hrouda,F.,1993.The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks.Chapman&Hall,London and New York,247 pp.
Tauxe,L,Gee,G.S.,Staudige,H.,1998.Flow directions in dykes from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data:the bootstrap way.Journal of Geophysical Research 103.17775-17790.
Bingham,C.,1964.Distribution on the Sphere and on the Projective Plane(PhD thesis).Yale University,New Haven,CT.
Borradaile,G.J.,Puumala,M.A.,1989.Synthetic magnetic fabrics in a plasticene medium.Tectonophysics 164,73-78.
Callot,J.P.,Guichet,X.,2003.Rock texture and magnetic lineation in dykes:a simple analytical model.Tectonophysics 336,207-222.
Canon-Tapia,E.,2004.Flow direction and magnetic mineralogy of lava flows from the central parts of the Peninsula of Baja California,Mexico.Bulletin of Volcanology 66(5),431-442.
Canon-Tapia,E.,Herrero-Bervera,E.,2009.Sampling strategies and the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of dykes.Tectonophysics 466,3-17.
Chadima,M.,Jelinek,V.,2009.Anisoft 4.2:Anisotropy Data Browser for Windows.Agico,Inc.
Chadwick,B.,Vasudev,V.N.,Hegde,G.V.,1997.The Dharwar craton,southern India,and its Late Archean plate tectonic setting:current interpretations and controversies.Indian Academy of Sciences(Earth and Planetary Science)Proceedings 106(4),1-10.
Chadwick,B.,Vasudev,V.N.,Hegde,G.V.,2000.The Dharwar craton,southern India,interpreted as the result of Late Archean oblique convergence.Precambrian Research 99,91-101.
Chadwick,B.,Vasudev,V.N.,Krishna Rao,B.,Hegde,G.V.,1992.The Dharwar Supergroup:basin development and implications for late Archean tectonic setting in western Karnataka,Southern India.In:Glover,J.E.,Ho,S.E.(Eds.),The Archean:Terrains,Processes and Metallogeny,vol.22.University of Western Australia Publication,pp.3-15.
Chardon,D.,Jayananda,M.,Chetty,T.R.K.,Peucat,J.J.,2008.Precambrian continental strain and shear zone patterns:south Indian case.Journal of Geophysical Research 113,B08402.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005299.
Demirer,K.,2012.U-Pb Baddeleyite Ages from Mafic Dyke Swarms in Dharwar Craton,India-Links to an Ancient Supercontinent.M.S.thesis,Lund University,308pp.
Dunlop,D.J.,Ozdemir,O.,1997.Rock Magnetism:Fundamentals and Frontiers.Cambridge University Press,New York,573pp.
Ellwood,B.B.,1982.Estimates of flow direction for calc-alkaline welded tuffs and paleomagnetic data reliability from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements:central San Juan Mountains,southwest Colorado.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59,303-314.
Ernst,R.E.,Baragar,W.R.,1992.Evidence from magnetic fabric for the flow pattern of magma in the Mackenzine giant radiating dyke swarm.Nature 356.,511-513.
Ferre,E.C.,2002.Theoretical models of intermediate and inverse AMS fabrics.Geophysical Research Letters 29(7),31-1-31-4.
Fialko,Y.A.,Rubin,A.M.,1999.Thermal and mechanical aspects of magma emplacement in giant dike swarms.Journal of Geophysical Research 104(23),033-23,049.
French,J.E.,Heaman,L.M.,2010.U-Pb dating of Paleoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms of the south Indian Shield:implications for paleocontinental reconstructions and identifying ancient mantle plume events.Precambrian Research 183,416-441.
Gopalakrishna,D.,Hansen,E.C.,Janaradhan,A.S.,Newton,R.C.,1986.The southern high grade margin of the Dharwar craton.Journal of Geology 94,247-260.
Halls,H.C.,1982.The importance and potential of mafic dyke swarms in studies of geodynamic processes.Geoscience Canada 9.,145-153.
Halls,H.C.,Kumar,A.,Srinivasan,R.,Hamilton,M.A.,2007.Paleomagnetism and UPb geochronology of eastern trending dykes in the Dharwar craton,India:feldspar clouding,radiating dyke swarms and position of India at 2.37 Ga.Precambrian Research 155,47-68.
Hansen,E.C.,Newton,R.C.,Janardhan,A.S.,1984.Pressures,temperatures and metamorphic fluids across and unbroken amphibolites facies to granulite facies transition in southern Karnataka.In:Kroner,et al.(Eds.),Archean Geochemistry.Springer-Verlag,Berlin,pp.161-181.
Harris,N.B.W.,Jayaram,S.,1982.Metamorphism of cordierite gneisses from the Bangalore region of the Indian Archaean.Lithos 15,89-98.
Hastie,W.W.,Watkeys,M.K.,Aubourg,C.,2014.Magma flow in dyke swarms of the Karoo LIP:implications for the mantle plume hypothesis.Gondwana Research25,736-755.
Jackson,M.,1991.Anisotropy of magnetic remanence:a brief review of mineralogical sources,physical origins,and geological applications and comparison with susceptibility anisotropy.Pure and Applied Geophysics136.1-28.
Janardhan,A.S.,Newton,R.C.,Hansen,E.C.,1982.The transformation of amphibolites facies gneiss to charnockite in southern Karnataka and northern Tamil Nadu,India.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 79.,132-149.
Jelinek,V.,1978.Statistical processing of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measured on groups of specimens.Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 22,50—62.
Jelinek,V.,1981.Characterization of the magnetic fabric of the rocks.Tectonophysics 79,63-67.
Khan,M.A.,1962.The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of some igneous and metamorphic rocks.Journal of Geophysical Research 67,2873-2885.
Knight,M.D.,Walker,G.P.L.,1988.Magma flow directions in dykes of the Koolau Complex,Oahu,determined from magnetic fabric studies.Journal of Geophysical Research 93,4301-4319.
Kumar,A., Hamilton,M.A.,Halls,H.C.,2012a.A paleoproterozoic giant radiating dyke swarm in the Dharwar Craton,southern India.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems 13.https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003926.
Kumar,A.,Nagaraju,E.,Besse,J.,Bhasker Rao,Y.J.,2012b.New age,geochemical and paleomagnetic data from a prominent dyke swarm in southern India:constraints on Paleoproterozoic reconstruction.Precambrian Research 220-221,123-138.
Kumar,A.,Nagaraju,E.,Srinivasa Sarma,D.,Davis,D.W.,2014.Precise Pb baddeleyite geochronology by the thermal extraction-thermal ionization mass spectrometry method.Chemical Geology 372,72-79.
Kumar,A.,Pande,K.,Venkatesan.T.R.,Bhaskar Rao,Y.J.,2001.The Karnataka late cretaceous dyke as products of the Marion hotspot at the Madagascar-India break up event:evidence from 40Ar-39Ar geochronology and geochemistry.Geophysical Research Letters 28,2715-2718.
Kumar,A.,Parashuramulu,V.,Nagaraju,E.,2015.A 2082 Ma radiating dyke swarm in the Eastern Dharwar Craton,southern India and its implications to Cuddapah basin formation.Precambrian Research 266,490-505.
Moyen,J.F.,Nedelec,A.,Martin,H.,Jayananda,M.,2003.Syntectonic granite emplacement at different structural levels:the Closepet granite,South India.Journal of Structural Geology 25.611-631.
Murthy,Y.G.K.,Babu Rao,V.,Guptasarma,D.,Rao,J.M.,Rao,M.N.,Bhattacharjee,S.,1987.Tectonic,petrochemical and geophysical studies of mafic dyke swarms around the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin,south India.In:Halls,H.C.,Fehrig,W.E.(Eds.),Mafic Dyke Swarms.Geological Association of Canada Special Paper,vol.34,pp.303-316.
Nagaraju,E.,Parashuramulu,V., Anil,Kumar,Srinivas Sarma,D.,2018a.Paleomagnetism and geochronological studies on a 450 km long 2216 Ma dyke from theDharwar craton,southern India.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors274,222-231.
Nagaraju,E.,Parashuramulu.V,Babu,N.R.,Narayana,A.C.,2018b.A 2207 Ma radiating mafic dyke swarm from eastern Dharwar craton,Southern India:drift history through Paleoproterozoic.Precambrian Research 317,89-100.
Naqvi,S.M.,Rogers,JJ.W.,1987.Precambrian geology of India.Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 6,233pp.
Owens,W.H.,1974.Mathematical model studies on factors affecting the magnetic anisotropy of deformed rocks.Tectonophysics 24,115—131.
Pinel,V.,Jaupart,C.,2004.Magma storage and horizontal dyke injection beneath a volcanic edifice.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 221,245-262.
Raase,P.,Raith,M.,Ackermand,D.,Lal,R.K.,1986.Progressive metamorphism of mafic rocks from greenschist to granulite facies in the Dharwar craton of South India.Journal of Geology 94,261-282.
Raposo,M.I.B,Ernesto,M.,1995.Anisotropy of magnetite susceptibility in the Ponta Grossa dykes warm(Brazil)and its relationship with magma flow direction.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 87,183-196.
Rochette,P.,1988.Inverse magnetic fabric in carbonate-bearing rocks.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 90,229-237.
Rochette,P.,Aubourg,C.,Perrin,M.,1999.Is this magnetic fabric normal?A review and case studies in volcanic formations.Tectonophysics 309,219—234.
Rochette,P.,Jackson,M.,Aubourg,C.,1992.Rock magnetism and the interpretation of magnetic anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility.Reviews of Geophysics 30,209-226.
Rollinson,H.R.,Windley,B.F.,Ramakrishnan,M.,1981.Contrasting high and intermediate pressures of metamorphism in the Archean Sargur schists of southern India.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 76,420-429.
Sen,S.K.,Bhattacharya,K.,1990.Granulites of Satnuru and Madras area:a study in different behaviors of fluids.In:Vielzeuf,D.,Vidal,P.(Eds.),Granulites and Crustal Evolution,NATO ASI Series,Serie C,vol.311,pp.367-384.
Srinivasan,R.,Tareen,J.A.K.,1972.Andalusite from the Hospet area,Sandur schist belt,Mysore state.Indian Mineralogist 13,42-45.
Srivastava,R.K.,Jayananda,M.,Gautam,G.C.,Samal,A.K.,2014.Geochemical studies and petrogenesis of~2.21-2.22 Ga Kunigal mafic dyke swarm(trending N-S to NNW-SSE)from eastern Dharwar craton,India:implications for Paleoproterozoic large igneous provinces and supercraton superia.Mineralogy and Petrology 108,695-711.
Srivastava,R.K.,Hamilton,M.A.,Jayananda,M.,2011.2.21 Ga large igneous province in the Dharwar craton,India.In:International Symposium Large Igneous Provinces Asia,Mantle Plumes and Metallogeny.Ext Abst,Irkutsk,pp.263-266.
Stahle,H.J.,Raith,M.,Hoernes,S.,Delfs,A.,1987.Element mobility during incipient granulites formation at Kabbaldurga,Southern India.Journal of Petrology 28,803-834.
Stephenson,A.,Sadikun,S.,Potter,D.K.,1986.A theoretical and experimental comparison of the anisotropies of magnetic susceptibility and remanence in rocks and minerals.Geophysical Journal International 84(1),185-200.
Swami Nath,J.,Ramakrishnan,M.,1981.Early precambrian supracrustals of southern Karnataka.Geological Survey of India Memoirs 112,363pp.
Tarling,D.H.,Hrouda,F.,1993.The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks.Chapman&Hall,London and New York,247 pp.
Tauxe,L,Gee,G.S.,Staudige,H.,1998.Flow directions in dykes from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data:the bootstrap way.Journal of Geophysical Research 103.17775-17790.